16
Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment 84 avenue Jean Jaurès CHAMPS-SUR-MARNE F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2 Tél. : (33) 01 64 68 82 82 Fax : (33) 01 60 05 70 37 Autorisé et notifié conformément à l’article 10 de la directive 89/106/EEC du Conseil, du 21 décembre 1988, relative au rapprochement des dispositions législatives, réglementaires et administratives des Etats membres concernant les produits de construction. MEMBRE DE L’EOTA European Technical Approval ETA-11/0003 (English language translation, the original version is in French language) Nom commercial : Trade name: MODULOX Titulaire : Holder of approval: LOXAM MODULE 89, avenue de la Grande Armée 75219 PARIS Cedex 16 France Type générique et utilisation prévue du produit de construction : Unité de construction préfabriquée métallique pour bâtiments multi étagés. Generic type and use of construction product: Prefabricated metal building unit for multi storey buildings. Validité du : au : Validity from / to: 07/02/2011 06/02/2016 Usine de fabrication : Manufacturing plant: BODARD Construction Z.A Sud – BP 24 85150 LA MOTHE ACHARD France II Vinci CONCEPTS MODULAIRES 9 Rue du Postweg 67600 BINDERHEIM France Le présent Agrément technique européen contient : This European Technical Approval contains: 16 pages incluant 6 annexes faisant partie intégrante du document. 16 pages including 6 annexes which form an integral part of the document. Organisation pour l’Agrément Technique Européen European Organisation for Technical Approvals

European Technical Approval ETA-11/0003 - CSTBwebapp.cstb.fr/.../pdf/Doc_ETA_11_0003_UK.pdf · Page 2 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, ... Steel grade is S275 and metal

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Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment 84 avenue Jean Jaurès CHAMPS-SUR-MARNE F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2 Tél. : (33) 01 64 68 82 82 Fax : (33) 01 60 05 70 37

Autorisé etnotifié conformément à

l’article 10 de la directive89/106/EEC du Conseil, du

21 décembre 1988, relative aurapprochement des dispositions

législatives, réglementaireset administratives des Etats

membres concernantles produits deconstruction.

MEMBRE DE L’EOTA

European Technical Approval ETA-11/0003 (English language translation, the original version is in French language)

Nom commercial : Trade name:

MODULOX Titulaire : Holder of approval:

LOXAM MODULE 89, avenue de la Grande Armée 75219 PARIS Cedex 16 France

Type générique et utilisation prévue du produit de construction :

Unité de construction préfabriquée métallique pour bâtiments multi étagés.

Generic type and use of construction product:

Prefabricated metal building unit for multi storey buildings.

Validité du : au : Validity from / to:

07/02/2011 06/02/2016

Usine de fabrication : Manufacturing plant:

BODARD Construction Z.A Sud – BP 24 85150 LA MOTHE ACHARD France II Vinci CONCEPTS MODULAIRES 9 Rue du Postweg 67600 BINDERHEIM France

Le présent Agrément technique européen contient : This European Technical Approval contains:

16 pages incluant 6 annexes faisant partie intégrante du document. 16 pages including 6 annexes which form an integral part of the document.

Organisation pour l’Agrément Technique Européen

European Organisation for Technical Approvals

Page 2 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

I LEGAL BASES AND GENERAL CONDITIONS 1. This European Technical Approval is issued by the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment

in accordance with:

− Council Directive 89/106/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of Member States relating to construction products1, modified by the Council Directive 93/68/EEC of 22 July 19932

− Décret n° 92-647 du 8 juillet 1992

;

3

− Common Procedural Rules for Requesting, Preparing and the Granting of European Technical Approvals

concernant l’aptitude à l’usage des produits de construction;

set out in the Annex of Commission Decision 94/23/EC4

− Guideline for European Technical Approval of « Prefabricated building units » ETAG 023, edition 2006.

