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Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base

Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

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Page 1: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Formalisme noyau :

Graphes Conceptuels de Base

Page 2: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Ball:*

Cube:*

Ball:*

Color:*

Cube:A

between

carac carac

onTop

Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

1

1

1 1

2

2

2 2

3

Basic conceptual graph (BG)

Two kinds of nodes :

• “concept nodes” represent entities

• “relation nodes” represent relationships

between these entities

Page 3: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

The vocabulary (or support)

T

Animate

Colour

Inanimate

Object

Cube

Property

RegularObject

Ball

Bloc

between(...,...,...) near(...,...)

adjoin (...,...)

1. TC : Poset of concept types

2. TR : Poset of relation types partitioned into types of same arity

3. I : Set of individual markers

onTopOf (...,...)

V or S = (TC, TR, I)

* : the generic marker

[and : typing of individuals, relation signatures, …]

Page 4: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Ball:*

Cube:*

Ball:*

Color:*

Cube:A

between

carac carac

onTop

A

Labels are takenin the support

1

1

1 1

2

2

2 2

3

“There is a cube, which is on top of cube A, and there are balls, with same color, A being between these balls”

Basic conceptual graph (BG)G = (C, R, E, l)

Page 5: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Let’s compare BGs …

(t,m) (t’,m’) if and only if t t’ and m m’

where the order over I{*} is as follows:

for all i in I, * > i

for all i and j in I, i and j are non comparable

Ex: compute the partial order on the following labels:

(Cube, A) (Cube,*) (RegularObject,*)

(Ball,*) (RegularObject,B) (Ball,B)

First : how to compare labels ?

Poset of concept labels

Page 6: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

« Projection » (BG Homomorphism)

« is the knowledge encoded in graph Q present in graph G ? »« does G provides an answer to Q? »

Mapping from the nodes of Q to the nodes of G, which:

• preserves bipartition

• preserves edges and their numberingif c-i-r then (c)-i-(r)

• may specialise labels type subtype generic marker individual marker

GQ?

Page 7: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Q: “Are there an object on top of a big cube and a gray object?”

Object

Cube

onTop

1

2

Object

Color:gray

carac

1

2

Size:big

carac

fact G

Ball

Color:gray

Cube

carac

onTop

1

1

2

2

onTop

Cube

carac

carac

Size:big

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

2

query Q

r1 r2

r3

r4 r5

r6

r7

r8

c1 c2

c3 c4

c5

d1 d2

d3

d4

d5

Page 8: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Object

Cube

onTop

1

2

Object

Color:gray

carac

1

2

Size:big

carac

query Q fact G

Ball

Color:gray

Cube

carac

onTop

1

1

2

2

onTop

Cube

carac

carac

Size:big

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

2

Image graph 1: there is a ball on top of a big gray cube

c1 c2

c3 c4

c5

d1 d2

d3

d4

d5

r1 r2

r3

r4 r5

r6

r7

r8

Page 9: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Object

Cube

onTop

1

2

Object

Color:gray

carac

1

2

Size:big

carac

query Q fact G

Ball

Color:gray

Cube

onTop

1

1

2

2

onTop

Cube

carac

carac

Size:big

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

2

carac

Image graph 2: there is a ball on top of a big cube and there is a gray cube

c1 c2

c3 c4

c5

d1 d2

d3

d4

d5

r1 r2

r3

r4 r5

r6

r7

r8

Page 10: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Project:P

Researcher Researcher:K Researcher:J

Office:#124

Office

member

in in

in

near

Query Q Fact G

member

Person Person

member

Project Project

Q: “Are there people working together, who are each member of a project?”

worksWith

worksWith

member member

Page 11: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Project:P

Researcher Researcher:K Researcher:J

Office:#124

Office

member member member

in in

inworksWith

near

Query Q Fact G

member

worksWith

Person Person

member

Project Project

Page 12: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Specialisation/Generalisation

Projection defines a generalisation relation among SGs

Q G (G Q)

if there is a homomorphism from Q to G

Q is more general than G

G is more specific than Q

Problème fondamental : BG-Homomorphisme

Données : deux BGs G et H Question : y-a-t-il un homomorphisme de G dans H?

