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Evolution of Evolution of Complex Complex SystemsSystems
Lecture 8: Politics and lawLecture 8: Politics and law
Peter Andras / Bruce CharltonPeter Andras / Bruce Charlton
[email protected]@ncl.ac.uk
[email protected]@ncl.ac.uk
ObjectivesObjectives
SocietySociety Information subsystem: political Information subsystem: political
systemsystem PoliticsPolitics Information subsystem of politics: the Information subsystem of politics: the
legal systemlegal system The legal systemThe legal system Adaptation in the political and legal Adaptation in the political and legal
systemssystems
Human communicationsHuman communications
Specialized behavioural patterns: Specialized behavioural patterns: human languagehuman language
Specialized brain subsystems: Specialized brain subsystems: language understanding and language understanding and productionproduction
Human languagesHuman languages
SocietySociety
Many organisms act as Many organisms act as communication unitscommunication units
Society = system of Society = system of communications between communications between organismsorganisms
Human society = system of human Human society = system of human communicationscommunications
Human languages define human Human languages define human societiessocieties
Politics – early timesPolitics – early times
Tribes: everybody participates in Tribes: everybody participates in the decision makingthe decision making
E.g., what to do (hunt, move, etc.), E.g., what to do (hunt, move, etc.), how to interpret the environment how to interpret the environment (flooding, attack by animals, etc.)(flooding, attack by animals, etc.)
Tribe leaders lead the decision Tribe leaders lead the decision making processmaking process
Politics – advanced tribesPolitics – advanced tribes
E.g., large migratory tribes (huns, E.g., large migratory tribes (huns, gepides, etc.)gepides, etc.)
Fighters (action), priests/shamans Fighters (action), priests/shamans (perception) specialize in decision (perception) specialize in decision makingmaking
Politics – early statesPolitics – early states
Egypt, Greek city states, etc.Egypt, Greek city states, etc. Fighters, priests, administratorsFighters, priests, administrators Administration: system of rules Administration: system of rules
about decision making (e.g., about decision making (e.g., selection of the ruler)selection of the ruler)
Politics – early large statesPolitics – early large states
E.g., Rome, ChinaE.g., Rome, China Large and stableLarge and stable Elaborated rules of politicsElaborated rules of politics Large administrationLarge administration
Politics – large integrated Politics – large integrated statesstates
E.g., England – 17E.g., England – 17thth-18-18thth century, century, Germany – 19Germany – 19thth century, France – 17 century, France – 17thth--1818thth century century
Complicated system of political decision Complicated system of political decision makingmaking
Institutionalized and uniform legal Institutionalized and uniform legal systemsystem
Parliament, parties, public Parliament, parties, public administrationadministration
Politics – democratic Politics – democratic statesstates
E.g., US, north-west EuropeE.g., US, north-west Europe Parties, elections, rule of lawParties, elections, rule of law Constitution, professional large Constitution, professional large
public administrationpublic administration
Politics – 1 Politics – 1
Description of the system of human Description of the system of human communicationscommunications
Description of how to manage Description of how to manage memories of human communicationsmemories of human communications
E.g., describes how to interpret E.g., describes how to interpret environmental events, how to act, environmental events, how to act, how to allocate resources how to allocate resources (communications) within the society(communications) within the society
Politics – 2 Politics – 2
Actions: what to do, how to Actions: what to do, how to distribute human resourcesdistribute human resources
E.g., where to build whatE.g., where to build what
Politics – 3 Politics – 3
Perception: collecting information Perception: collecting information about what is happening in the about what is happening in the society / environmentsociety / environment
E.g., collecting and interpreting E.g., collecting and interpreting information about the natural information about the natural resourcesresources
Political powerPolitical power
Power: decide on actions and Power: decide on actions and perceptionsperceptions
Power: ability to determine what Power: ability to determine what should be referenced in the should be referenced in the context of communications about context of communications about resources resources
Power: the logic of selection of Power: the logic of selection of methods to manage memories of a methods to manage memories of a human societyhuman society
Communications in politics Communications in politics – 1 – 1
Politician talk: subset of societyPolitician talk: subset of society Everybody participatesEverybody participates E.g., voting in elections, E.g., voting in elections,
participation in political participation in political organizations, meetings, etc.organizations, meetings, etc.