;

2. The Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment is authorised to check whether the provisions of this European Technical Approval are met. Checking may take place in the manufacturing plant (for example concerning the fulfilment of assumptions made in this European Technical Approval with regard to manufacturing). Nevertheless, the responsibility for the conformity of the products with the European Technical Approval and for their fitness for the intended use remains with the holder of the European Technical Approval.

3. This European Technical Approval is not to be transferred to manufacturers or agents of manufacturer other than those indicated on page 1; or manufacturing plants other than those indicated on page 1 of this European Technical Approval.

4. This European Technical Approval may be withdrawn by the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment pursuant to Article 5 (1) of the Council Directive 89/106/EEC.

5. Reproduction of this European Technical Approval including transmission by electronic means shall be in full. However, partial reproduction can be made with the written consent of the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment. In this case partial reproduction has to be designated as such. Texts and drawings of advertising brochures shall not contradict or misuse the European Technical Approval.

6. The European Technical Approval is issued by the approval body in its official language. This version corresponds to the version circulated within EOTA. Translations into other languages have to be designated as such.

1 Official Journal of the European Communities n° L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 12 2 Official Journal of the European Communities n° L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1 3 Journal officiel de la République française du 14 juillet 1992 4 Official Journal of the European Communities n° L 17, 20.1.1994, p. 34

Page 3 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

II SPECIFIC CONDITIONS OF THE EUROPEAN TECHNICAL APPROVAL 1 Definition of product and intended use

1.1 Definition of product

MODULOX building units are prefabricated three-dimensional metal structures, transportable and relocatable, comprising floor, roof and walls. The units may form a building generally in conjunction with other units. The units comprise a metal frame with all the components required for structural stability.

The full specification and drawings for the materials and components covered by this ETA have been examined and are retained by the CSTB. This section and the annexes give only general details of the system.

The configuration of the main assembled components is shown in Annexes 1 and 2. Material and component specifications are shown in Annexes 3 to 5.

The metal frame of each unit comprises four steel hollow-section columns bolted to steel frameworks at floor and roof level. The floor structure consists of cold formed floor joists bolted to two hot rolled main beams in the long direction completed with hot rolled main beams in the short direction. Wood based particle boards, P5 option 1 in accordance with EN 312, are used for the diaphragm effect.

The roof structure consists of cold formed roof joists bolted to two cold formed main beams in the long direction completed with cold formed main beams in the short direction. Lifting points are integrated at each corner of the units and bolted to the main beams of the roof and to the columns.

Steel grade is S275 and metal coating is be Z275 according to EN 10346 for the cold formed members. Steel grade is S235 with shot peening according to EN ISO 8501 and painting according to EN ISO 12944 for hot rolled members.

The metal frame is completed by non structural galvanised steel elements which are used as interface between the structure and the non structural components.

Property

Maximum unit length (m) 6,04

Maximum unit width 2560 (m) 2,44

Maximum unit width 3060 (m) 2,99

Maximum unit height (m) 2,88

Table 1 : maximum size of the units

Foundations, external cladding, internal lining and floor covering are not assessed in this ETA. Windows, doors, stairs, ground floor, internal fittings, technical installations and other components which are necessary to form a complete building are not part of this ETA.

Page 4 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

1.2 Intended use

The intended use of the MODULOX units is the construction of temporary and definitive buildings used for example in office buildings, schools and medical buildings.

The buildings composed with MODULOX units have been assessed for use in seismic zones.

The provisions made in this European Technical Approval are based on an assumed working life of the building composed with MODULOX units of 50 years for the load-bearing structure, provided that the conditions laid down in sections 4 for the transport, storage, installation, maintenance and repair are met. The indications given on the working life cannot be interpreted as a guarantee given by the producer, but are to be regarded only as a means for choosing the right products in relation to the expected economically reasonable working life of the works.

2 Characteristics of product and methods of verification

2.1 Characteristics of product

The building system was assessed only for the Essential Requirements (ER) 1, 2 and 3. The results for ER1 are tabulated in Table 2.

