48
Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey [email protected]

Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey [email protected]

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Cross cultural issuesCross cultural issues

Dr Joan Harvey

[email protected]

Dr Joan Harvey

[email protected]

Page 2: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk
Page 3: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

What are we covering today?

What are we covering today?

Understanding of culture and cultural differences

Looking at two studies using a risk perspectiveDrivingManagement differences UK vs Zim

Asking the question: to what extent do attitudes, values amd behaviour vary across cultures?

Understanding of culture and cultural differences

Looking at two studies using a risk perspectiveDrivingManagement differences UK vs Zim

Asking the question: to what extent do attitudes, values amd behaviour vary across cultures?

Page 4: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Conceptualising risk issues and culture

Conceptualising risk issues and culture

Culture as shared values “Collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the

members of one group or category of people from others” [Hofstede and Hofstede, 1995]

Evident in rules, procedures, ‘how we do things around here’

Is learned Risk taking, risk awareness Risk avoidance, loss avoidance or uncertainty

avoidance?

Culture as shared values “Collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the

members of one group or category of people from others” [Hofstede and Hofstede, 1995]

Evident in rules, procedures, ‘how we do things around here’

Is learned Risk taking, risk awareness Risk avoidance, loss avoidance or uncertainty

avoidance?

Page 5: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk
Page 6: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Why is cross-culture important?

Why is cross-culture important?

Costly IJV failuresBreakdown of expatriate assignmentsBreakdown of collaborative

assignmentsProduct failure, errors, poor qualityFailure to understand markets,

business partners, consumersMisunderstandings can cause

aggression, etc.Perception differences, including risk

Costly IJV failuresBreakdown of expatriate assignmentsBreakdown of collaborative

assignmentsProduct failure, errors, poor qualityFailure to understand markets,

business partners, consumersMisunderstandings can cause

aggression, etc.Perception differences, including risk

Page 7: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

How has culture been investigated and studied?

How has culture been investigated and studied?

Social anthropologyInternational BusinessSociolinguistics and communicationsEarly work in Psychology was limited to things

such as:Differences in perception of values of coins amongst

children from different ethnic basesLinguistics: included class as well as cross-cultural

differencesWe will look at several writers today, including

Hofstede, Trompenaars and Hall

Social anthropologyInternational BusinessSociolinguistics and communicationsEarly work in Psychology was limited to things

such as:Differences in perception of values of coins amongst

children from different ethnic basesLinguistics: included class as well as cross-cultural

differencesWe will look at several writers today, including

Hofstede, Trompenaars and Hall

Page 8: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Geert Hofstede 1Geert Hofstede 1

Dutch social anthropologistObtained attitude data from IBM worldwide

in late 1970sFactor analysed and looked for factors

which differentiated nationalitiesData on 50 countries, but only sufficient N

for 40 in first bookGenerally accepted as the most important

now in cross-cultureBut still limitations in his theory

Dutch social anthropologistObtained attitude data from IBM worldwide

in late 1970sFactor analysed and looked for factors

which differentiated nationalitiesData on 50 countries, but only sufficient N

for 40 in first bookGenerally accepted as the most important

now in cross-cultureBut still limitations in his theory

Page 9: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Geert Hofstede: 5 factorsGeert Hofstede: 5 factors

Masculinity femininityEssentially the differentiation of sex-roles vs. both sex-roles

considered the sameAmbition and desire to achieve vs. social concern and

interpersonal relationshipsPower distance

The tolerance of small or large power differentials Amount of power that can be wielded

Uncertainty avoidanceTolerance of ambiguity, flexibility vs. preference for

structure Individualism- collectivism

Help and commitment to group versus high personal achievement

LT-ST orientation [added later in 1990s]“Confucian dynamism” principles on both sides, primarily

time-based

Masculinity femininityEssentially the differentiation of sex-roles vs. both sex-roles

considered the sameAmbition and desire to achieve vs. social concern and

interpersonal relationshipsPower distance

The tolerance of small or large power differentials Amount of power that can be wielded