Communications in politics Communications in politics – 2 – 2
Specialist language: sharper Specialist language: sharper communication rulescommunication rules
The sentences should be relevant The sentences should be relevant from the point of view of power: from the point of view of power: who does what – action & who does what – action & perception / interpretationperception / interpretation
Referencing in politicsReferencing in politics
Political communications reference Political communications reference mostly to other political mostly to other political communicationscommunications
E.g., the voting communications E.g., the voting communications refences earlier political refences earlier political communications by party communications by party representativesrepresentatives
The logic of powerThe logic of power
Communications in politics follow the Communications in politics follow the logic of powerlogic of power
Does the communication lead to more Does the communication lead to more power, preservation of power, avoiding power, preservation of power, avoiding the reduction of power – in expectationthe reduction of power – in expectation
Political communications – Political communications – communications that can be communications that can be understood in the context of logic of understood in the context of logic of powerpower
Political systemPolitical system
All social communications organized All social communications organized around the logic of poweraround the logic of power
Communications that follow the Communications that follow the referencing rules of politics, referencing referencing rules of politics, referencing rules are determined by the logic of powerrules are determined by the logic of power
Communications about the society and Communications about the society and power: information subsystem of the power: information subsystem of the societysociety
Logic of power – definition of the identity Logic of power – definition of the identity of the political systemof the political system
The boundary of politicsThe boundary of politics
Dense communications / Dense communications / referencing within politics / rare referencing within politics / rare referencing to non-political referencing to non-political communicationscommunications
The boundary is determined by the The boundary is determined by the logic of power, communications logic of power, communications are part of politics if they follow are part of politics if they follow the logic of powerthe logic of power
Actions of politicsActions of politics
Political communication patterns Political communication patterns that act upon the environment / that act upon the environment / societysociety
E.g., set of political E.g., set of political communications leading to the communications leading to the building of a highwaybuilding of a highway
Perceptions of politicsPerceptions of politics
Changes in the political Changes in the political communications with respect to communications with respect to expectationsexpectations
E.g., local power talk leads to E.g., local power talk leads to changing voting behaviour in an changing voting behaviour in an MPMP
Meaningful Meaningful communicationscommunications
References other political References other political communicationscommunications
Provides reference for further Provides reference for further political communicationspolitical communications
Follows the rules of political Follows the rules of political communications – fits the identity communications – fits the identity of the political systemof the political system
Meaningless Meaningless communicationscommunications
Communications that do not lead Communications that do not lead to continuations – faults to continuations – faults
E.g., anarchist communicationsE.g., anarchist communications
RevolutionsRevolutions
Communications about power but Communications about power but do not follow the established do not follow the established continuation rules of the actual continuation rules of the actual political system – error political system – error
E.g., revolutionary politics in 1917E.g., revolutionary politics in 1917
Extension and Extension and reproductionreproduction
Political communications are Political communications are generated to maintain/reproduce generated to maintain/reproduce and expand the political systemand expand the political system
The system boundaries are within The system boundaries are within the societythe society
Overgrowing is badOvergrowing is bad The political system should fit the The political system should fit the
society that is described by itsociety that is described by it
Over expansion of politicsOver expansion of politics
Ignoring the general Ignoring the general communication rules of the societycommunication rules of the society
Domination of the societyDomination of the society E.g., communism, everything E.g., communism, everything
becomes a political issuebecomes a political issue
Individuals and politicsIndividuals and politics
Everybody performs as communication Everybody performs as communication unit for the political systemunit for the political system
The political communications of The political communications of communications units may differ communications units may differ significantly (e.g., cast or class system)significantly (e.g., cast or class system)
There are some units which produce There are some units which produce large amount of communications that large amount of communications that are part of the political system are part of the political system politicianspoliticians
The stateThe state
The organizational context of the The organizational context of the political system – structural political system – structural constraints on political constraints on political communicationscommunications
Makes politics more structured – Makes politics more structured – sharpened continuation rulessharpened continuation rules
Societies with elaborate states are Societies with elaborate states are likely to be more complexlikely to be more complex
Professional politicsProfessional politics
Communication units specializing Communication units specializing in political communicationsin political communications
They follow the fine details of the They follow the fine details of the political communication rulespolitical communication rules
They generate the largest part of They generate the largest part of the political systemthe political system
E.g., parties, ParliamentE.g., parties, Parliament
Political institutionsPolitical institutions
