female education thesis.docx

Chapter # 1

INTRODUCTION

It is the architect of Almighty Allah that no two persons are alike in their measurable

characteristics e.g. weight, height and colour etc. In the same way, psychological

characteristics such as intelligence aptitude, behaviour and attitude are also different from

each other. Psychologists believe that each individual is unique and unlike others, Due to

individual differences. There are differences in different aspects of life, apart from physical,

emotional, intellectual and social differences, sex differences are there in children’s

(Shahid.S.M, 2010). There are different kinds of individuals in our society and everyone has

his own attitude about different things.

According to prophet Muhammad (SAW) seeking of knowledge is obligatory for

every Muslim men and women. In the early days of Islam HazaratHafsa, Umm-e-Kalsoom,

Ayesha Bint Saad and many others women had better command over reading and writing and

of course they were literate. We are Muslims and leaving in an Islamic country. Islam gives

equal rights and rights of education of men and women. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) greatly

emphasized over the education of women.

Our country is one of the populous country of the world having about 120 million

people out of which 50% are female, but their characteristics in the achievement of society is

low. Developed countries have a hundred percent literacy rate while the literacy rate in

Pakistan is about 49.9% which is very low.

The complexity of modern age has changed the whole pattern of human life. No

country can make progress and prosperity of all the developing countries. A network of

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educational institutions is needed in this respect. It is not possible without positive of the

people in general.

The fact of discrimination against women is a worldwide phenomenon depending

upon the number of factors. Women do not enjoy educational opportunities. Everywhere in

the world they are given less opportunity of education. Even today, millions of woman lives

in a state of illiteracy.

Education is considered to be the essential instrument of development and self

fulfilment for women but most of them never got a chance to become educated.

The literacy rate in Pakistan in 1982-83 was 23.5% while that of male was 32%. In

rural area the literacy rates of female 5.7%. The literacy rate in 1992 has been estimated as

32%. In this % age only 13.7 women are educated which is very low rate of literacy. The

literacy rate in rural areas was 14.8%.out of which the rate of female literacy was 5.5%. The

literacy situation is not satisfactory in Pakistan, especially in the Pakhtunkhwa.

In Pakistan the participation rate is at primary level of both sex in 1982-83 was 48%

in which boys were 68% and girls were 32%. The participation of rural girls was 20% and

the target of 75 & for boys and girls. The enrolment ratio of the female at the secondary level

is 13% and at the university level is 0.5%. This situation justifies special arrangements to be

made especially at the higher level, in rode to enhance the participation rate of female in

education. In EFA Primary education has been assigned top priority. Universalization of

primary education in terms of universal enrolment latest by 2010 I case of boys and 2015 in

case of girls is the vowed goal and target of national, provincial and district EFA plans

( Iqbal, 2010).

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In some of the countries the problem of female education has been solved up to a

great extent with the help of co-education, however where there are some institutes of co-

education there may be negative attitudes of parents.

A very little is being done to improve the extinct of attitudes towards education

among the Pakistani families. In this study the researcher has investigated the attitude of

parents towards the education of girls in District Dera Ismail Khan.

Main purpose of the study was to investigate the kind of attitude parents have towards

education of their daughters. These areas are not provided the educational facilities special in

the field of female education. Main thing to discover that what kind of attitude parents have

towards the education of girls, what are the reasons of positive or negative attitude into

positive attitude so that education of girls can be promoted in District Dera Ismail Khan.

In this study the researcher has tried to determine the attitude of educated and

uneducated parents towards female’s education in District Dera Ismail Khan.

1.1 Statement of the problem

The problem under study was “A Comparative Study of Educated and Uneducated Parents

towards Female Education in rural and urban areas of District Dera Ismail Khan”

1.2 Objectives of the Study

Following were the main objectives of the study:

1) To find out the extent of views of educated parents and Uneducated Parents towards

Female Education in rural and urban areas of District Dera Ismail Khan.

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2) To find out the significant difference between the views of educated parents who are

resident of rural and urban areas of District Dera Ismail Khan.

3) To find out the significant difference between the views of uneducated parents who

are resident of rural and urban areas of District Dera Ismail Khan.

1.3 Research Questions

1) What is view of educated parents of rural and urban areas about female’s education?

