Ethics in Research

Part A: Plagiarism Workshop

for IUT PHD Students

May 2018

By Keikhosro Karimi, Ph.D.

Manager of Research and Technology Affairs,

Isfahan University of Technology

Plagiarism Workshop

Table of content

• Introduction

• Results of plagiarism

• What is plagiarism?

• Common forms of student plagiarism

• Common forms of faculties and senior researcher’s plagiarism

• Regulations; sanctions for student

• Details (from an academic writing book)

Chapter 10: Paraphrasing and Plagiarism

10.1 Plagiarism is not difficult to spot; examples

10.2 Can you copy generic phrases?

10.3 How to quote directly from other papers

10.4 Paraphrasing; examples

• Discussions and conclusions

Why did you plagiarized?

Acceptable?

I didn't know the rules!

I didn’t know I was plagiarizing…

I didn't know driving!

ruins your reputation

as well as your supervisor’s,

your university’s, and your

country’s reputation

Plagiarism results in

Is that really true?

May be somewhere

but not in IUT

Total number of ISI papers published in Iran

> 40,000

58/40,000*100 ≈ 0.15%

“It takes 20 years to build a reputation

and five minutes to ruin it.

If you think about that, you'll do things

differently.”

Warren Buffett

- “The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and

passing them off as one's own.”

- “Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing

and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts,

ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as

one's own original work.”

- “Copying, infringement of

copyright, piracy, theft, stealing, poaching, appropriation;

…”

If you Google it:

PLAGIARISM:

- Turning in someone else's work as your own

- Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit

- Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks

- Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation

- Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source

without giving credit

- Copying so many words or ideas from a source, whether you give

credit or not

http://www.plagiarism.org

Common forms of student plagiarism

1. Submitting someone's work as their own.

2. Taking passages from their own previous work without adding

citations.

3. Re-writing someone's work without properly citing sources.

4. Using quotations, but not citing the source.

5. Interweaving various sources together in the work without citing.

6. Citing some, but not all passages that should be cited.

7. Melding together cited and un-cited sections of the piece.

8. Providing proper citations, but failing to change the structure and

wording.

9. Inaccurately citing the source.

10.Relying too heavily on other people's work. Failing to bring original

thought into the text.

https://en.wikipedia.org

Common forms of faculties and senior researchers

plagiarism

“Self-plagiarism”

“The use of one's own previous work”

When you publish a paper, it is not yours anymore; belongs to

the COPYRIGHT OWNER; Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, …

This is not belong to Keikhosro Karimi;

copyrighted by Elsevier

Sanctions for student plagiarism

In the academic world, plagiarism by

students is usually considered a very

serious offense that can result in

punishments

Not capital punishment but ….

Losing all governmental jobs after 25 years

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پیشگیری‌با‌آموزش:‌سرقت‌علمی-میردهقاندکتر‌مهین‌ناز‌

!قوانین ایران

Here are some parts of:

English for Writing Research

Papers

By Adrian Wallwork

Available in IUT library

Chapter 10

Paraphrasing

and Plagiarism

Conventions regarding exactly what constitutes plagiarism vary from

country to country.

Plagiarism in its simplest terms means cutting and pasting from other

studies and papers. It also means taking credit for work that others

have done.

Plagiarism includes plagiarizing your own work. In fact, some journals

stipulate that you cannot use more than five consecutive

words from another paper.

If a referee thinks you may have plagiarized other people’s work or your

own, then there is a very high probability that he or she will recommend

rejecting your paper.

If you commit plagiarism within your university or institute then you may

risk expulsion.

Importance?

Plagiarism is very easy to identify, particularly in papers

written by non-native speakers.

Your supervisor?

I revise a lot of research papers from my PhD students.

Sometimes I read a paragraph that contains a

considerable number of mistakes in the English (grammar,

vocabulary, spelling etc.) and then suddenly there is a

sentence written in perfect English!

This immediately makes me suspicious, so I google the

sentence and very frequently discover it comes from a

published paper.

10.1 Plagiarism is not difficult to spot

Editor of a journals?

A sample

checked by PlagScan

Another sample

checked by iThenticate

10.2 Can you copy generic phrases?

It is perfectly normal to copy phrases from other

people’s papers. However, these phrases must be

generic. In fact, such phrases should help you to

improve your English

Let’s look at what you can paste from another

paper.