Uncertainty avoidanceTolerance of ambiguity, flexibility vs. preference for

structure Individualism- collectivism

Help and commitment to group versus high personal achievement

LT-ST orientation [added later in 1990s]“Confucian dynamism” principles on both sides, primarily

time-based

Page 10: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Geert HofstedeGeert HofstedeAll countries will have changed in last 30

yearsEastern EuropeDeveloping countries that are now developedPolitical changesChanges in technology and global communicationMigration of peoples

Are cross-cultural differences still as pronounced?In-group vs out-group explanations

All countries will have changed in last 30 yearsEastern EuropeDeveloping countries that are now developedPolitical changesChanges in technology and global communicationMigration of peoples

Are cross-cultural differences still as pronounced?In-group vs out-group explanations

Page 11: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Geert HofstedeGeert Hofstede

IssuesThis study put cross-cultural

differences into the mainstream rather than as “error variance” in other studies

Encouraged other theoristsRecent research has allowed many

more countries to be mapped

IssuesThis study put cross-cultural

differences into the mainstream rather than as “error variance” in other studies

Encouraged other theoristsRecent research has allowed many

more countries to be mapped

Page 12: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Country PD UAI MF IC LTO

Germany 35 65 66 67 31

China 80 30 66 20 118

USA 40 46 62 91 29

Japan 54 92 95 46 80

UK 35 35 66 89 25

Finland 33 59 26 63 41

Austria 11 70 79 55 31

India 77 40 56 48 61

Hungary 46 82 88 80 50

Denmark 18 23 16 74 46

Czech Rep 57 74 57 58 13

Slovakia 104 51 110 52 38

Poland 50 72 60 55 31

Page 13: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Comments on these dataComments on these data

Short-terms orientation in e.g. UK clearly shown in how the financial markets behave- out to get the quick ‘buck’

Chinese and Japanese businesses into investment for the longer term, built on relationships and ‘family’ structures

Short-terms orientation in e.g. UK clearly shown in how the financial markets behave- out to get the quick ‘buck’

Chinese and Japanese businesses into investment for the longer term, built on relationships and ‘family’ structures

Page 14: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Examples of other theories: [a] Trompenaars

7 factors:

Examples of other theories: [a] Trompenaars

7 factors: Universalism versus particularism Work relationships mixed with personal ones

Individualism versus collectivismAffective versus neutral cultureSpecific versus diffuse relationships

Distinct relationships versus diffuse onesAchieving versus ascribing status

Earned through achievement or recognised e.g. seniority/age

Perception of time Sequential [monochronic] or parallel [polychronic]

Relating to nature

Universalism versus particularism Work relationships mixed with personal ones

Individualism versus collectivismAffective versus neutral cultureSpecific versus diffuse relationships

Distinct relationships versus diffuse onesAchieving versus ascribing status

Earned through achievement or recognised e.g. seniority/age

Perception of time Sequential [monochronic] or parallel [polychronic]

Relating to nature

Page 15: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Example [b] GLOBAL project Example [b] GLOBAL project AssertivenessFuture orientationGender egalitarianismHumane orientationInstitutional collectivismIn-group collectivismPerformance orientationPower distanceUncertainty avoidance

AssertivenessFuture orientationGender egalitarianismHumane orientationInstitutional collectivismIn-group collectivismPerformance orientationPower distanceUncertainty avoidance

Page 16: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Two more factors that are interrelated.

Two more factors that are interrelated.

Time perceptionPolychronic or cyclical [e.g. southern

Europe, China, Japan]Monochronic [e.g. northern Europe, US]

Context [Edward Hall]High means that perception of what is

said is taken in context, including NVCsLow means words are interpreted

literally

Time perceptionPolychronic or cyclical [e.g. southern

Europe, China, Japan]Monochronic [e.g. northern Europe, US]

Context [Edward Hall]High means that perception of what is

said is taken in context, including NVCsLow means words are interpreted

literally

Page 17: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Other dimensions from indigenous social

psychology

Other dimensions from indigenous social

psychology China Confucian values

Filial piety IndustriousnessGiving and protecting faceThrift

GuanxiSocial networking crucial to business relationships

Ren chingRespectful exchange of gifts, favours and obligations

China Confucian values

Filial piety IndustriousnessGiving and protecting faceThrift

GuanxiSocial networking crucial to business relationships

Ren chingRespectful exchange of gifts, favours and obligations

Page 18: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Other dimensionsOther dimensionsJapan