2) What is view of uneducated parents of rural and urban areas about female’s

education?

1.4 Significance of the Study

1) The study may be significant because the results of this study may provide a guide

line to make efforts for the promotion of the education of girls.

2) The study may be helpful in determining the view of parent towards the education of

girls.

3) This study may become a baseline for others researchers regarding promotion of

views of parents towards the education of girls.

4) This study may be helpful in changing the negative views of parents towards the

education of girls.

1.5 Limitations of the Study

Due to unavailability of standardised questionnaire, teacher made validated and reliable

questionnaire was used for data collection.D.I.Khan.

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1.6 Delimitations of the Study

The study was delimited to rural and urban areas of District D.I.Khan.

Only 80 parents were selected for the data collection.

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Chapter # 2

REVIWE OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Definition of Attitude

The concept of attitude in the wider sense is expressed in definition given by different

persons.

JohnC.Ruch (1984) has defined attitude as “Enduring general evaluation are feeling

about something often, closeting related to cognitive beliefs about and behavior towards the

person or object”.

Philosopher L. Harriman defines in his book, “Handbook of psychological term” on

page 17.

“A readiness to respond in certain way, when in a certain way the appropriate

situation occurs a mental set”.

According to C. V. Good: Attitude is the predisposition or tendency to react specially

towards object, situation our value usually accompanied by feelings and action. An attitude is

a highly complex phenomenon may be broadly define as “ A relatively stable system or an

organization of behaviour displayed by an individual towards a particular object, person,

event, issue or symbol, and this mental organization usually has effective , cognitive and

action components which may interact and influence an individual’s behaviour.

2.2 Female Education in Pakistan

Ahmad Anis (1984) Education of women is the most effective channel for the

inequalities between men and women and ensuring the maximum participation of women, in

the development process. Literacy rate is the first indicator of development in education in

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any society. Educational statistics indicate wide differences in male and female literacy rate

in all areas of Pakistan, both among urban and rural population, rural female literate, literacy

figures of other provinces are also not encouraging but the most deprived of the population in

this respect, remains the rural females.

Bennett L &Pye J (2003) female education in Pakistan faced a fundamental dilemma.

Traditional social values do not allow for the full integration a participation of women in

social and economic activities. This situation makes it very difficult and perhaps impossible

in many cases for education to overcome the barriers of isolation proposal to create separate

women’s facilities add enormously to cost. But there is a more fundamental problem. This is

the philosophical issues of determining the nature and purpose of women’s education. Is

women’s education to be basically limited to domestic skills like sewing and cooking? The

vocational dimension of women education is a key part of most proposals and plans. But

what is the point of such an undertaking? Is it the intention for the government to change the

nation diet? One might conceive of such a thing with a fair measure of imagination, should

there be the need for the different cropping system. But that is not the cause for formal

schooling is not required to teach people what they already learned quite well from their

parents. While vocational programs are an important element in tootle educational

endeavour, limiting women to “Home economics” and related subjects falls short of meeting

the needs of society.

Berson M (1996) female is the vital and central element of society. Without her

participation the society will be unbalanced. a good society is the one which is cleared from

all society eviler. For this purpose education is must. Therefore we cannot think about a good

and balanced society without female education. This education is very necessary for women.

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Now the idea about female education has changed. Today the education girls are almost as

common phenomena as the education boys. The condition of girls is now recognized due to

the reason, that when a mother is educated. So her children will also be educated. There for

university education is becoming increasingly popular among women, in Pakistan the

university education is a co-educational system. This system of education has created new

problems. This is a crying need for opening separate institution for women.

Bolick C et al (2003) Female education in Pakistan is still at its stage. It is because of

the following reason.

1. Due to old sayings and culture norms.

2. Due to religion obstruction.

3. Due to less attention of parents.

4. Due to less attention of government.

We should realize the importance of female education and give full attention to its

improvement.

Braun J (1997) the academic fields of study available in girl’s collage the situation is

slowly improving. Increasing female enrolments in professional colleges and universities

required that they have broad educational background. Home economics collages heavily

oriented in the direction of domestic science. Female education driven to much greater extent

than for males by cultural and religious dictates. One the other hand girl’s collages are

largely free of the political intrigue that affectman’s collages and all universities. Rarely do

the girls even protest school issues although out breaks of ill health traced to poor food or

water provoke them the assert themselves. Girls education is less jobs market oriented that it

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is the product of a “finishing school” philosophy. Most girls marry at an early age and many

withdraw from school before completing a degree. Few ever return once they have

established the family of their own. Often these dropouts have succumbed to family pressure.

