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EnlightenmentSOL 6d
Age of Enlightenment
•Period of logical thinking and reasoning
•Few rulers embraced the philosophies of the enlightenment-those that did were called enlightened despots
Important Enlightenment Vocabulary
• Philosophe: French philosopher
• Salon: gathering room where the philosophes discussed
• Baroque: artistic style that emerged during the enlightenment
Philosophers—Thomas Hobbes
• Belief: absolute monarchy can work if a contract is in place
• Leviathan: the state must have central authority to manage behavior
Thomas Hobbes
• Ruler protects people while the people surrender all rights to the ruler
John Locke
• Two Treatises on Government: Ppl are sovereign; monarchs aren’t chosen by God
• Belief: Social contract with natural rights
• Ruler protects natural rights• People can change gov’t in cases
of abuse
John Locke
• Natural Rights: God given rights that can’t be taken away (life, liberty, right to own property)
John Locke
• Social Contract: Agreement between ruler and people
• U.S. Application: Declaration of Independence and Constitution
Thomas Paine
• Belief: Popular Sovereignty-people rule themselves
• Common Sense
Thomas Paine
• U.S. Application: Constitution-(We the people, for the people, by the people) and Declaration of Independence-gov’t institution by men (people)
Montesquieu • The Spirit of Laws• Belief: separation
of power to prevent abuse
• U.S. application: 3 branches of gov’t (executive, legislative, judicial)=checks and balances
Voltaire
• Religious toleration
• Belief: people should have individual rights and freedoms (ex. Speech)
Voltaire
• U.S. Application: Bill of Rights (1st 10 amendments to the Constitution)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
•The Social Contract
•Belief: Government should have a social contract
Rousseau
•Ruler enforces the laws to keep order
•People have to surrender some rights for the good of the community
•U.S. Application: We have a contract-some of our rights are limited
Rousseau cont…
• Belief: Popular Sovereignty• U.S. Application: We rule ourselves-
Representative Democracy
Artists: Composers
• Johann Sebastian Bach
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Artists:
• Eugene Delacroix
• New forms of art:
• Painter
• Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, & portraits
Novelist:
• Miguel de Cervantes
• New forms of literature:
• Don Quixote
• The novel
• The Age of Reason witnessed inventions and innovations in technology that stimulated trade and transportation.
Technologies:
•All weather roads improved year-round transport & trade!
•New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution)
•Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport
American Revolution
• Who was King of England at the beginning of the Revolution?
• King George III
American Revolution
• Why did the colonists want independence from Britain?
• Taxes—Stamp Act, Tea Act, Intolerable Acts (As a result of debt from French and Indian War)
American Revolution cont…
• What was the major complaint of the colonists?
• No taxation without representation
American Revolution con’d
• Identify 2 violent clashes between the colonists and British soldiers prior to the Revolution
• Boston Massacre—1770; Boston Tea Party 1773
American Revolution cont…
• When and where did the Revolution begin? Why is this significant?
• April 1775-- Lexington, Massachusetts
• “Shot heard round the world”
American Revolution cont…
• Who led the Continental Army?
• George Washington
Identify 4 major battles & their significance
Bunker Hill:Trenton:
• Moral Victory• Low Point for
Continental Army & Broke traditional rules b/c they fought on Christmas
•Saratoga:
•Yorktown:
• Turning point b/c France entered on Continental side
• Cornwallis surrenders the British Army!
American Revolution cont…
• What was the first attempt at a gov’t for the U.S.? Why did it fail?
• Articles of Confederation—weak no national powers
• Laissez Faire--non-interference by the gov’t
• Shay’s Rebellion (difficult to suppress, needed a stronger national gov’t)
Summarize the type of gov’t created by the Constitution
•Popular Sovereignty
•Federal System—between national and state
•People decided!
•Balanced power btwn the 2
•Separation of Powers
•Social Contract
• 3 separate branches
• Why were the Bill of Rights adopted?
• To protect American Liberties/Personal Freedoms