Amae and respectReliance and dependence upon indulgent love of

an older personKanban

Concept of whole transcending sum of partsRingi

Upward communications and decision makingSacred treasures-

life time employment, seniority, enterprise unions/families

Harmony and cooperation [‘wa’]Gakureki Shakai

Social system attaching value to education

JapanAmae and respect

Reliance and dependence upon indulgent love of an older person

KanbanConcept of whole transcending sum of parts

RingiUpward communications and decision making

Sacred treasures- life time employment, seniority, enterprise

unions/familiesHarmony and cooperation [‘wa’]Gakureki Shakai

Social system attaching value to education

Page 19: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Example: Theory ZExample: Theory Z Application of Japanese management

principles to American & British businesses Long term focus Zero tolerance Personal responsibility for self-development Positive attitudes to seniority Teamwork rather than individual achievement Commitment and trust Quality and pride Multi-skilling

Application of Japanese management principles to American & British businesses

Long term focus Zero tolerance Personal responsibility for self-development Positive attitudes to seniority Teamwork rather than individual achievement Commitment and trust Quality and pride Multi-skilling

Page 20: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Other dimensionsOther dimensions

Africa Cognitive tolerance Not on seat Africa time Indaba [Malawi] Ubuntu [Malawi] Tribal loyalty Power and respect based on experience Managers ‘right to manage’

Africa Cognitive tolerance Not on seat Africa time Indaba [Malawi] Ubuntu [Malawi] Tribal loyalty Power and respect based on experience Managers ‘right to manage’

Page 21: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Other dimensionsOther dimensions

Several cultures resent ‘intrusiveness’ of western values, western research methods, e.g.PhilippinesSub-Saharan AfricaIndiaChina

Several cultures resent ‘intrusiveness’ of western values, western research methods, e.g.PhilippinesSub-Saharan AfricaIndiaChina

Page 22: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Other dimensionsOther dimensions

Latin American countries: emphasis on Respect Family Hierarchy Honour Affiliative obedience Cultural rigidity Machismo Sympatia

Latin American countries: emphasis on Respect Family Hierarchy Honour Affiliative obedience Cultural rigidity Machismo Sympatia

Page 23: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Other dimensionsOther dimensions

IndiaDetachment as a coping mechanism,

therefore working hard is unrelated to success or failure

Ingratiation techniques to advance personal goals within hierarchical collective context[similar to parts of western Africa]

IndiaDetachment as a coping mechanism,

therefore working hard is unrelated to success or failure

Ingratiation techniques to advance personal goals within hierarchical collective context[similar to parts of western Africa]

Page 24: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Exercise Exercise Now to discuss and answer the

following question:What are the factors that might

determine differences in attitudes to business and risk betweenChinaUKItaly

Present your reasons for three of the factors

Now to discuss and answer the following question:What are the factors that might

determine differences in attitudes to business and risk betweenChinaUKItaly

Present your reasons for three of the factors

Page 25: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Effects of cultural differences

Effects of cultural differences

How society functionsBasic values and beliefs- lifestylesRelationships in organizationsGambling and investment behavioursConsumer behaviourDriver behaviour

How society functionsBasic values and beliefs- lifestylesRelationships in organizationsGambling and investment behavioursConsumer behaviourDriver behaviour

Page 26: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Study into driver behaviour: theories for risk-taking in

drivers:

Study into driver behaviour: theories for risk-taking in

drivers: Risk homeostasisRisk avoidanceSensation seekingFlow, arousalMotivation, intrigue and curiosityFatigueVigilance

Risk homeostasisRisk avoidanceSensation seekingFlow, arousalMotivation, intrigue and curiosityFatigueVigilance

Page 27: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

But do these apply across cultures?But do these apply across cultures?Risk homeostasis and risk avoidance-

cultural differences knownSensation seeking- individualism-related so

will be less strong in Pacific rim countriesFlow- probably a western conceptMotivation, intrigue and curiosity- known to

be conceptually different in many culturesArousal and fatigueVigilance- may vary according to cultural

norms

Risk homeostasis and risk avoidance- cultural differences known

Sensation seeking- individualism-related so will be less strong in Pacific rim countries