One frequently hears from female students at university level those relatives continually ask

them why they want more education. “It is time to get married and have a family”. The

numbers of woman gaining employment, however, is increasing they have benefited

especially from the expansion of education almost all the staff at girls, school in woman. The

numbers of woman to be found in other areas of government services, including and police

and security service, is also growing.

Britton (1986) there are an increasing number of job opening for woman in select fields

such as medicine, dentistry, architecture and computer and some of these opportunities

ironically, derive from the social isolation of women. Most traditional people would never

allow male physician to examine women. The same is true with dentistry. Thus at least half

of the medical profession must be female if the service is to reach that part of the population.

Architecture appeals to women, because of its hominoid interior design elements. Modern

technology has opened up many possibilities for female employment. One of these is

computer science, which attract May female’s students at the university level. Because of its

newness, the computer field is not perceived as an exclusively male job category. Text books

and other teaching materials, and approaches pose special problems for female education.

Many of the books used at the upper secondary and collage levels are produced in the United

States and England. The cultural milieu from which these books have come on occasion does

not harmonize with local needs and cultural idiosyncrasies. One is a greater degree of

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freedom from bureaucratic control and meddling. Another is the general absence of the

disruptive of political parties and the politicization of students.

2.3 Problems of Female Education in Pakistan

Ema E and Ajayi D T (2004) a numbers of problems are responsible for the low

participation of girl’s children particularly at lower level. Some of the impotent problem

given as follows.

1. The non-availability of local teachers.

2. The dearth of trained qualified teachers.

3. The unwillingness of female’s teachers to serve in the rural areas.

4. Lake of absence of transport facilities.

5. Non-availability of suitable residence.

6. Insecurity that lives in isolated areas.

7. Lake of accountability.

8. Centralization of powers curtailing initiative at lower level.

9. Inadequacy of supervisory staff.

10. Insufficient arrangement for in service training.

11. Irrelevant curricula.

12. Poverty of parents.

13. Other culture, social and religious considerations inhibiting girl’seducation.

14. Lake of school community and relationship.

15. Lake of absence of commitment on the part of public.

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16. Financial constraints of the governments, a fair excess according low priority to

lower education.

2.4 Problem of Female in Co-Education

Descy D (1992) some of the most important problem faced by in co-education are:

1. Male dominated administration.

2. Culture and religious hindrance.

3. Misbehaviour of male (student/teacher).

4. Problem of adequate utilization of school facilities.

5. Immoral affairs.

6. Adequate participation in co-curricular activities.

7. Insecurity.

8. Biased treatment in examination.

9. Transportation.

10. Lack of expression of feelings.

11. Low participation on discussion.

12. Discrimination on the part of teachers.

13. Wrong information from the teachers.

14. Discrimination on the part of male staff.

2.5 Changing Status of Woman

Diem R (2000) the human beings have been divided into two categories of man

women. Upton the 19th century women were looked upon as a soulless doll whose main

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profession was to obey and entertain her husband. As Ruskin has put it. A true wife in her

husband’s house is his servant; it is in his heart that she is queen Much water has flown under

the bridge science man had this attitude towards women. Today women claims as well as

enjoy almost equal rights with men. They openly soft at the old theories about women status

education more than any things else was the root cause of the emancipation of women, with

education came the realization that she could do what man had done. England granted

suffrage to women immediately after the First World War at present a number of women are

members of the parliament in almost all countries of the world. Some of the even hold

important offices. In Pakistan, too women are working as typist in offices, as doctors in

hospital, teachers in schools and colleges and members in the parliament. In certain

countries, notably, in Russia and Japan, they were trained as soldiers to serve in the 2nd World

War. The 1st person to swim across the English channels was also a woman.

