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18th Century 18th Century European StatesEuropean States
18th Century 18th Century European StatesEuropean States
Enlightened AbsolutismEnlightened AbsolutismEnlightened AbsolutismEnlightened Absolutism
Enlightenment idea of natural laws brings discussion on natural rights
Rulers were obviously aware of the writings of the philosophes
How enlightened they became debatable by historians
Enlightenment idea of natural laws brings discussion on natural rights
Rulers were obviously aware of the writings of the philosophes
How enlightened they became debatable by historians
FranceFranceFranceFrance
Louis XIV - enlarged territory, debt, unhappy public dies 1715
Louis XV(1715-1774) - 5 yr old great-grandson
loss of empire 7 Yrs War, taxes, lavish lifestyle
Louis XVI (1774-1792) - 20 yr old grandson
little gov. knowledge, lacked energy
he & wife Marie Antoinette out of touch
Louis XIV - enlarged territory, debt, unhappy public dies 1715
Louis XV(1715-1774) - 5 yr old great-grandson
loss of empire 7 Yrs War, taxes, lavish lifestyle
Louis XVI (1774-1792) - 20 yr old grandson
little gov. knowledge, lacked energy
he & wife Marie Antoinette out of touch
GB - HanoverianGB - HanoverianGB - HanoverianGB - Hanoverian
William & Mary - share power w/ Parliament
Parliament dominated by landed aristocracy
H of Lords - traditional nobility
H of Commons - landed gentry
Queen Anne no heir - passes to George I (1714)
German Protestant state of Hanover
William & Mary - share power w/ Parliament
Parliament dominated by landed aristocracy
H of Lords - traditional nobility
H of Commons - landed gentry
Queen Anne no heir - passes to George I (1714)
German Protestant state of Hanover
War & DiplomacyWar & DiplomacyWar & DiplomacyWar & Diplomacy
Philosophes condemned war as foolish waste
International rivalry and centralization of European states made war inevitable
International relations based on balance of power - prevent one state dominating
Philosophes condemned war as foolish waste
International rivalry and centralization of European states made war inevitable
International relations based on balance of power - prevent one state dominating
War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession1740-17481740-1748
War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession1740-17481740-1748
Habsburg emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) no male heir - Pragmatic Sanction
Ignored by Fred II of Prussia looking to take adv of Maria Theresa
Fred Invaded Austrian Silesia
Habsburg emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) no male heir - Pragmatic Sanction
Ignored by Fred II of Prussia looking to take adv of Maria Theresa
Fred Invaded Austrian Silesia
War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession1740-17481740-1748
War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession1740-17481740-1748
France (Austria enemy) entered on side of Prussia
GB ally w/ Austria prevent French dominance
1748 all sides exhausted treaty of Aix-la Chapelle
return all occupied territory except Silesia
France (Austria enemy) entered on side of Prussia
GB ally w/ Austria prevent French dominance
1748 all sides exhausted treaty of Aix-la Chapelle
return all occupied territory except Silesia
The Seven YearsThe Seven Years’’ War War1756-17631756-1763
The Seven YearsThe Seven Years’’ War War1756-17631756-1763
Maria Theresa not happy about Silesia loss
Diplomatic Rev as she gets France to jump ship
Daughter Marie Antoinette to Louis XVI
Russia not cool w/ Prussia also joins
Austria, France & Russia vs Prussia and GB
1st WorldWar...?
Maria Theresa not happy about Silesia loss
Diplomatic Rev as she gets France to jump ship
Daughter Marie Antoinette to Louis XVI
Russia not cool w/ Prussia also joins
Austria, France & Russia vs Prussia and GB
1st WorldWar...?
EuropeEuropeEuropeEurope
Fred the Great (P) - early victories
warn down by fighting on 3 sides (A,F,R)
Russian withdraw – stalemate
Tsar Peter III admired Fred the Great
Peace of Hubertsburg 1763
return of occupied territory
Austria recognized Prussia control of Silesia
Fred the Great (P) - early victories
warn down by fighting on 3 sides (A,F,R)
Russian withdraw – stalemate
Tsar Peter III admired Fred the Great
Peace of Hubertsburg 1763
return of occupied territory
Austria recognized Prussia control of Silesia
Anglo-French StruggleAnglo-French StruggleAnglo-French StruggleAnglo-French Struggle
Treaty of Paris 1763 left India to British
French & Indian War
French/British Rivalry in Europe & Am
Britain gained Canada and E of MS River and Sp FL, France gave Sp Louisiana
Treaty of Paris 1763 left India to British
French & Indian War
French/British Rivalry in Europe & Am
Britain gained Canada and E of MS River and Sp FL, France gave Sp Louisiana
World War 1…?
Enlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots
3 associated w/ concept: Joseph II, Frederick II, and Catherine the Great
Different degrees of attempted reform
**Desire to build stronger state superseded Enlightenment in practice**
3 associated w/ concept: Joseph II, Frederick II, and Catherine the Great
Different degrees of attempted reform
**Desire to build stronger state superseded Enlightenment in practice**
PrussiaPrussiaPrussiaPrussia
Frederick William I (1713-1740)
General Directory - civil bureaucracy
continued policy of supporting Junkers
military expansion***
Prussia was not a country w/ an army but an army with a country...
Frederick William I (1713-1740)
General Directory - civil bureaucracy
continued policy of supporting Junkers
military expansion***
Prussia was not a country w/ an army but an army with a country...