Institutions: systematic rule sets that Institutions: systematic rule sets that channel political communications and channel political communications and provide meaning for them by making provide meaning for them by making them reference the rules of the them reference the rules of the institutioninstitution
Institution – coherent set of structure Institution – coherent set of structure constraintsconstraints
E.g., speech in the Parliament vs. E.g., speech in the Parliament vs. speech at homespeech at home
Political institutions compose the statePolitical institutions compose the state
Subsystems of politicsSubsystems of politics
Specialist political communicationsSpecialist political communications They may form by the They may form by the
establishment of corresponding establishment of corresponding political institutionspolitical institutions
The same institutional framework The same institutional framework may lead to the formation of may lead to the formation of several subsystemsseveral subsystems
E.g., parties, Parliament, electionsE.g., parties, Parliament, elections
PartiesParties
Specialized political Specialized political communications about power in communications about power in some particular power paradigm some particular power paradigm (i.e., particular set of (i.e., particular set of communication rules)communication rules)
E.g., socialist, liberal, conservativeE.g., socialist, liberal, conservative Parties develop together with Parties develop together with
ideologiesideologies
ElectionsElections
An institutional context for low An institutional context for low level political communications; add level political communications; add content to simple communication content to simple communication acts (i.e., voting)acts (i.e., voting)
It is about choosing the best fitting It is about choosing the best fitting identity of the societyidentity of the society
ParliamentParliament
Institutional framework for high level Institutional framework for high level political communicationspolitical communications
Parties are represented according to Parties are represented according to election resultselection results
The dominant party or coalition The dominant party or coalition represents the currently valid represents the currently valid interpretation of the society model by interpretation of the society model by making legislation about the society and making legislation about the society and power distribution within the societypower distribution within the society
Identity violations – Political Identity violations – Political system system
Fault: communication that is aimed to be Fault: communication that is aimed to be political communication but does not fit the political communication but does not fit the logic of politics – e.g. a political speech logic of politics – e.g. a political speech about the right of penguins to wear gunsabout the right of penguins to wear guns
Error: lack of continuation of political Error: lack of continuation of political communications – e.g. lack of public communications – e.g. lack of public participation in electionsparticipation in elections
Failure: massive shrinking of the political Failure: massive shrinking of the political system – e.g. revolutionsystem – e.g. revolution
Adaptation – Political Adaptation – Political systemsystem
Would-be politicians with senseless Would-be politicians with senseless speeches are marginalized within the speeches are marginalized within the partyparty
The party changes its policies to gain more The party changes its policies to gain more public support and more votes at electionspublic support and more votes at elections
The parliament changes the legislation to The parliament changes the legislation to fit changed interests of the societyfit changed interests of the society
The revolution leads to a new political The revolution leads to a new political systemsystem
LawsLaws
Rules regulating the distribution of Rules regulating the distribution of powerpower
Reference actions and perceptions Reference actions and perceptions of the political systemof the political system
Laws are made in the ParliamentLaws are made in the Parliament E.g., laws regulating elections, E.g., laws regulating elections,
highway constructions, penal highway constructions, penal procedures, etc.procedures, etc.
RegulationsRegulations
Rules of power distribution in Rules of power distribution in various organizations (e.g., various organizations (e.g., schools, companies)schools, companies)
Refer to actions and perceptions of Refer to actions and perceptions of the power system of the the power system of the organizationorganization
Constraints on political Constraints on political communicationscommunications
Legal communicationsLegal communications
Communications about the rules of Communications about the rules of power distributionpower distribution
They are descriptions of the They are descriptions of the political systempolitical system
Describe how the power Describe how the power distribution / the political system distribution / the political system worksworks
ExamplesExamples
Rights of participation in politicsRights of participation in politics Criminal justiceCriminal justice Disputes between neighboursDisputes between neighbours
Legal communications - Legal communications - typestypes
Making the lawsMaking the laws Interpreting the lawsInterpreting the laws Applying the lawsApplying the laws Complementing and modifying the Complementing and modifying the
lawslaws
Legal communications - Legal communications - memoriesmemories
Legal communications describe how Legal communications describe how the political communications are the political communications are organised – represent a memory of organised – represent a memory of these communications and facilitate these communications and facilitate the reproduction of these the reproduction of these communicationscommunications
Legal communications (laws, Legal communications (laws, regulations) are memory regulations) are memory communications of the political system communications of the political system
The legal systemThe legal system
Laws and communications about Laws and communications about and referencing other lawsand referencing other laws
Legal system = the information Legal system = the information subsystem of the political systemsubsystem of the political system
Legal logic: legal or illegal – Legal logic: legal or illegal – identity of the legal systemidentity of the legal system
Legal system - languageLegal system - language
System language defined by the System language defined by the applicability of the legal logicapplicability of the legal logic
A communication is part of the A communication is part of the legal system if it can be assessed / legal system if it can be assessed / referenced in legal / illegal termsreferenced in legal / illegal terms