All this can be said of women and the fact remains those they still from a number of

legal disabilities. There are still many persons, who strongly disapprove of women’s rights

they believe that man is for the field and women for the home, man for the sword and

workman for the needle, man to command and women to obey, they feed offended, when

they find women rushing cars cycling lovely on the roads. Tennyson discovered long age, the

women’s because is man’s the rise and sink together. On the whole, the status of women is

Pakistan has considerably improved in the recent decades. Causes of the backwardness of the

female in education

Hobbs M (1996) a number of cause are responsible for the non-enrolment of female

in education is:-

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1. Poverty and diseases.

2. Social and Religions factor.

3. Geographical dispersal.

4. Rigidity of formal system.

5. In adequate physical facilities.

6. Out mode curricula and textbooks.

7. Apathetic attitude of parent towards girl’s education.

8. Early marriages.

9. Lack of trained female teachers particularly in rural areas.

10. Shortage of female teachers at lower level.

11. Absence of vocation and its relevance.

12. Low status of teachers.

13. Felling of insecurity of female teachers.

14. Inadequate training facilities for female teachers.

15. Unattractive schools environment absence of female teachers

16. Inefficient system of suspension.

17. Lack of competent supervisory.

18. Inadequate provision of in-service training.

19. The language of the book is different of mother tongue of children.

2.6 Woman Status In Pakistan

A Lockhead M E (1993)woman in Pakistan has begun to take an active part in

smooth conduction of the life process. In part the job opportunities for women were scanty.

Now women work as a lady doctor, nurses, health visitors and teachers. It means that spheres

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from females now are greater than ever before. They complete successfully in the central

superior services examination. They are holding responsible position in administration,

custom, income tax, railway, Forgein service and police and portal department. Some of

them are members of National and Provincial Assemblies.

2.7 Women as Girl Guides

JoffK (1995)Girls guide in British organization of girls. Baden-Powell and his sister

Lady Agnes established it in 1910. The main objective of this movement is to make teen-age

girls conscious of their status in society. A member of girl’s guide is given a variety of

programs that shape her character. She learns, in association with other girl’s guides, how to

keep herself clean and healthy. She is instructed in building her moral and social character.

She learns acts about courtesy and etiquette. Furthermore, a girl guide is taught how to

develop a house making ability. Her barns a house hold skills like cooking, knitting,

stitching, planning and maintenance. In Pakistan, the status of women is not like that of men

in any walks of life. Their position is based upon the local tradition and culture. In some parts

of our country the women are treated very cruelly.

The worldwide data indicates that a large percentage of female (women) are illiterate.

The literacy rate in Pakistan in 1982-83 was 23.5% while that of male was 32%. In rural are

the literacy rate of female 4.7%. The literacy rate in 1992 has been estimated as 32%. In this

%age only 13.7% women are educated which is very low rate of literacy was 5.5%. The

literacy situation is not satisfactory in Pakistan, especially in the K.P.K.

In Pakistan the participation rate at primary level of both sex. In 1982-83 was 48% in

which boy were 63% and girls were 32%. The participation of rural girls was 20% and the

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target of 75% for boys and girls. The enro;;ment ratio of the female at each secondary level is

13% and at the University level is higher level, in rode to enhance the participation rate of

female in education.

The conclusion of a book entitled with the education and advancement of women by

Jacqueline Chabaud(1974) reveals. Experience in the forty-seven countries, which have

chosen co-education, proves, on the contrary, that co-education increases educational

opportunity for girls both qualitatively. An international survey covering 54000 school in

eleven countries(Australia, Belgium, Finland, France,, Federal, Republic of Germany, Israel,

Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, United states) emphasize the advantages of co-

education for girls: 133000 pupils of both sexes, divided into two age groups (13-and 18-

old), were asked to reply to 155 questions aimed at determining the reason why pupils

succeed or fail in mathematics.

JoffK (1995) the analysis of result, proceed electronically. Refutes many established

ideas. The results by country place Japan at head, for the United Kingdome. The result of sex

are however, of particular interest. In separate schools, boy abstains better results than girls.

In mixed schools, girls are better at mathematics than boys. Why? No doubt because of

healthy competition, and above all for psychological reason; teacher at a mixed school expect

as much form girls as from boys, Whereas teachers in girls school often show no enthusiasm

for mathematics an following tradition, do not encourage their pupils to peruse their study of

this subject.

Such results should promote the development of co-education. Where they are not the

prisoners of sociological circumstances, girls are in fact as gifted for mathematics as boys.

