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John Locke Locke was an English philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He believed that God granted man 3 natural rights (life, liberty, property). Locke said that people entered into a social contact with their government. People agreed to pay taxes and follow reasonable laws. The government in exchange must protect these natural rights. Locke believed if government did not protect these natural rights, the government had broken the contract. In this case, the people had the right to overthrow the government.
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Roots of American Roots of American DemocracyDemocracy EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Enlightenment PhilosophersEnlightenment Philosophers((LockeLocke, , HobbesHobbes, , MontesquieuMontesquieu, , RousseauRousseau))
Magna Magna CartaCarta Foundations of our RightsFoundations of our Rights English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights ParliamentParliament Common LawCommon Law Colonial Period – Mercantilism Colonial Period – Mercantilism Jamestown Colony – Plymouth ColonyJamestown Colony – Plymouth Colony The 13 ColoniesThe 13 Colonies Colonial GovernmentsColonial Governments French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War Map of the AmericasMap of the Americas French & Indian War MapsFrench & Indian War Maps Revolutionary PeriodRevolutionary Period 13 Colonies in 177613 Colonies in 1776 US in 1783US in 1783 22ndnd Continental Congress Continental Congress Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation Weaknesses of the Articles of ConfederationWeaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Major Issues Under the Articles of ConfederationMajor Issues Under the Articles of Confederation
ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT During the Enlightenment Period many During the Enlightenment Period many
ideas that influenced the Framers of the ideas that influenced the Framers of the United States Government developed. United States Government developed. These ideas are seen in the Declaration These ideas are seen in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.of Independence and the Constitution.
Enlightenment PhilosophersEnlightenment Philosophers John LockeJohn Locke – natural rights, purpose of government – natural rights, purpose of government MontesquieuMontesquieu – separation of power, checks & – separation of power, checks &
balancesbalances RousseauRousseau – consent of the governed – consent of the governed
John LockeJohn Locke Locke was an English philosopher who lived Locke was an English philosopher who lived
during the English Civil War. He believed that God during the English Civil War. He believed that God granted man 3 natural rights (life, liberty, granted man 3 natural rights (life, liberty, property). property).
Locke said that people entered into a social Locke said that people entered into a social contact with their government. People agreed to contact with their government. People agreed to pay taxes and follow reasonable laws. The pay taxes and follow reasonable laws. The government in exchange must protect these government in exchange must protect these natural rights.natural rights.
Locke believed if government did not protect Locke believed if government did not protect these natural rights, the government had broken these natural rights, the government had broken the contract. In this case, the people had the right the contract. In this case, the people had the right to overthrow the government.to overthrow the government.
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes Hobbes was an English philosopher. He was Hobbes was an English philosopher. He was
older than Locke, but they lived at the same older than Locke, but they lived at the same time. Hobbes described life in a “state of time. Hobbes described life in a “state of nature” as “nasty, brutish, and short”. nature” as “nasty, brutish, and short”.
He felt that people entered into a social He felt that people entered into a social contract for fear of a violent death. Hobbes contract for fear of a violent death. Hobbes unlike Locke believed in the divine right of unlike Locke believed in the divine right of kings. This meant that the ruler obtained kings. This meant that the ruler obtained absolute power, and the people had no right absolute power, and the people had no right to question his/her rule or revolt.to question his/her rule or revolt.
MontesquieuMontesquieu Montesquieu was an important philosopher in Montesquieu was an important philosopher in
the development of the American democracy. the development of the American democracy. Montesquieu came up with the idea of a Montesquieu came up with the idea of a separation of power. separation of power.
He felt that if one person obtained all power, He felt that if one person obtained all power, there could be no liberty. He felt that there there could be no liberty. He felt that there should be a separation between the should be a separation between the legislative, executive, and judicial. Power legislative, executive, and judicial. Power should be a check on power. “Power corrupts, should be a check on power. “Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely.”absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
RousseauRousseau He was a Swiss-French philosopher. One of He was a Swiss-French philosopher. One of
his most famous quotes was “man is born his most famous quotes was “man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.” free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”
He felt that the strongest among men forced He felt that the strongest among men forced others to obey unjust laws. The only others to obey unjust laws. The only legitimate government was one that ruled legitimate government was one that ruled with the consent of its people.with the consent of its people.
Magna CartaMagna Carta The Magna Carta is important because it The Magna Carta is important because it
represents the beginning of a republican form represents the beginning of a republican form of government in England. Prior to the Magna of government in England. Prior to the Magna
Carta, England had an absolute monarch.Carta, England had an absolute monarch.Before the Magna CartaBefore the Magna Carta
The Monarch (King or The Monarch (King or Queen) had absolute Queen) had absolute authority.authority.
Decisions of taxing, use of Decisions of taxing, use of the military, making and the military, making and enforcing laws all were enforcing laws all were made by the monarch.made by the monarch.