(problème NP-complet)

Page 13: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Classical graph homomorphism is a particular case of BG homomorphism

• A graph homomorphism h from G=(VG, EG) to H=(VH,EH) is a mapping from VG to VH that preserves edges:

if (x,y) is in EG, then (h(x),h(y)) is in EH

a

b

c

d

3

1 2

G

H

Page 14: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

From graph homomorphism to BG homomorphism

T

T

r

1

2

TC = {T}TR ={r}M = {*}

Support

There is a homomorphism from a graph G to a graph H if and only if there is a BG-homomorphism from f(G) to f(H)

f

From BGs to graphs ? There is a polynomial transformation too…

Page 15: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

T Tp

T Tp

p T

T Tp

p T

Tp

p

Ex : Relationships between these BGs?

Specialization is reflexive, transitive but not antisymmetric: it is a preorder

Page 16: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Quelle sémantique pour les BGs ?

Intuitivement : un BG représente l’existence d’entités et de relations entre ces entités

“There is a cube, which is on top of cube A, and there are balls, with same color, A being between these balls”

Sémantique ensembliste (ou théorie des modèles)

Sémantique logique

Besoin d’une sémantique formelle

Ca n’est pas assez précis : Combien y-a-t-il d’objets ? Sont-ils tous différents ?Est-il sous-entendu que ces objets ont tous une couleur?Peut-il y avoir un autre objet sur le cube A? Si on a « onTop » ou « between » a-t-on aussi « near » ?

Page 17: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

First-order logical semantics ()

Translation of the Support

types (concept/relation) predicatesindividual markers constants

‘subtype’ partial order formulas

concept types t < t’ x t(x) t’(x)

x Bloc(x) Object(x)

relation typesr < r’ x1... xk r(x1,..., xk) r’(x1,..., xk)

x1x2 adjoin(x1,x2) near(x1,x2)

(S) is the set of the formulas translating the type posets

Page 18: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Translation of a BG

Ball:*

Cube:*

Ball:*

Color:*

Cube:A

between

carac carac

onTop

x

A

y z

u

1

1

1 1

2

2

2 2

3

• For each generic concept node, a new variable

• For each individual concept node with marker i, the constant assigned to i

Page 19: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Cube(x)

Cube(A)

Ball(z)Ball(y)

Color(u)

onTop(x,A)

carac(y,u) carac(z,u)

Ball:*

Cube:*

Ball:*

Color:*

Cube:A

between

carac carac

onTop

x

A

y z

u

1

1

1 1

2

2

2 2

3

between(A,y,z)

Cube(x) Cube(A) Ball(y) Ball(z) Color(u) onTop(x,A) between(A,y,z) carac(y,u) carac(z,u)

xyzu

• For each node,an atom

Page 20: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Quelle sémantique pour l’homomorphisme?

• S’il existe un homomorphisme de Q dans G, cela veut dire quoi?

Intuitivement : « la connaissance représentée par Q est aussi présente dans G », « G est plus précis que Q », « on peut déduire Q de G », «G implique Q »

Formellement : (Q) se déduit de (G) et de (S)

• Et s’il n’existe pas d’homomorphisme de Q dans G, que peut-on en conclure?

Page 21: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

« fondés par rapport à une logique »

Les raisonnements doivent être fondés par rapport à la déduction dans cette logique

• adéquats, corrects(sound) : si i peut être inféré de K alors f(i) est déductible de f(K)

• complets (complete) : si f(i) est déductible de f(K) alors i peut être inféré de K

K Ensemble de formulesdans une logique

f

Sémantique logique

A reformuler en termes de BGs

Page 22: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

BGs are logically founded

Support S

t < t’r < r’

Graphs (BGs)

predicates, constantsx t(x) t’(x)x1... xk r(x1,..., xk) r’(x1,..., xk)

( , ) formulas

Soundness: if Q G then (Q) deducible from (G), (S)

Completeness: if (Q) deducible from (G), (S) then Q G• the BG model is equivalent to the ( , ) FOL fragment(without function)

(one can get rid off universally quantified formulas associated with the support)

• BG homomorphism is equivalent to deduction

Page 23: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

Une limitation à la complétude

Le BG homomorphisme est complet par rapport à la déduction si le graphe cible est sous forme normale

T:a r T:b

s T:b

T:a r T:b

sT:a

(G) et (H) équivalentesmais G et H incomparables par homomorphisme

Un graphe est sous forme normale s'il n'a pas deux sommets concepts avec le même marqueur individuel

T:a r T: b

s

G H

Page 24: Formalisme noyau : Graphes Conceptuels de Base. Ball:* Cube:* Ball:* Color:* Cube:A between carac onTop Labels are taken in the vocabulary (or support)

The BG model

Support (vocabulary)

Basic (conceptual) graphs defined on support

Operations

BG Homomorphism (« Projection »)

Logical language

Formulas

Deduction

FOL