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Another boo entitles, “Muslim women and Higher Education”. A case for separate institution

for women by Ahmad (1948) concluded that,: That co-education in the west as well as in past

35 years of our secular educational experiment has not been able to deliver the goods,

appears a passed. There cannot be two opinion about ineptness of co-education in a

framework based on the Quran, Sunnah and the practice of the Shaba. An Islamic society,

economy, political system and family is based on clearly defined roles of men and women.

The underlying principle is that equity and justice and not blind equality should determine

the equation between man and women. Each one has a dignified, honourable, respectable and

specialized role to pay in different level of social stratification of roles.

Therefore to think that a Ph.D. in Engineering, Chemistry or Philosophy is a

professional while one who specializes in home engineering” or personality development or

child psychology is just a housewife (a derogatory economically un-quantifiable and

unproductive person) is indicative of professional colour blindness and male chauvinism.

Even in a secular capitalist society of the U.S, sociologists are raising the issue in an

intelligent way. “As an economist unit, the household is a small business enterprise in which

husband and frequently, wives invest cast(their earnings) and labour (mostly female) in order

to generate a predictable flow of males, clean both ingot repair, comfortable and attractive

surroundings, transportation, and entertainment, not to mention minor medical treatment,

instruction and pastoral service of advice, comfort and re-assurance”. Consequently from an

economic point of view, when a home is view as only a bedroom, a sitting room and a dining

room where services are hired from outside and not generated in the home, it become a

mechanical lifeless entity. Islamic vision presumes creation of a home not merely a house. A

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home provides for material as well as emotional and interpersonal satisfaction. This cannot

be achieved when the primary roles of men and women are confused.

According to the research study of Z.M.Ishan on the topic of the problems of female

teacher in District Tank in 1990 of female teacher of co-education schools indicates that,

“20% of female teachers were threatened immorally as well as their due salaries were not

paid to them accordingly, never in their in teaching period extended from five to twelve

years.

QaisarShaheen (1992) (unpublished research thesis) shows some crucial problems

faced by female students in co-educational institutions including, most of the females have

insecurity problems in co-operative environment. Education is a modern idea. According to

the Webster’s Dictionary education is the Educational system in which students of both sexes

are free to attend classes together.

According to Oxford Dictionary female education of boys and girls together.

According to Webster’s II riverside university dictionary the system of education in which

men and women attend the same institution or class.

2.8 Co-Education as a Problem for Girl’s Students

Joff K (1995) co-education is a modern idea. For the first time it was introduced and

adopted in Switzerland, but now even the very backward countries of Asia seem to favour

this system. In western countries like U.S.A. France and England, Female education at the

college level is consider more favourable even by our leading educationists and the day is not

far away when people will be obliged to admit to as an established system. At present there is

co-education only in a few colleges of our country. The supporters of this system plead in

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favour of co-education mainly on two grounds i-e. First economical and the other social. In a

poor country like ours, where the economy is already got encouraging, they say how it is

possible to maintain separate laboratories for boys and girls in almost all institution.

Moreover they plead; it is unwise and uneconomical to have two colleges, where one can

serve the purpose for both the boys and girls. As a lot a lot of money is required to set up

laboratories, libraries and work show in vocational colleges, hay think it is sheer waste of

money to maintain a double system of education. The other points the put forward with a still

greater force in concerning the social contests which co-education provides for the two sexes

The supporters of co-education believe that if the young boys and girls are educated together

they will develop a lot of mutual understanding which may be helpful in their future life men

and women. They also believe that nothing helps social contact between young boys and

girls more promptly that free mixing and it is be provided by the system of co-education.

And boys and girls study the same lesson under the guides of the same teacher. They come to

know their mutual problems better than they otherwise would, and in this way, they now

more about the nature and test of the opposite sex. The supporters of this system also that his

system makes boy less coarse and girls less shy as each sex against dignity in the eyes of the

opposite side. The girls get read of their shyness and boys of their natural reluctance.

Naturally this situation effects the formation of their corrector.

Thus they co-education broadens the outlook both of the boys and girls and enable

them to understand the world in a better way more this system also help the country to bring

its youth at an equal level.