After the Magna CartaAfter the Magna Carta A Common Counsel was A Common Counsel was
created made up of Nobles created made up of Nobles (large landowners and church (large landowners and church officials)officials)
Changes After the Magna CartaChanges After the Magna Carta Taxes (consult common Taxes (consult common
counsel)counsel) Must have witness to crime.Must have witness to crime. Trial by JuryTrial by Jury English Church free of English Church free of
Monarch ControlMonarch Control
Foundations of Our RightsFoundations of Our RightsBill of RightsBill of Rights
(1791)(1791)1st1st 22ndnd 3rd3rd 44thth 55thth 66thth 8th8th
Magna CartaMagna Carta (1215)(1215)
yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes
Petition of Petition of RightRight (1621)(1621)
yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes
Mass. Body Mass. Body of Libertiesof Liberties
(1641)(1641)
yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes
Declaration Declaration of Rights & of Rights & Toleration Toleration ActsActs (1689)(1689)
yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes
Rights Rights violated in violated in
the the colonies?colonies?
yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes yesyes
ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS (1689)ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS (1689)Between 1215 & the 1600’s the Common Counsel became Between 1215 & the 1600’s the Common Counsel became
a much more formal Parliament. The English Bill of a much more formal Parliament. The English Bill of Rights followed the English Civil War. This document Rights followed the English Civil War. This document
transformed English Government even further than the transformed English Government even further than the Magna Carta.Magna Carta.
Parliament has following powers in English Parliament has following powers in English GovernmentGovernment
1.1. Power to TaxPower to Tax2.2. Make LawsMake Laws3.3. Control of the Nation’s ArmyControl of the Nation’s Army
PARLIAMENTPARLIAMENTEnglish Legislative Branch (BICAMERAL)English Legislative Branch (BICAMERAL)
House of Lords & House of CommonsHouse of Lords & House of Commons
HOUSE OF LORDSHOUSE OF LORDS Made up of NoblesMade up of Nobles Seat is InheritedSeat is Inherited
HOUSE OF COMMONSHOUSE OF COMMONS Members are ElectedMembers are Elected Come from Towns & Come from Towns &
Cities throughout Cities throughout EnglandEngland
Representative Representative DemocracyDemocracy
COMMON LAWCOMMON LAW A system of law based on precedents. A system of law based on precedents. A precedent is an earlier decision made by a A precedent is an earlier decision made by a
judge that serves as a model for future cases.judge that serves as a model for future cases. Over time common law creates a system of Over time common law creates a system of
consistent rulings.consistent rulings. English Common Law has been used in the English Common Law has been used in the
development of contracts, marriages, etc… in development of contracts, marriages, etc… in the United States.the United States.
Mercantilism & Colonial Mercantilism & Colonial Period Period
MercantilismMercantilism Economic Policy that Economic Policy that
a country should sell a country should sell more goods to other more goods to other countries than it countries than it buys.buys.
EXPORT > IMPORTEXPORT > IMPORT
Colonial PeriodColonial Period ColonyColony – A group of people – A group of people
in one place ruled by a in one place ruled by a government in another.government in another.
European Nations began European Nations began to colonize the Americas.to colonize the Americas.
Colonies provided mother Colonies provided mother country with a cheap country with a cheap source of raw materials, source of raw materials, could then produce could then produce finished products to finished products to export to colonies, and export to colonies, and other parts of the world.other parts of the world.
Early English ColoniesEarly English ColoniesJAMESTOWN COLONYJAMESTOWN COLONY
Representative Representative DemocracyDemocracy
House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses 22 Members - House of 22 Members - House of
Burgesses were Burgesses were elected by colonists elected by colonists
PLYMOUTH COLONYPLYMOUTH COLONY Colonists on the Colonists on the
Mayflower signed a Mayflower signed a document called the document called the Mayflower Compact.Mayflower Compact.
The Mayflower The Mayflower Compact created a Compact created a direct democracy.direct democracy.
Members of the colony Members of the colony would come together would come together periodically, and vote periodically, and vote on the direction the on the direction the colony would take.colony would take.
The 13 ColoniesThe 13 ColoniesColoniesColonies MotivationMotivation
ssEconomyEconomy
New New England England ColoniesColonies
MassachusetMassachusettstsNew New HampshireHampshireConnecticut Connecticut Rhode IslandRhode Island
Mainly Mainly religious religious dissenters – dissenters – Puritans did Puritans did not believe not believe in tolerationin toleration
Small scale Small scale farming; farming; small small business & business & shipbuildingshipbuilding
Middle Middle ColoniesColonies
New YorkNew YorkNew Jersey New Jersey PennsylvaniaPennsylvaniaDelawareDelaware
Mainly Mainly religious religious dissenters – dissenters – Quakers Quakers (Penn)(Penn)
Farming – Farming – wheat & wheat & other cash other cash crops; crops; industry – industry – mines, etc…mines, etc…
Southern Southern ColoniesColonies
MarylandMarylandVirginiaVirginiaNC, SCNC, SCGeorgiaGeorgia
Economic Economic Reasons – Reasons – indentured indentured servants & servants & slavery slavery
Agriculture – Agriculture – large scale large scale plantation plantation farmingfarming
COLONIAL GOVERNMENTSCOLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
EXECUTIVE BRANCH• Governor• Appointed by King or Elected
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH• Many were Bicameral• Elected Members • Representative Democracy
JUDICIAL BRANCH• Judges were appointed by King• Trial by Jury
FRENCH & INDIAN WARFRENCH & INDIAN WAR The French & Indian War resulted from a land The French & Indian War resulted from a land
dispute between the French & the English. dispute between the French & the English. Fought in the mid 1750’s, the British came out of Fought in the mid 1750’s, the British came out of the war having gained territory in the Americas.the war having gained territory in the Americas.