Frederick II the Great Frederick II the Great (1740-86)(1740-86)
Frederick II the Great Frederick II the Great (1740-86)(1740-86)
well educated, Voltaire spent time in court
Open to reform of philosophes
single code of laws, eliminated use of torture
granted limited freedom of speech & press
complete religious toleration
well educated, Voltaire spent time in court
Open to reform of philosophes
single code of laws, eliminated use of torture
granted limited freedom of speech & press
complete religious toleration
Fred the Great cont.Fred the Great cont.Fred the Great cont.Fred the Great cont.
Militarist like predecessors, dependent on Junkers
did not interfere w/ serfdom
reversed policies allowing commoners to rise to power in bureaucracy
Expansion gains him title “the Great”
Silesia (War of Austrian Suc & 7 Yrs War)
partitions of Poland
Militarist like predecessors, dependent on Junkers
did not interfere w/ serfdom
reversed policies allowing commoners to rise to power in bureaucracy
Expansion gains him title “the Great”
Silesia (War of Austrian Suc & 7 Yrs War)
partitions of Poland
AustriaAustriaAustriaAustria
Pragmatic Sanction keeps Maria Theresa in line for crown (1740-1780)
Maria T - remained Catholic and conservative - not open to major reforms but son would be
2 wars Austrian Suc & 7 Yrs War
1765 begins to let son Joseph II share throne
Pragmatic Sanction keeps Maria Theresa in line for crown (1740-1780)
Maria T - remained Catholic and conservative - not open to major reforms but son would be
2 wars Austrian Suc & 7 Yrs War
1765 begins to let son Joseph II share throne
Joseph II (1780-1790)Joseph II (1780-1790)Joseph II (1780-1790)Joseph II (1780-1790)
Believer in Enlightenment, called for reforms: abolished serfdom, equality before law, religious toleration (Toleration Patent 1781), abolished torture and ended death penalty
Alienated nobility when freed serfs
serfs unhappy as too drastic of change
Alienated Catholic Church
Alienated non-Germans w/ intro of German as official language
Believer in Enlightenment, called for reforms: abolished serfdom, equality before law, religious toleration (Toleration Patent 1781), abolished torture and ended death penalty
Alienated nobility when freed serfs
serfs unhappy as too drastic of change
Alienated Catholic Church
Alienated non-Germans w/ intro of German as official language
RussiaRussiaRussiaRussia
After Peter the Great, 6 bad successors
Last of 6 was Peter III w/ German wife Catherine
Peter assassinated 1762
Catherine II the Great 1762-1796
Patronized philosophes & western culture
After Peter the Great, 6 bad successors
Last of 6 was Peter III w/ German wife Catherine
Peter assassinated 1762
Catherine II the Great 1762-1796
Patronized philosophes & western culture
Catherine Catherine Catherine Catherine
Influenced by Enlightenment called for an assembly to discuss reform but little to no progress
Divided Russia 50 provinces, & smaller districts
local nobility in charge of day-to-day gov
Charter of the Nobility 1785
Influenced by Enlightenment called for an assembly to discuss reform but little to no progress
Divided Russia 50 provinces, & smaller districts
local nobility in charge of day-to-day gov
Charter of the Nobility 1785
PugachevPugachev’’s Rebellion 1773-s Rebellion 1773-44
PugachevPugachev’’s Rebellion 1773-s Rebellion 1773-44
Gov tried to restrict peasants in boarder districts
Cossacks - tribes of warriors initially fought for Russia against Turks, now fought against
Emelyn Pugachev (cossack) led mass revolt
issued a manifesto 1774 - calling for free all peasants from oppressive taxes and military service
Gov tried to restrict peasants in boarder districts
Cossacks - tribes of warriors initially fought for Russia against Turks, now fought against
Emelyn Pugachev (cossack) led mass revolt
issued a manifesto 1774 - calling for free all peasants from oppressive taxes and military service
Rebellion cont.Rebellion cont.Rebellion cont.Rebellion cont.
Peasants killed 1500 estate owners and families
Gov suppressed revolt - Catherine more harsh
serfdom expanded
Peasants killed 1500 estate owners and families
Gov suppressed revolt - Catherine more harsh
serfdom expanded
PolandPolandPolandPoland
Good ex. of why strong monarchy necessary in Europe 17th & 18th c
1772-1775 3 rivals split Poland: Austria, Russia & Prussia
Thaddeus Kosciuszko (Am Rev hero) tried to save but failed
Good ex. of why strong monarchy necessary in Europe 17th & 18th c
1772-1775 3 rivals split Poland: Austria, Russia & Prussia
Thaddeus Kosciuszko (Am Rev hero) tried to save but failed
Partition of PolandPartition of PolandPartition of PolandPartition of Poland
Failure of Enlightened Failure of Enlightened DespotismDespotism
Failure of Enlightened Failure of Enlightened DespotismDespotism
Did not remove basic causes of discontent against absolutism
Autocracy
Class distinctions
Unfair taxation
Frequent Wars
Did not remove basic causes of discontent against absolutism
Autocracy
Class distinctions
Unfair taxation
Frequent Wars
Failure of Enlightened Failure of Enlightened DespotismDespotism
Failure of Enlightened Failure of Enlightened DespotismDespotism
Could not assure good gov. by successors
In time European people rebelled against royal absolutism, enlightened or not!
Could not assure good gov. by successors
In time European people rebelled against royal absolutism, enlightened or not!