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2.9 Problem Created by Co-Education

1. The children reach age of maturity very soon.

2. This system is opposite to our norms and values.

3. This system does not coincide to our religion.

4. The boys become a goat in the society of female.

5. The opposite sexes cannot work separately.

6. Both sexes waste much of their time and capital to improve their personality.

In a country like Pakistan, where the number of colleges is vey few as compared to the

number of students desirous to get higher education, our classes are already overcrowded and

it is quite easy to have separate full flagged colleges for boys and girls. Co-education is only

in such cases where the number of students is very small and one college can do the job for

both. Moreover, one should not forget that we (Pakistani) will have a great regards for our

religions, which prohibits such a free mixing of two sexes as co-education proposes to bring.

Therefore we should not swallow the about of sake of few chips which can, ofcourse, be

saved by universal co-education in our young people good cities of the existing society and

not rebels and not rebels against it.Therefore,co-education is not a fit system for our country

Pakistan.

The studying of boys and girls in one and the same school, college or university is

called co-education. It was first introduced in Switzerland then it gained popularity in other

countries of Europe. Now even the most backward countries of the world have adopted it to

some extent. It has been introduced at primary, professional and post-graduate level in

Pakistan.

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The backwardness of a country depends mainly of the percentage of illiteracy. The

percentage of literacy is fairly large among men in the world but it reaches alarming figures

in case of women. So for the progress of a country, education for women is very essential.

Women for almost half of the population of a country are bound to lag behind.

Schwartz R and Orfield G (2001) Women play a very important role in the society. So

there are main advantages of education for women. A woman must be conversant with her

cities as citizen of a state. She should be aware the part she has to play in porgies of the

nation. She must understand her country. And to know all this she must be properly educated.

Women cannot become good citizens if they are UN-educated.An educated mother can serve

the country in the country in the sense that she can produce good citizens. The alarming

figure infant mortality is mostly due to the ignorance on the part of the mothers are

superstitious. They do not have elementary medical knowledge. Education can improve a lot

the unfortunate state of affairs. Education mother will give the nation healthy, enlightened

and decently brought up children.

All above description shows that education for women is very essential but the women

will be educated? Demand for universal education cannot be met without opening thousands

of new schools. It requires fabulous amount of many to achieve this objective when separate

school or colleges are to be built for boys and girls. It is unwise and uneconomical to have

two colleges where only one can serve the purpose both for the boys and girls. These

problems can be solved with the help of co-education, where the male and female students

are collectively educated within the same institution.

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Chapter # 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Population

All the parents residing in D.I.Khan rural and urban areas comprised the population of the

study.

3.2 Sample

Convenient sampling technique was used for data collection.A representative sample of 40

parents from urban and 40 parents from rural areas of D.I.Khan. Out of these 40 parents

from urban were 20 educated and 20 uneducated parents. Similar out of these 40 parents

from rural were 20 educated and 20 were uneducated.

3.3 Sampling Technique

Convenient sampling technique used the selection of rural and urban areas form selected

population.

3.4 Instrument

The researcher used herself made questionnaire in the supervision of Supervisor. It was

then made valid and reliable before data collection.

3.5 Data Collection

The researcher personally visited different urban and rural areas for the collection of data.

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3.5 Statistical Analysis

Mean and standard deviation of responses obtain through questionnaire of educated and

uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were calculated.

All the above computed with calculated value of 0.05, level of significance for tabulated

value 2.132 degree of freedom.

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Chapter # 4

PRESENTATION AND ANALYIS OF DATA

Table No 4.1

Education as the basic right of girls

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation

Level of significance t-cal t-tab

Educated 36.33 54.28 X=0.05 0.459 2.132

Uneducated 21.67 10.41

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.459 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that education is the basic right of girls where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.2

Our religion favor about male and female’s education

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 34.33 50.89 X=0.05 0.422 2.132


This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.422 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that oue religion favor about male and female’s education where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

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Table No 4.3

An educated girl is the main pillar of a good society

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 38 60.63 X=0.05 0.176 2.132

Uneducated 31 32.97

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.176 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that an educated girl is the main pillar of a good society where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.4

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 34.33 48.21 X=0.05 0.577 2.132


Education necessary for decisions making

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.577 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that education necessary for decisions making where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

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Table No 4.5

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 36.67 56.58 X=0.05 0.494 2.132


Money essential rather than education

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.494 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that money essential rather than education where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.6