This war however had disastrous effects on the This war however had disastrous effects on the relationship between the British and the colonies.relationship between the British and the colonies.
Due to fighting with the French in the Americas Due to fighting with the French in the Americas and in Europe, England was in debt. The English and in Europe, England was in debt. The English felt that the colonies should pay for the French & felt that the colonies should pay for the French & Indian War.Indian War.
The Colonists felt that protection was a part of The Colonists felt that protection was a part of the relationship between the British & The the relationship between the British & The Colonies. Colonies.
Map of the AmericasMap of the Americas The following map showsThe following map shows European Countries and European Countries and where each set up colonieswhere each set up colonies in the New World.in the New World.
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR MAPSFRENCH & INDIAN WAR MAPS
BEFOREBEFORE AFTERAFTER
REVOLUTIONARY PERIODREVOLUTIONARY PERIODPeriod in the Americas betweenPeriod in the Americas between the late 1750’s and the the late 1750’s and the
mid 1770’s.mid 1770’s. This period led to the Declaration of This period led to the Declaration of Independence and the Revolutionary War.Independence and the Revolutionary War.
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
Navigation ActsNavigation Acts (1660) (1660) Sugar ActSugar Act (1764) (1764) Stamp ActStamp Act (1765) (1765) Quartering ActQuartering Act (1765) (1765) Townshend ActsTownshend Acts (1767) (1767) Writs of AssistanceWrits of Assistance Proclamation ActProclamation Act (1767) (1767) Boston MassacreBoston Massacre (1770) (1770) Tea ActTea Act (1773) (1773) Coercive (Intolerable) ActsCoercive (Intolerable) Acts
(1774)(1774)
Battles of Lexington & Concord Battles of Lexington & Concord (Massachusetts)(Massachusetts)
COLONIALCOLONIAL OPPOSITIONOPPOSITION1.1. Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of Union (1754) (1754)2.2. Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – Stamp Act – Stamp Act3.3. Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress 4.4. Committees of CorrespondenceCommittees of Correspondence5.5. Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party 6.6. Thomas Paine – Thomas Paine – Common SenseCommon Sense
COLONIAL SOLUTUIONSCOLONIAL SOLUTUIONS 11stst Continental Congress Continental Congress – –
drafted letter to King and drafted letter to King and Parliament demanding rights be Parliament demanding rights be restored.restored.
22ndnd Continental Congress Continental Congress – – DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCEDECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
13 Colonies in 177613 Colonies in 1776
United States in 1783United States in 1783
22ndnd Continental Congress Continental Congress Declaration of Independence (1776)Declaration of Independence (1776)
Revolutionary War (1776-1783)Revolutionary War (1776-1783)
Articles of Confederation (1781)Articles of Confederation (1781)
Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)
Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783) United States gains IndependenceUnited States gains Independence
British troops to leave US soilBritish troops to leave US soil
United States gains land to the United States gains land to the Mississippi RiverMississippi River
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT Congress – Each State had one Vote.Congress – Each State had one Vote.
Powers of CongressPowers of Congress Make LawsMake Laws Declare War & Make PeaceDeclare War & Make Peace Make Treaties & AlliancesMake Treaties & Alliances Borrow Money Borrow Money Maintain Army & NavyMaintain Army & Navy Other Less Important MattersOther Less Important Matters
Weaknesses of the Articles Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederationof Confederation
1)1) Congress – Limited Powers (most needed 9 Congress – Limited Powers (most needed 9 of 13 states to agree)of 13 states to agree)
2)2) No Executive Branch – Enforce LawsNo Executive Branch – Enforce Laws3)3) No Judicial Branch – Settle State DisputesNo Judicial Branch – Settle State Disputes4)4) No Power to TaxNo Power to Tax5)5) No Money = No MilitaryNo Money = No Military6)6) Amendments – Needed Approval of all 13 Amendments – Needed Approval of all 13
StatesStates
Major Issues under the Major Issues under the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
British troops have not left US soil.British troops have not left US soil. French/Spanish will not allow use French/Spanish will not allow use
of Mississippi River.of Mississippi River. Debts contracted during the Debts contracted during the
Revolutionary War have not been Revolutionary War have not been paid.paid.
Shay’s Rebellion.Shay’s Rebellion. Economy is very poor.Economy is very poor.