2.1.1 Mechanical resistance and stability (ER 1)

The characteristic performance of the buildings was determined by calculation according to EN 1993. Examples of building units combination with load hypothesis are shown in Annex 6.

The structural design should confirm that, according to the structural requirements for the works, the relevant loads combination at ultimate limit state does not exceed the design loadbearing capacities given in “Horizontal elements” and “Vertical elements” of Table 2. Clause 4.1.2 gives general provisions about the design of a whole building. Each line of the part “Acceptable loads from above” of table 2 gives designed values elements by elements and for one direction of load.

Page 5 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

MODULOX Member

Reference Type of unit

Design approach I (Annex 3 to 5) A D1

Horizontal elements Maximum imposed floor load

5,2*5,1=qqQγ (kN/m²) 3,75 3,75

Maximum imposed roof upward load ∑>

+1

,011i

qq iiqq QQ γψγ (kN/m²)

1,08 1,08

Maximum imposed roof down load ∑>

+1

,011i

qq iiqq QQ γψγ (kN/m²)

1,10 1,10

Vertical elements Maximum wind load pressure

)(11 −− p ip eqq ccQγ (kN/m²) 1,48 1,48

Maximum wind load suction )(11 +− p ip eqq ccQγ (kN/m²)

1,08 1,32

Characteristic racking strength in the short direction (kN.m-1 ) 437,00 Characteristic racking strength in the long direction (kN.m-1 ) 347,00

Acceptable loads from above Column supporting roof loads – Nb,Rd 008. (kN) 299,62 Column supporting roof loads – Mb,Rd 18,60 (kN.m) Main beam in the long direction of the floor – Nb,Rd

009. (kN) 561,65

Main beam in the long direction of the floor – Mby,Rd 39,10 (kN.m) Main beam in the long direction of the floor – Mbz,Rd 8,13 (kN.m) Main beam in the short direction of the floor – Nb,Rd

011. (kN) 561,65

Main beam in the short direction of the floor – Mby,Rd 39,10 (kN.m) Main beam in the short direction of the floor – Mbz,Rd 8,13 (kN.m) Main beam in the long direction of the roof – Nb,Rd

001. (kN) 382,46

Main beam in the long direction of the roof – Mby,Rd 15,94 (kN.m) Main beam in the long direction of the roof – Mbz,Rd 9,36 (kN.m) Main beam in the short direction of the roof – Nb,Rd

002. (kN) 381,12

Main beam in the short direction of the roof – Mby,Rd 9,42 (kN.m) Main beam in the short direction of the roof – Mbz,Rd 7,79 (kN.m) Purlin of the roof – Mby,Rd 004. (kN.m) 2,65 Floor joist – Mby,Rd 010. (kN.m) 8,09 Maximum horizontal deflection H/200 H/200 Maximum vertical deflection L/200 L/200 Général Capacity of fixings to structure M12 – Fv,Rd max ; Ft,Rd max

(kN)

32,37 ; 48,56

Capacity of fixings between units M12 - Fv,Rd max ; Ft,Rd max

(kN)

32,37 ; 48,56

Minimum number of units per level 1 R+1=2 R+2=6

Seismic performance (low seismicity only)

Energy dissipation factor q 1,5 Ductility class DCL

Table 2 : performances of the MODULOX units

Page 6 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

2.1.2 Safety in case of fire (ER 2)

2.1.2.1 Reaction to fire

The MODULOX building units are made of steel classified to have reaction to fire Class A1.

2.1.2.2 Resistance to fire

No performance determined for resistance to fire.

2.1.3 Hygiene, health and environment (ER 3)

Based on the declaration of the manufacturer, MODULOX building units do not contain harmful or dangerous substances as defined in the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH).