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 37.33 56.08 X=0.05 0.597 2.132


Education not essential for girls

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.597 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that education not essential for girls where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

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Table No 4.7

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 33.33 41.36 X=0.05 0.479 2.132

Uneducated 21 16.64

Girls should be active inside the home

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.479 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that girls should be active inside the home where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.8

Girls had better limited to only households

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 35.67 52.25 X=0.05 0.4717 2.132

Uneducated 21 13.07

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.4717 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that girls had better limited to only households where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

26

Table No 4.9

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 27 29.81 X=0.05 0.332 2.132

Uneducated 21 9.54

They should be provided with an Islamic education

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.332 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that girls should be provided with an islamic education where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.10

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 35.33 52.54 X=0.05 0.549 2.132


Girls cannot be equal to men

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.549 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that girls cannot be equal to men where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

27

Table No 4.11

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 34 43.41 X=0.05 0.459 2.132

Uneducated 22 12.77

Educated girls can assist their hubbies in their work

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.459 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed educated girls can assist their hubbies in their work where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.12

Girls can not only facilitate her hubbies but also can do work with them shoulder to shoulder

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 33 36.86 X=0.05 0.636 2.132

Uneducated 19 9.54

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.636 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that girls can not only facilitate her hubbies but also can do work with them shoulder to shoulder where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

28

Table No 4.13

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 36 54.56 X=0.05 0.451 2.132


Education is the obligatory part for girls in the modern world

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.451 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed education is the obligatory part for girls in the modern world where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.14

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 36.33 51.79 X=0.05 0.569 2.132

Uneducated 19 9.54

Girls get married on the basis of their good education

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.569 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that girls get married on the basis of their good education where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

29

Table No 4.15

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 32 45.43 X=0.05 0.524 2.132


Girls should get education till 10th class

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.524 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that girls should get education till 10th class where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.16

An educated girl can support herself alone in difficult times

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 34 43.41 X=0.05 0.273 2.132


This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.273 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that an educated girl can support herself alone in difficult times where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

30

Table No 4.17

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 35 50.23 X=0.05 0.467 2.132

Uneducated 21 13.07

An educated girls knows about her duties and responsibilities

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.467 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that an educated girl knows about her duties and responsibilities where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.18

Education which makes girls feel proud and not only this but fashionable too

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 26.33 18.82 X=0.05 0.497 2.132


This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.497 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that education which makes girls feel proud and not only this but fashionable too where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

31

Table No 4.19

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 25.67 15.57 X=0.05 0.568 2.132

Uneducated 20 7.55

Educated girls are not being afraid of their husbands.

This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.568 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that educated girls are being afraid of their husbands where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Table No 4.20

Educated girls are far better than illiterate girls.

CategoryMean X-

Standard Deviation


Educated 35.33 55.25 X=0.05 0.331 2.132


This table shows that the calculate value of t=0.331 and tabulated value of t=2.132 with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas were agreed that educated girls are better than illiterate girls where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.

Chapter # 5

32

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

This research was focused and concentrate on a comparative study of educated parents and

uneducated parents towards female education n rural and urban areas. The main objective of

this study was to take the opinion of educated and uneducated parents about female

education.

Our religion strongly favours education both male and female but most of the uneducated

parents disfavour female education. The purpose of this research study was to know that if

education is very necessary nowadays then why the parents do not favour and permit their

girls to get education.

The main purpose was to get the opinion of different parents, that why they not favour

female education. This research study may be helpful to highlight the different opinions of

parents about female education and play a vital role in aware ring the parents about female

education.

5.2 Findings

Table No 1 shows that the calculate value of t=0.459 and tabulated value of t=2.132

with 4 degree of freedom. It means that educated parents from rural and urban areas

were agreed that education is the basic right of girls where as uneducated parents

from rural and urban areas were disagreed.



33

were agreed that oue religion favor about male and female’s education where as

uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.



were agreed that an educated girl is the main pillar of a good society where as




were agreed that education necessary for decisions making where as uneducated

parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.



were agreed that money essential rather than education where as uneducated parents




were agreed that education not essential for girls where as uneducated parents from

rural and urban areas were disagreed.



were agreed that girls should be active inside the home where as uneducated parents


34



were agreed that girls had better limited to only households where as uneducated




were agreed that girls should be provided with an islamic education where as

uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagrees.



were agreed that girls cannot be equal to men where as uneducated parents from rural

and urban areas were disagreed.



were agreed educated girls can assist their hubbies in their work where as uneducated




were agreed that girls can not only facilitate her hubbies but also can do work with

them shoulder to shoulder where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas

were disagreed.