Flow- probably a western conceptMotivation, intrigue and curiosity- known to

be conceptually different in many culturesArousal and fatigueVigilance- may vary according to cultural

norms

Page 28: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Did we expect cross-cultural differences? …YesDid we expect cross-cultural differences? …Yes

Evidence from Australia and Finland shows differences in safety skills

Differences in driver anger between UK and US

Finland, UK Netherlands differ from Turkey, Iran and Greece: combination of driving style and culture in determining N accidents

Americans more risk-averse than Chinese in relation to buying risky financial options [in 1998, not necessarily now!]

Evidence from Australia and Finland shows differences in safety skills

Differences in driver anger between UK and US

Finland, UK Netherlands differ from Turkey, Iran and Greece: combination of driving style and culture in determining N accidents

Americans more risk-averse than Chinese in relation to buying risky financial options [in 1998, not necessarily now!]

Page 29: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Significant country differences in:speeding penalties, parking offences, mean annual mileage and mean yrs driving,F1 responses to under-stimulation, F3 lapse and error proneness F4 anxietyCorrrelations of personality factors with F1

Significant sex differences forF2 enthusiasm and flow, F3 lapses and F4

anxietySignificant age differences for

At fault crashesAnnual mileage

Significant country differences in:speeding penalties, parking offences, mean annual mileage and mean yrs driving,F1 responses to under-stimulation, F3 lapse and error proneness F4 anxietyCorrrelations of personality factors with F1

Significant sex differences forF2 enthusiasm and flow, F3 lapses and F4

anxietySignificant age differences for

At fault crashesAnnual mileage

Other findingsOther findings

Page 30: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

F3: Lapse and error pronenessF3: Lapse and error proneness

UK US

Men 26.02 29.45

Women 28.16 33.18

Page 31: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Hofstede factors?Uncertainty avoidance or flexibility XMasculinity femininity XIndividualism collectivism XPower distance XLong term short term orientation X

Other relevant factorsHigh or low context cultures PossTime perception PossRisk perception, risk awareness ProbAnger management ProbMotivational differences Prob

Hofstede factors?Uncertainty avoidance or flexibility XMasculinity femininity XIndividualism collectivism XPower distance XLong term short term orientation X

Other relevant factorsHigh or low context cultures PossTime perception PossRisk perception, risk awareness ProbAnger management ProbMotivational differences Prob

Possible causal cross-cultural differences?

Possible causal cross-cultural differences?

Page 32: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

A reminder for US vs UK/ Europe…A reminder for US vs UK/ Europe…Country PD UAI MF IC LTO

Germany 35 65 66 67 31

China 80 30 66 20 118

USA 40 46 62 91 29

Japan 54 92 95 46 80

UK 35 35 66 89 25

Finland 33 59 26 63 41

Austria 11 70 79 55 31

India 77 40 56 48 61

Czech 57 74 57 58 13

Slovakia 104 51 110 52 38

Poland 50 72 60 55 31

Page 33: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

This was a small study, possibly not representative, but… the evidence here is consistent:drivers in US and UK/Europe show

differences in propensity to boredom, personality correlates of driving and a series of driver metrics.

So is it the drivers’ culture or the environment that is the cause of these differences, or both?

This was a small study, possibly not representative, but… the evidence here is consistent:drivers in US and UK/Europe show

differences in propensity to boredom, personality correlates of driving and a series of driver metrics.

So is it the drivers’ culture or the environment that is the cause of these differences, or both?

ImplicationsImplications

Page 34: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Situational/environmental causes?Driving in US rural areas is much lower stimulus

driving than UK or EuropeOvertaking manoeuvres [more dangerous, more

lapses] less likely in US Road planners need to think very hard about putting

interest back into the roads- more bends in roads, more [not less] scenery, more things to do.

Driver causesUS and UK relatively similar in Hofstede factors,

although other Europeans differ more.So could it be risk perceptions or driving attitudes

that differentiate US and Uk/Europe?