10.3 How to quote directly from other papers

Let’s imagine you wanted to quote from the last line of Wood’s paper, which

concludes as follows:

The owners of international scientific English should be international

scientists not Englishmen or Americans.

You can cite the exact phrase or sentence used by putting it in quotations

marks. Then reference the author.

As noted by Wood [1997]: “The owners of international scientific English

should be international scientists not Englishmen or Americans”.

As an alternative to As noted by Wood [1997] you could say:

Wood [1997] concludes:

As Wood [1997] states:

As Wood states in his 1997 paper:

In his Conclusions, Wood [1997] writes:

Putting quotation marks (“ … ”) around an

unaltered sentence and giving the proper

citation for the origin of the work does not

technically constitute plagiarism.

Quotation marks (“ … ”)

But

- it may indicate that you have not actually

understood what you have written – it is not

your own work.

- You may not believe in the sentence

Donald Trump:

“The Iranian regime is the leading state

sponsor of terror”

Here, quotation marks indicate

that I don’t believe Trump

statement.

Example

Paraphrasing

Rather than quoting directly, you can

paraphrase sentence from the literature

using your own words. But you must still

cite the reference, otherwise it would

appear that these are your own

conclusions (plagiarism).

S1 is Wood’s original sentence, S2 and S3 are paraphrased

versions.

S1. “The owners of international scientific English should be

international scientists not Englishmen or Americans”.

S2. International scientific English belongs to everyone in

science [Wood, 1997].

S3. International scientific English does not just belong to

native English speakers but to the whole scientific community

[Wood, 1997].

Example

Another example

S1. “It is important that you understand the work you are

using in your writing” (original text; Gratz 2006).

S2. It is crucial that you completely understand the

papers you use in your article [Gratz 2006].

S3 might still be considered unacceptable by some experts, but

cannot be detected

S2 unacceptable: because it is essentially identical to the original.

But → Software and most probably your supervisor cannot detect it

S3. You must have a clear understanding of the reference

papers that you quote from in your own manuscript [Gratz

2006].

S1. It is important that you understand the work you are

using in your writing (original text).

S4. If you cite any works by other authors in your own

paper, it is vital that you really understand the full

meaning of what the other authors have written [Gratz

2006].

S5. Researchers should ensure that they fully grasp the

meaning of any of the literature that they cite in their

papers [Gratz 2006].

S5 is certainly an acceptable paraphrase.

But why need reference?

This is because the concept contained in

the sentence still ‘belongs’ to Gratz.

To be able to paraphrase,

you really have to understand the original sentence.

Examples of how and how not to paraphrase

S1. Bilateral vagotomy resulted in an increase in tidal

volume but a depression in respiratory frequency such that

total ventilation did not change. Original text (Gratz, 1982)

Unacceptable attempts

S2. * Gratz (1982) showed that bilateral vagotomy resulted in an increase in

tidal volume but a depression in respiratory frequency such that total

ventilation did not change.

S3. * Gratz (1982) showed that bilateral vagotomy produced an increase in

tidal volume and a depression in respiratory frequency so that total ventilation

did not change.

S5. Gratz (1982) showed that following bilateral

vagotomy the snakes’ tidal volume increased but their

respiratory frequency was lowered. As a result, their total

ventilation was unchanged.

Acceptable

- Use of synonyms for non key words (especially verbs, adverbs

and adjectives)

- Change of parts of speech, for example: from noun to verb, from

noun to adjective, from one category of noun to another category

of noun

- Change of nouns and pronouns from singular to plural and vice

versa

- Change of verb forms, for example: from –ing form to infinitive,

from simple to continuous, from active to passive

- Change of style from personal to impersonal

- Reversal of the order in which information is presented

Typical ways to paraphrase:

Never paraphrase technical words

Least square method

Using Word Synonyms or dictionary

Minimum rectangular method

The author knows better, even

if nobody find it

Honesty is the best policy

Beside scientific findings, put

enough time for preparation and

writing articles

Don’t worry about English language; this can

be solved by money via a honest way

- What about translation?

Discussions

- What about a part of your published data,

e.g., a figure or a part of a Table?

- What about general parts of

Material and Methods?

- What about conference papers?

Thanks to professor Sharifnabi

and Mrs. Saadatmand

and you for your attention