35

were agreed that girls get married on the basis of their good education where as




were agreed that girls should get education till 10 th class where as uneducated parents




were agreed that an educated girl can support herself alone in difficult times where as




were agreed that an educated girl knows about her duties and responsibilities where

as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were disagreed.



were agreed that education which makes girls feel proud and not only this but

fashionable too where as uneducated parents from rural and urban areas were

disagreed.



were agreed that educated girls are being afraid of their husbands where as


36



were agreed that educated girls are better than illiterate girls where as uneducated


5.3 Conclusions

Following are the conclusions of the study. Education is the basic right of every

muslim male and female and our religion strongly favours male and female education.

Educated girl is the main pillar of a good society.

Education widens the perception of people but those who are uneducated do not

favour female education. The researcher concluded from the study that the educated parents

of rural and urban areas favour female education. Uneducated parents of rural and urban

areas do not favour female education.

Finally, it is concluded from the study that educated parents favour female education

whereas uneducated parents disfavour female education.

37

5.4 Recommendations

It should be recommended to parents that they must favour female education because

education is the basic right of male and female.

Uneducated parents should be made aware of the importance and need of female

education.

Government should made NGOs that work in rural areas and held programs to aware

parents.

There should be proper schools in rural areas.

There should be a rule in rural areas that education is must for females and if anyone

disobey the rule there should be a punishment for them.

There should be proper check and balance on teachers in rural areas.

Teachers should honestly do their job in rural areas.

Easy access should be given to females to get education.

Teachers of rural areas should encourage parents and girls to get education because it

is necessary nowadays.

Parents should also encourage their girls to get education.

38

References

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http://www.citejournal.org/vol13/iss3/socialstudies/article1.cfm

Lockhead M E (1993) “ The condition of primary education in developing countries” In

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40

Appendix A

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EDUCATED AND UNEDUCATED PARENTS TOWARDS FEMALE EDUCATTION IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF DERA

ISMAIL KHAN.

Questionnaire for parents

R/Parents,

This questionnaire is purely for the academic purposes. Therefore, your cooperation

and authentic suggestions will be highly fruitful to validate the research tool and will enable

the research to complete her work successfully for the degree of B.Ed (Hons) 4 years in

education. Furthermore it is assured that the information provided by you will be kept

highly confidential anonymously. So kindly go through each statement in the questionnaire

and tick the suitable vox at the end of each item. For the facility of your views and content

validity, the options like strongly agree, agree, undecided, strongly disagree, disagree are

already given at the end of each item.

Thank you,

Beenish

Name of Parent__________________________________________

Qualification_____________________________________________

Areas: Rural

Urban

Please tick the appropriate box.

A: stands for AgreeUN: stands forUndecided D: stands for Disagree

41

S.No Statements A UN DA1 Education is the basic right of girls

2 Our religion strongly favors male and female education that is why females education is necessary

3 An educated girl is the main pillar of a good society.

4 It is due to education that girls can take necessary decisions according to their own desire.

5 It is better to save some money for girl’s rainy days i.e. at the time of furlough rather than to be extravagant for their education

6 A girl will have to jump over the broomstick then it's useless to educate her.

7 Girls should be active inside the home.

8 Girls had better limited to only households or show

9 They should be provided with an Islamic education.

10 Girls can't be equal to men.

11 Educated girls can assist their hubbies in their work.

12 Girls can not only facilitate them but can work with them shoulder to shoulder

13 Education is the obligatory part for girls in the modern world.

14 Girls get married on the basis of their good education.

15 Girls should get education till 10th class so that they can survive and can know that how to interact and face the circumstances.

16 An educated girl can support herself alone in difficult times

17 An educated girl knows about her duties and responsibilities

42

18 It is only education which makes them feel proud and not only this but fashionable too.

19 Educated girls aren't being afraid of their husbands.

20 Educated girls are far better than illiterate girls.

43

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