In addition to the specific clauses relating to dangerous substances contained in this European Technical Approval, there may be other requirements applicable to the products falling within its scope (e.g. transposed European legislation and national laws, regulations and administrative provisions). In order to meet the provisions of the EU Construction Product Directive, these requirements need also to be complied with, when and where they apply.

2.1.4 Safety in use (ER 4)

No performance determined for safety in use.

2.1.5 Protection against noise (ER 5)

No performance determined for protection against noise.

2.1.6 Energy economy and heat retention (ER 6)

No performance determined for energy economy and heat retention

2.1.7 Aspects of durability, serviceability and identification

2.1.7.1 Durability

Durability of the kit is acceptable in relation to the intended use and performance related to Essential Requirements 1, 2 and 3.

2.1.7.2 Corrosion of the metal

Cold formed thin gauge members are made of steel (S275) and a surface protection Z275 according to EN 10346. Hot rolled members are made of steel (S235) and the surface protection is shot peening according to EN ISO 8501 with painting according to EN ISO 12944-1.

The estimated working life of the various parts of the kit, based on general knowledge of metal frame performance and by examining the building details which are part of the unit, related to the intended use specified in 1.2, is 50 years, if maintenance activities as regards in 4.5 are done.

Page 7 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

2.1.7.3 Serviceability

Horizontal and vertical deflections are to be determined according to each building project. Values for maximal deflections at service limit state are:

− H/200 for horizontal deflection with H equal to the unit height; − L/200 for vertical deflection with L equal to the maximum floor span.

2.1.7.4 Identification

The Identification parameters for materials and components of the kit are shown in Annexes 3 to 5 of European Technical Approval. The way in which they are assembled is shown in Annexes 1 and 2.

Each unit comprises an identification plate where a serial number, the date of production and the factory reference are indicated.

2.2 Methods of verification The assessment of fitness of the building unit for the intended use in relation to the requirements for mechanical resistance and stability and safety in use in the sense of the Essential Requirements 1, 2 and 3 has been made in accordance with the « Guideline for European Technical Approval of prefabricated building units ».

3 Evaluation of Conformity and CE marking 3.1 Attestation of conformity system

The system of attestation of conformity 2 (i) (referred to as system 1) according to Council Directive 89/106/EEC Annex III laid down by the European Commission provides:

a) Tasks for the manufacturer:

1. Factory production control, 2. Further testing of samples taken at the factory by the manufacturer in accordance with a prescribed test plan.

b) Tasks for the notified body ::

3. Initial type-testing of the product, 4. Initial inspection of factory and of factory production control, 5. Continuous surveillance, assessment and approval of factory production control.

3.2 Responsibilities

3.2.1 Tasks of the manufacturer, factory production control The manufacturer has a factory production control system in the plant and exercises permanent internal control of production. All the elements, requirements and provisions adopted by the manufacturer are documented in a systematic manner in the form of written policies and procedures. This production control system ensures that the product is in conformity with the European Technical Approval.

The manufacturer shall only use raw materials supplied with the relevant inspection documents as laid down in the prescribed test plan5

5 The prescribed test plan has been deposited at the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment and is only made

available to the notified bodies involved in the conformity attestation procedure.

. The incoming raw materials shall be subject to controls and tests by the manufacturer before acceptance. Check of incoming materials shall include control of the

Page 8 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

inspection documents presented by suppliers (comparison with nominal values) by verifying appropriate properties.

The frequency of controls and tests conducted during production is laid down in the prescribed test plan taking account of the automated manufacturing process of the building unit.

The results of factory production control are recorded and evaluated. The records include at least the following information: − designation of the product, basic material and components; − type of control or testing; − date of manufacture of the product and date of testing of the product or basic material and components; − result of control and testing and, if appropriate, comparison with requirements; − signature of person responsible for factory production control.

The records shall be presented to the inspection body during the continuous surveillance. On request, they shall be presented to the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment.

Details of the extent, nature and frequency of testing and controls to be performed within the factory production control shall correspond to the prescribed test plan which is part of the technical documentation of this European Technical Approval.

