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Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Chapter 1 Chapter 1
Competing with Competing with OperationsOperations
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1-2
What Is a Process?What Is a Process?
• Process– Activities that transform inputs, add value
and generate output(s)
• Example: Furniture Manufacturing– Primary Process
• Cutting or staining wood
– Non-Manufacturing Process• Controlling Inventory
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Outputs• Services• Goods
Internal andexternal customers
Processes and operations
5
1
2
3
4
Inputs• Workers• Managers• Equipment• Facilities• Materials• Services• Land• Energy
Information on performanceFigure 1.1
Processes & OperationsProcesses & Operations
1-3
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Figure 1.2Figure 1.2
BANKBANK
OperationsOperations RetailRetail ProductsProducts WholesaleWholesale
Maintain cardsResearch problems
Site analysisOthers
Process depositsCash checks
Safe deposit boxesOthers
Loan documentationReview credit standing
Obtain manager approvalOthers
Prepare reportsAttend meetingsInput funds deals
Others
ATM supportCustomer transactions
Service qualityOthers
Teller line transactionsTrack branch sales
ATM hotlineOthers
Credit applicationsManage retail products
Originate lease portfolioOthers
Fund managementMarket making spot
Dealer supportOthers
Cash ManagementLoan operations
Trading operationsOthers
DistributionCompliance
FinanceHuman resources
Auto FinanceCards
MortgagesOthers
TradingLoan administration
LeasingOthers
Nested Processes at a Large Nested Processes at a Large BankBank
1-4
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1-5
What Is Operations What Is Operations Management?Management?
• Efficiently using processesprocesses to transform inputsinputs into valuable outputs outputs
• Successful operations management results from careful allocation of: – Human Resources– Capital– Information– Materials
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Operations Management as a Operations Management as a FunctionFunction
Figure 1.3
1-6
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Operations Management As Operations Management As a Functiona Function
Skill Areas• Quantitative methods• Organizational
behavior• General management• Information systems• Economics• International business• Business ethics
and law
Figure 1.3
1-7
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1-8
Trends & New Challenges in Trends & New Challenges in Operations ManagementOperations Management
• Growth of the Service Sector
• Intense Productivity pressures
• Global Competition • Firms can no longer hide behind borders
• Ethics, Diversity & Environmental Issues• Conflicting business protocol
• Cultural dilemmas
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1-9
Strategic ConsiderationsStrategic Considerations
• Business Environment– Continuous Environmental Scanning is necessary
• Flexibility– Capacity to meet ever-changing client demands
• Core Competencies– Using the firm’s unique strengths to seize
opportunities
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1-10
The Importance of Market The Importance of Market AnalysisAnalysis
• Market Segmentation
– identify groups or sub-groups of clients
• Needs Assessment
– identify the requirements of each group
• Product or service needs
• Delivery system needs
• Volume needs
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Selecting Competitive PrioritiesSelecting Competitive Priorities
Market analysis• segmentation• needs assessment
Corporate strategy• goals• core competencies• environmental responses• new products/services• global strategies
Figure 1.5
Competitive PrioritiesCost 1. Low-cost operations
Quality 2. High-performance design3. Consistent quality
Time 4. Fast delivery5. On-time delivery6. Development speed
Flexibility 7. Customization8. Volume flexibility
1-11
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Corporate strategy• goals• core competencies• environmental responses• new products/services• global strategies
Market analysis• segmentation• needs assessment
Competitive prioritiesOperations Marketing• cost• quality Finance• time• flexibility Others
Capabilities• current• needed• plans
Functional area strategies• finance• marketing• operations• others
Figure 1.5
Selecting Competitive PrioritiesSelecting Competitive Priorities
1-12
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Strategy and DecisionsStrategy and Decisions
Operations strategy
Market analysis
Competitive priorities
Corporate strategy
Figure 1.8
Services Manufacturing• Standardized services• Assemble-to-order• Customized services
• Make-to-stock• Assemble-to-order• Make-to-order
1-13
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1-14
Examples of Service Examples of Service StrategiesStrategies
• Standardized services– Canada Post
• Assemble-to-order
– Cable companies (pre-arranged packages)
• Customized services– Health clinics
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
D
T
R P
B
D: Doctor (examination rooms)R: Radiology (X-ray)T: Triage (assess severity of illness)B: Blood (lab test)P: Pharmacy (fill prescriptions)
Figure 1.6
Health Clinic ProcessHealth Clinic Process
1-15
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Physical exam
D
T
R P
B
D: Doctor (examination rooms)R: Radiology (X-ray)T: Triage (assess severity of illness)B: Blood (lab test)P: Pharmacy (fill prescriptions)
Physical exam
Figure 1.6
Health Clinic ProcessHealth Clinic Process
1-16
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Physical exam
Broken armD
T
R P
B
D: Doctor (examination rooms)R: Radiology (X-ray)T: Triage (assess severity of illness)B: Blood (lab test)P: Pharmacy (fill prescriptions)
Broken arm
Physical exam
Figure 1.6
Health Clinic ProcessHealth Clinic Process
1-17
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Health Clinic ProcessHealth Clinic Process
Physical exam
Broken arm
Flu
D
T
R P
B
D: Doctor (examination rooms)R: Radiology (X-ray)T: Triage (assess severity of illness)B: Blood (lab test)P: Pharmacy (fill prescriptions)
Broken arm
Flu
Physical exam
Figure 1.6
1-18
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1-19
Examples of Examples of Manufacturing StrategiesManufacturing Strategies
• Make-to-stock
– Mass-produced automobiles
• Assemble-to-order– Upscale Unique Furniture
• Make-to-order
– High-end homes
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Strategy and DecisionsStrategy and Decisions
Operations strategy
• Process decisions• Quality decisions• Capacity, location, and layout decisions• Operating decisions
Market analysis
Competitive priorities
Corporate strategy
Services Manufacturing• Standardized services• Assemble-to-order• Customized services
• Make-to-stock• Assemble-to-order• Make-to-order
Capabilities
Figure 1.8
1-20
Foundations of Operations Management, Canadian Edition Ritzman, Krajewski, Klassen © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1-21
Cross-Functional Cross-Functional CoordinationCoordination
• Removing barriers between departments
• Moving from sequential decision-making to
coordination leads to:
– Improved communication
– More accurate market information
– More timely internal feedback