Situational/environmental causes?Driving in US rural areas is much lower stimulus

driving than UK or EuropeOvertaking manoeuvres [more dangerous, more

lapses] less likely in US Road planners need to think very hard about putting

interest back into the roads- more bends in roads, more [not less] scenery, more things to do.

Driver causesUS and UK relatively similar in Hofstede factors,

although other Europeans differ more.So could it be risk perceptions or driving attitudes

that differentiate US and Uk/Europe?

Cross-cultural differences?

Cross-cultural differences?

Page 35: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Quiz questionsQuiz questions

1 In sub-Saharan Africa, it is important not to be late for meetings Yes No

2 In sub-Saharan African countries, a manager should use command rather than persuasion Yes No

3 It is important to get to know your host before doing business in the Middle East Yes No

1 In sub-Saharan Africa, it is important not to be late for meetings Yes No

2 In sub-Saharan African countries, a manager should use command rather than persuasion Yes No

3 It is important to get to know your host before doing business in the Middle East Yes No

Page 36: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

More…. More….

4 When given a business card by a Japanese business person, what should you do with it and why?

5 Would you start a presentation to Japanese business people with an apology? Yes no

6 If offered coffee by an Arab, if you didn't like coffee, should you refuse it?

Yes no

4 When given a business card by a Japanese business person, what should you do with it and why?

5 Would you start a presentation to Japanese business people with an apology? Yes no

6 If offered coffee by an Arab, if you didn't like coffee, should you refuse it?

Yes no

Page 37: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

For doing business……. For doing business…….

7 Trust is important in 7 Trust is important in

Japan Malaysia USA

China

Japan Malaysia USA

China

8 Seniority or age is important8 Seniority or age is important

Japan Malaysia USA China

Japan Malaysia USA China

Page 38: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Study example: UK vs Zimbabwean ManagersStudy example: UK vs Zimbabwean Managers

Attitude and motivational differences measuredStatus, prestige, loyaltySocial approvalMotive strength and work values

117 African managers, mostly from Zim but a few from Botswana 32% women

82 British managers 58% womenSimilar ages

Attitude and motivational differences measuredStatus, prestige, loyaltySocial approvalMotive strength and work values

117 African managers, mostly from Zim but a few from Botswana 32% women

82 British managers 58% womenSimilar ages

Page 39: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Study results Study results Cultural differences found in

Importance of status, position, pride and prestige

Social approvalLoyalty to work colleagues… [tribal]

No differences found forCourtesyAccept criticismAdmit mistakesLoyalty to friends and family

Cultural differences found in Importance of status, position, pride

and prestigeSocial approvalLoyalty to work colleagues… [tribal]

No differences found forCourtesyAccept criticismAdmit mistakesLoyalty to friends and family

Page 40: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

A few more to compare…A few more to compare…Country PD UAI MF IC LTO

China 80 30 66 20 118

USA 40 46 62 91 29

Japan 54 92 95 46 80

UK 35 35 66 89 25

Arab Cs 80 68 53 38 -

E Africa 64 52 41 27 25 Zim

W Africa 77 54 46 20 -

Spain 57 86 42 51 19

Italy 50 75 70 76 34

Page 41: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

What can other research add?

What can other research add?

Specific aggressive behaviours in driving are associated with cultural norms [Shinar, 1998]

Chinese from PRC more risk-seeking in investments than USA [Weber and Hsee, 1998]

US more risk-averse than Spanish [Zinkhan & Karande 1990]

Differences in risk preference between PRC, USA, Germany and Poland [Weber and Hsee 1998]

Many nationality differences found in sensation-seeking and risk taking [Pizam et al, 2004]

Specific aggressive behaviours in driving are associated with cultural norms [Shinar, 1998]

Chinese from PRC more risk-seeking in investments than USA [Weber and Hsee, 1998]

US more risk-averse than Spanish [Zinkhan & Karande 1990]

Differences in risk preference between PRC, USA, Germany and Poland [Weber and Hsee 1998]

Many nationality differences found in sensation-seeking and risk taking [Pizam et al, 2004]

Page 42: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

More research…More research…Risk judgements taken by HK and Taiwan more

sensitive to magnitude of potential losses and less mitigated by prob [positive outcomes] than Netherlands and US [Bontempo et al, 1997]