3.2.2 Tasks of notified bodies

3.2.3 Initial type-testing of the product

For initial type-testing the results of the tests performed as part of the assessment for the European Technical Approval shall be used unless there are changes in the production line or plant. In such cases the necessary initial type-testing has to be agreed between the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment and the notified bodies involved.

3.2.4 Initial inspection of factory and of factory production control

The notified body shall ascertain that, in accordance with the prescribed test plan, the factory and the factory production control are suitable to ensure continuous and orderly manufacturing of the building units according to the specifications mentioned in 2.1. as well as to the Annexes to the European Technical Approval.

3.2.5 Continuous surveillance The notified body shall visit the factory twice a year for regular inspection. It has to be verified that the system of factory production control and the specified automated manufacturing process are maintained taking account of the prescribed test plan. It is possible to reduce the number of visits to the factory to once a year if the manufacturer has proven good quality over a long period of time. Special conditions are expressed in the “control plan”.

Continuous surveillance and assessment of factory production control have to be performed according to the prescribed test plan.

The results of product certification and continuous surveillance shall be made available on demand by the certification body or inspection body, respectively, to the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment. In cases where the provisions of the European Technical Approval and the prescribed test plan are no longer fulfilled the conformity certificate shall be withdrawn.

3.3 CE-Marking

The CE marking shall be affixed on each building unit. The symbol « CE » shall be accompanied by the following information:

Page 9 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

− identification number of the certification body; − name or identifying mark of the producer and manufacturing plant; − the last two digits of the year in which the CE-marking was affixed; − number of the EC certificate of conformity; − number of the European Technical Approval; − Indication to clarify the intended use; − Dangerous substances.

4 Assumptions under which the fitness of the product for the intended use was favourably assessed

4.1 Design of the works

4.1.1 Local building regulations

A specification of relevant requirements concerning fire resistance and reaction to fire, sound insulation performance, thermal insulation performance and ventilation provisions should be elaborated for each delivery as a basis for the production of the units. The design process (including the approval of detailed plans, applications for planning permissions, building permits, etc) shall comply with the procedures foreseen in the Member States in which the building is to be built.

An ETA for a prefabricated building unit does not amend this process in any way.

4.1.2 Structural design

Verification of the design, foundation design and the whole final works must be carried out by appropriately qualified personnel in accordance with the procedures specified by the relevant Member State and the regulations pertaining in that state. Consideration must be given to the location, the geotechnical condition of the soil and the intended use of the final works. To enable these tasks to be undertaken, the ETA holder may have to supply all relevant data and details about the buildings. A European Technical Approval for prefabricated building unit does not amend this process in any way.

4.1.3 Substructure

The vertical tolerance of the substructure top shall be within ± 15 mm.

4.2 Manufacturing

The building unit is manufactured in accordance with the provisions of the European Technical Approval using the automated manufacturing process as identified during inspection of the plant by the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment and laid down in the technical documentation.

4.3 Transport and storage

Instructions for transportation and storage shall be observed according to a general manual from the manufacturer.

Special attention must be pay on protection against weather conditions which could produce damage and in the instructions of storage.

4.4 Execution of works

The building units are installed in the works according to a general manual from the manufacturer. An example of crane handling is shown in annex 5. An angle of 60° maximum has to be insured between two slings at the lifting point of the crane corresponding to a standard length of the slings of 6,00 m.

Page 10 of European technical approval ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

The completed building (the works) must comply with the building regulations (regulations on the works) applicable in the Member States in which the building is to be constructed. The procedures foreseen en the Member States for demonstrating compliance with the building regulations must also be followed by the entity responsible for this act. A European Technical Approval for prefabricated building unit does not amend this process in any way.

4.5 Maintenance and repair

Maintenance shall be made according to a general manual from the manufacturer. Instructions from the manufacturer have been assessed and are retained by the CSTB.

5 Recommendations of the manufacturer. Maintenance conditions from the manufacturer are attached to each particular delivery. The components in the unit shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the maintenance instructions.

The original French version is signed by

Le Directeur Technique C. BALOCHE

Page 11 of European technical approval ETA–ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

MODULOX building unit Annex 11 of the European Technical Approval ETA – 11/0003

TYPE MODULOX 2560

EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS INTERNAL DIMENSIONS

Length 6,04m 5,90m

Width 2,44m 2,30m Height 2,88m 2,50m

Surface 14,70m² 13,60m²

TYPE MODULOX

3060 EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS INTERNAL

DIMENSIONS Length 6,04m 5,90m

Width 2,99m 2,85m Height 2,88m 2,50m

Surface 18,00m² 16,80m²

Product description

Page 12 of European technical approval ETA–ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

MODULOX building unit Annex 12 of the European Technical Approval ETA – 11/0003

Floor and roof details

Page 13 of European technical approval ETA–ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

MODULOX building unit Annex 13 of the European Technical Approval ETA – 11/0003

REP. Q DESIGNATION MATERIAL VIEW

013/ 2560 1

Floor sheets assembling element for MODULOX 2560

STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep.75/100

013/ 3060 1

Floor sheets assembling element for MODULOX 3060

STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep.75/100

003 3 Floor sheets STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep.75/100

101 2 Floor omega STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep.2mm

010/3060 4 Floor joist STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep.3mm

012 2 Floor sheets support

STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep. 15/10

011/ 3060 2 IPE 180 main beam in the

short direction STEEL S235

009 2 IPE 180 main beam in the long direction STEEL S235

Members of the floor

Page 14 of European technical approval ETA–ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

MODULOX building unit Annex 14 of the European Technical Approval ETA – 11/0003

REP. Q DESIGNATION MATERIAL VIEW

020/ 3060 3 Roof sheet STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep.75/100

004 EX/ 3060 2 Edge roof purlin

STEEL S275 GD + Z275 Ep.20/10

004 Cent/ 3060 2 Central roof purlin

STEEL S275 GD + Z275 Ep.20/10

029/b 2+2 Interlocking tube STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep.4mm

006/a 2+2 Right and left angle element

STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep.4mm

002/ 3060 2 Main beam of the roof in

the short direction

STEEL S275 GD + Z275 Ep. 2,5mm

001-1 4 Main beam bearing plate STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep.12mm

001/ 3060 2 Main beam of the roof in

the long direction

STEEL S275 GD + Z275 Ep. 2,5mm

Members of the roof

Page 15 of European technical approval ETA–ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

MODULOX building unit Annex 15 of the European Technical Approval ETA – 11/0003

REP. Q DESIGNATION MATERIAL VIEW

008/1 4 Bottom tie for column STEEL S235 10mm bichromatée

008/a 4 Column 120X120 STEEL S235 GD + Z275 Ep. 4mm

Vertical members

Page 16 of European technical approval ETA–ETA–11/0003, issued on 2011-02-07 English translation prepared by CSTB

MODULOX building unit Annex 16 of the European Technical Approval ETA – 11/0003

MODULOX 3060 building units

R+0 Q= 144 daN/m²

R+1 Q= 74 daN/m²

R+2 Q= 86 daN/m²

MODULOX 2560 building units

R+0 Q= 144 daN/m²

R+1 Q= 91 daN/m²

R+2 Q= 86 daN/m²

Notes: “Minimum configuration” is the number of units per level in each direction needed to resist to the horizontal load Q. In this configuration, the maximum vertical loads are the values declared in table 2. “Q” is the maximum horizontal load combination at service limit state. This annex doesn't consider the provisions for seismic load.

View from above

Q=144 daN/m2

View from above

View from above

Q=144 daN/m2

View from above

Q=144 daN/m2

View from above

View from above

Q=133 daN/m2

Minimum configurations