The boundaryThe boundary
Dense communications / Dense communications / references to other legal references to other legal communicationscommunications
Rare references to other Rare references to other communicationscommunications
E.g., lawyers, judges discussing the E.g., lawyers, judges discussing the application and interpretation of application and interpretation of the lawthe law
ActionsActions
Legal communications that lead to Legal communications that lead to changes of the model of power changes of the model of power distribution; e.g., application of the law distribution; e.g., application of the law that solves a previously unresolved issue, that solves a previously unresolved issue, new legislationnew legislation
They should fit the logic of legal / illegal in They should fit the logic of legal / illegal in the context of the existing legal system, the context of the existing legal system, refer to other communications (e.g., laws) refer to other communications (e.g., laws) and provide basis for new and provide basis for new communicationscommunications
PerceptionsPerceptions
Changes in the political system / Changes in the political system / power distribution system lead to power distribution system lead to changes in legal communicationschanges in legal communications
These changes may trigger These changes may trigger modified actions of the legal modified actions of the legal systemsystem
E.g., extension of voting rightsE.g., extension of voting rights
MeaningfulMeaningful
Communications that fit the legal Communications that fit the legal system and contribute to further system and contribute to further extension of it – fit the identity extension of it – fit the identity (logic) of the legal system(logic) of the legal system
E.g., good application of laws, rule E.g., good application of laws, rule of lawof law
MeaninglessMeaningless
Communications that do not fit the Communications that do not fit the rules of the legal systemrules of the legal system
E.g., revolutionary legislation E.g., revolutionary legislation (confiscation of property), corrupt (confiscation of property), corrupt judicial processjudicial process
Faulty communications, errorsFaulty communications, errors Lead to the destruction of the legal Lead to the destruction of the legal
systemsystem
Individuals and the legal Individuals and the legal systemsystem
Everybody participates by having Everybody participates by having legal communicationslegal communications
E.g., buying a houseE.g., buying a house There are specialist There are specialist
communication units which do communication units which do legal communications legal communications professionally, e.g., lawyers, professionally, e.g., lawyers, judgesjudges
Constitutional lawConstitutional law
The state is the institutional framework The state is the institutional framework of politics (information subsystem of the of politics (information subsystem of the society)society)
The state is described by the The state is described by the constitutionconstitution
Constitutional law is the information Constitutional law is the information subsystem of the legal system: subsystem of the legal system: describes how law making / changing describes how law making / changing happenshappens
Identity violation – Legal Identity violation – Legal systemsystem
Fault: wrong application of the laws – e.g. Fault: wrong application of the laws – e.g. the judge decides that the money the judge decides that the money laundering CEO did not commit any crimelaundering CEO did not commit any crime
Error: lack of continuation of legally Error: lack of continuation of legally correct communications – e.g. fines are correct communications – e.g. fines are issued but not paid, and no consequence issued but not paid, and no consequence followsfollows
Failure: revolution stops the application of Failure: revolution stops the application of lawslaws
Adaptation – Legal systemAdaptation – Legal system
Incorrect judicial decision is corrected Incorrect judicial decision is corrected after appealafter appeal
Legislation leading to ineffective fines is Legislation leading to ineffective fines is changed to eliminate the issuing of such changed to eliminate the issuing of such finesfines
New laws are introduced to deal with New laws are introduced to deal with emerging important casesemerging important cases
New legislation is adopted after New legislation is adopted after revolutionrevolution
Summary – 1 Summary – 1
Political communicationsPolitical communications Logic of power – identity of the Logic of power – identity of the
political systempolitical system Political system: information Political system: information
subsystem of the societysubsystem of the society Political institutionsPolitical institutions Problems related to politics – Problems related to politics –
adaptation adaptation
Summary – 2 Summary – 2
Laws – ParliamentLaws – Parliament Legal communicationsLegal communications Legal system: information Legal system: information
subsystem of the political systemsubsystem of the political system ConstitutionConstitution Identity violation and adaptation in Identity violation and adaptation in
the legal systemthe legal system
Q&A – 1 Q&A – 1
1. Is it true that everybody participates in 1. Is it true that everybody participates in the political system ?the political system ?
2. Is it true that the collection of census 2. Is it true that the collection of census data is an action of the political system ?data is an action of the political system ?
3. Is it true that a new higher education 3. Is it true that a new higher education policy is an action of the political system ?policy is an action of the political system ?
4. Is it true that elections are meaningless 4. Is it true that elections are meaningless in a democratic political system ? What in a democratic political system ? What about in a one-party system ?about in a one-party system ?
Q&A – 2 Q&A – 2
5. Is it true that parties are professional 5. Is it true that parties are professional institutions in the political system ?institutions in the political system ?
6. Is it true that political institutions add 6. Is it true that political institutions add implicit meaning to communications by implicit meaning to communications by sharpening the continuation sharpening the continuation distributions ?distributions ?
7. Is it true that judges create actions of 7. Is it true that judges create actions of the legal system ? Do they create also the legal system ? Do they create also perceptions of it ?perceptions of it ?