Culturally diverse groups had more problems with interaction behaviours that interfered with problem-solving [Watson and Kumar 1992]

Risk perception ratings of drivers: Spanish highest, US lowest, younger perceived less risk [cf West German and Brazil] [Sivak et al 1989]

Risk judgements taken by HK and Taiwan more sensitive to magnitude of potential losses and less mitigated by prob [positive outcomes] than Netherlands and US [Bontempo et al, 1997]

Culturally diverse groups had more problems with interaction behaviours that interfered with problem-solving [Watson and Kumar 1992]

Risk perception ratings of drivers: Spanish highest, US lowest, younger perceived less risk [cf West German and Brazil] [Sivak et al 1989]

Page 43: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

And more….And more….Australia- issues in risk-taking include self-

improvement, emotional engagement and control [Lupton & Tulloch, 2002]

Turkish drivers: smaller safety margins that do not allow corrective manoevres [Ozkan et al, 2006]

Using simulated intersection crossing, West Germans made fewer attempts, greater p(success), greater safety margins than US or Spanish [Sivak et al, 1989]

Australia- issues in risk-taking include self-improvement, emotional engagement and control [Lupton & Tulloch, 2002]

Turkish drivers: smaller safety margins that do not allow corrective manoevres [Ozkan et al, 2006]

Using simulated intersection crossing, West Germans made fewer attempts, greater p(success), greater safety margins than US or Spanish [Sivak et al, 1989]

Page 44: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk
Page 45: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Power distance Uncertainty avoidanceIndividualism-collectivism Masculinity-femininityLT/ST orientation Risk perceptionRisk aversion Affect, including angerMotivation Need for harmonyRespect and piety TrustResponses to errors ViolationsContext & communications Time perceptionSocial approval Groupthink, shift to riskIn-group bias and tribalism Leadership/

management

And all these can affect how we work and behave in many situations!

Power distance Uncertainty avoidanceIndividualism-collectivism Masculinity-femininityLT/ST orientation Risk perceptionRisk aversion Affect, including angerMotivation Need for harmonyRespect and piety TrustResponses to errors ViolationsContext & communications Time perceptionSocial approval Groupthink, shift to riskIn-group bias and tribalism Leadership/

management

And all these can affect how we work and behave in many situations!

Summary of cultural difference issues across the studies

Summary of cultural difference issues across the studies

Page 46: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

But we should not forget.. But we should not forget..

That the scores for countries have considerable within-groups variation.

That some countries [e.g. India, US] have large ethnic sub-groups which will be different to the country averages.

So I can propose that countries may divide on each dimension into 3 [perhaps Individualism-collectivism into 5] broad groupings.

That the scores for countries have considerable within-groups variation.

That some countries [e.g. India, US] have large ethnic sub-groups which will be different to the country averages.

So I can propose that countries may divide on each dimension into 3 [perhaps Individualism-collectivism into 5] broad groupings.

Page 47: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Key textsKey texts

Hofstede G and Hofstede G (2005) Culture and Organizations: Software of the mind. 2nd ed London: McGraw Hill

Lewis RD (2007) When Cultures Collide. 3rd ed London: Nicholas Brearley

Hofstede G and Hofstede G (2005) Culture and Organizations: Software of the mind. 2nd ed London: McGraw Hill

Lewis RD (2007) When Cultures Collide. 3rd ed London: Nicholas Brearley

Page 48: Cross cultural issues Dr Joan Harvey Joan.Harvey@ncl.ac.uk

Joan HarveyNewcastle University, United Kingdom and Visiting Professor, Czech University of Life Sciences [CZU]

[email protected]

With thanks to Neil Thorpe, Newcastle University, United

Kingdom Corinne Mulley, Professor of Transport

Economics, University of Sydney, AustraliaLudek Kolman, CZU

Joan HarveyNewcastle University, United Kingdom and Visiting Professor, Czech University of Life Sciences [CZU]

[email protected]

With thanks to Neil Thorpe, Newcastle University, United

Kingdom Corinne Mulley, Professor of Transport

Economics, University of Sydney, AustraliaLudek Kolman, CZU

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention