Rulers of China

7/24/2019 Rulers of China

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I. Mladjov, Page 1/36

CHINA (ZHONGGUO)

The long sequence of Chinese history is divided into a succession of dynasties (retaining some identitycharacteristics of the regional Warring States) that rose to power, flourished, then stagnated, and finally fell,according to the Mandate of Heaven. Chinese emperors considered themselves the Son of Heaven (tianzi).

Chinese tradition begins the list of dynasties with the shadowy Xia Dynasty, and the archaeological

record seems to indicate a relatively advanced society prior to the succeeding Shang Dynasty. Textual recordsonly begins to corroborate Chinese historiography under the Shang, which ruled the banks of the lowerHuanghe from c.1600 BC. The first monarch generally considered fully historical is Wu Ding, who reigned at theend of the 13th century BC. Historical details become more plentiful under the Western Zhou, which started inc.1046 BC. The Zhou practice of investing royal relatives with autonomous local authority or tolerating theautonomy of local leaders, however, brought about the gradual weakening of the Zhou state. In 771 BCa rebelnobleman sacked the capital with the help of nomadic tribes, and starting in 704 BCvarious local lords began toassume the royal title wang, symbolically renouncing the suzerainty of the Zhou ruler. A plethora of rivalWarring States replaced unity until 221, when one of them, the Qin, succeeded in eliminating the last of itsrivals. The wang of Qin chose a new title to signal his new status as master of all China, huangdi, which wetranslate as emperor (as opposed to king). In spite of, or perhaps because of its brutal policies, the Qin dynastydid not long survive its triumph. By 202 BCit had been replaced with the more moderate Han, who ruled China

with only one interruption (the reign of the failed reformer Wang Mang) until AD220. At its strongest, the Hancurtailed the incursions of the Xiongnu in the north and established a protectorate over much of the Silk Roadleading to the west. Such efforts, however, drained resources and contributed to increasing corruption (despitethe adoption of a Confucian bureaucracy) which, in worsening economic situation brought about violent unrest.In the end, the Han regime was overthrown by the military establishment that had suppressed the most recentchallenges to its rule.

The collapse of the Han was followed by a division of China between three dynasties (Wei, Shu Han,Wu), known as the Three Kingdoms. In the end the Western Jin briefly reunited China (280302), beforefalling victim to various barbarian tribes who carved out 16 kingdoms in northern China (302439). Intraditional Chinese historiography the Southern Kingdoms (Eastern Jin, Former Song, Southern Qi, SouthernLiang, and Southern Chen) carried on the imperial tradition in the south of China (317589). Meanwhile thenorth had partly consolidated under the Northern Kingdoms, the last of which gave way to the Sui Dynasty(581618).

By 589 the Sui had absorbed the last of the Southern Kingdoms and reunited China under a singleimperial regime. The history of this second Chinese empire broadly parallels that of the first. The brutal regimeof the Sui collapsed after a short period, and was replaced by the more moderate and much longer-lived Tang(618907). The Tang defeated the Turks in the north under Tai Zong and reestablished a far-flung protectorateover the Silk Road. Between 690 and 705 the empress Wu Zetian reigned in her own name (unlike other

widowed empresses, who invariably dominated the government from behind the scenes). The An Lushanrebellion (755763) and the raids of Uyurs and Tibetans severely undermined Tang prosperity. Thedestruction of the Uyur Qaanate in the 840s led to a wave of xenophobia in China, which dealt a further blowto commerce, in which foreigners were very prominent. The disappearance of the Tang was followed by theFive Dynasties (Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou) in northern China (907960) andthe Ten Kingdoms in the south (901979).

In China proper the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were supplanted by the Northern SongDynasty (9601127), which brought new prosperity to the country in spite of socio-economic problems that

necessitated an attempt at wide-ranging reforms under Wang Anshi. Meanwhile, in the northern borderlands,there had appeared several barbarian regimes that emulated Chinese models and were poised to encroach onChina (the Khitan Liao, the Tangut Western Xia, and the Jurchen Jin). Despite its military origin, theNorthern Song could not stem the aggression of its northern neighbors and, after paying protection money for

peace, was eventually driven out of northern China by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty. Under the Southern Song(11271279) the economy continued to develop, and southern China naturally became the focus of governmentattention, thereby enhancing its economic potential. This state of affairs continued until the 13th century, whenthe Mongols conquered the Western Xia (1227), the Jin (1234), and eventually the Southern Song (1279), forthe first time uniting all of China under foreign domination. Since 1271 the Mongol regime, having adopted


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aspects of the Chinese governmental system, called itself the Yuan Dynasty (12711368) and established itsmain capital at Dadu (Beijing). Ironically, though gradual and partial, the transformation of the supreme ruler ofthe Mongols into a Chinese huangdi actually contributed to the disintegration of the far-flung Mongol Empireand the increasing lack of cohesion within the Mongol elite.

A rebel against the Yuan, Zhu Yuanzhang [Hong Wu], founded the Ming Dynasty (13681644) atNanjing, which expelled the Mongols and for the last time placed China under the rule of a native line of

monarchs. Under Cheng Zu [Yong Le], the Ming court moved to Beijing and pursued an active military policyin both north (against the Mongols) and south (against Dai Viet). At the same time the court commissionedseven naval voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean under the leadership of Zheng He. However, the expenseof exploration discouraged further investment in it, and after Ying Zong was captured by the Mongol Oyrats in1449, Ming China assumed a defensive position and turned inwards.

Weakened by peasant rebellions, the Ming Dynasty was replaced in Beijing by the Manchu QingDynasty in 1644. The Manchus had already subjugated the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia in 1635and had successfully combined Chinese organization with nomadic militarism. By 1683, in the reign of ShengZu [Kang Xi], the Qing had established their control over all China, including Taiwan. In the 1720s and 1730sQing armies overran Tibet and Turkestan (definitively subjugated in 1751 and 1759). Foreign commercial andmissionary ventures towards China met with some success, especially during the reign of Gao Zong [Qian Long].During the following reigns China became increasingly unable to fend off the attentions of now technologicallysuperior foreign powers and was forced to make unpopular concessions of rights and territories. This in turnexacerbated local discontent, producing violent reactions like the Taiping rebellion (18501864) and the BoxerUprising (1900). By the 1890s Japan joined the European powers in applying pressure on China and extortingconcessions. Meanwhile the Manchu Qing Dynasty had not only failed to stem these problems, but, much likeits Mongol Yuan predecessor, never bridged the gap between Manchu conquerors and native Chinese. In a

period of increased national passions, the Manchus were stripped of their power and the Qing Dynasty wasdeposed in 1912 (the emperor being allowed to retain his title as aforeignruler and his palace until 1924). Apartfrom president Yuan Shikais attempt to declare himself huangdi in 19151916, and a 12-day Qing restorationin 1917, China has remained a republic ever since.

The list below presents the sequence of Chinese rulers until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The order ofimperial dynasties in traditional Chinese historiography is given in Roman numerals; the remaining dynasties

were seen as illegitimate secessionist regimes and interlopers from the official point of view. The sophisticatedage-old Chinese historiographical tradition is a blessing in providing exceptionally ample narrative treatment of

most major regimes that reigned in China. Although dynastic histories were usually composed, for the sake ofobjectivity, after the end of the respective dynasty, that in itself could introduce distortions. For example, thehistory of the Sui was shaped by its successor, the Tang, who presented Sui Yang Di as deposed in 617 andsucceeded by the Tang protg Sui Gong Di; from the Sui point of view, Yang Di reigned until his death in 618and was succeeded by another heir.

Names and titles in the list are rendered in simplified Pinyin transcription, omitting the tone marksexcept where they help distinguish between individuals of different names or titles within the same dynasty (e.g.,Y Wang and his son Y Wang of Western Zhou). Occasionally even the tone marks cannot help distinguishbetween what look like, when transliterated, the same names, but are in fact written with entirely differentChinese characters. Rulers whose titles are made up with the same characters are sometimes distinguished by theaddition of qian(former) and hou(latter) before the first element of the title (e.g., Qian Zhao Gong andHou Zhao Gong of the state of Song). Since a great many rulers from different dynasties shared the same

posthumous name (like Gao Di) or temple name (like Tai Zu), such names and titles are usually preceded by thedynastys name, e.g., Han Gao Di, Tang Tai Zu, etc. The dates refer (as far as possible) to actual reigns ratherthan the periods designated by era names (which would begin sometime after a rulers accession and end afterhis death). As an example, consider the names and titles associated with the founder of the Ming Dynasty:(1) personal name(e.g., Zhu Yuanzhang), which always lists the clan name first (in this case Zhu); while allmonarchs had personal names, these were not used (to avoid disrespect) after their accession, and were replacedby posthumous and temple names after they died. Mongol and Manchu rulers are listed without clan names.(2)posthumous namecalledshihaooryihao(e.g., Gao Di, exalted emperor), used to describe the character ofa rulers reign (these names are almost always formed with titles like wangor di).


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(3) temple namecalled miaohao(e.g., Tai Zu, great progenitor), used to describe a rulers place in relation tothe ancestral cult (these titles are always formed with the nouns zu or zong, translated progenitor andancestor, respectively).(4), era namecalled nianhao(e.g., Hong Wu, the abundantly martial era), mottos used to designate a periodof time and employed for dating purposes, starting in the Western Han Dynasty. For many centuries, these hadchanged at irregular intervals, often within a single reign. Ming and Qing emperors had a single era name per

reign, and these were mistaken by westerners for regnal names (especially since the emperors personal name wasconsidered taboo and the posthumous and temple names were only conferred after the rulers death). But even acareful designation like the Hong Wu emperor is somewhat misleading, since a new emperors era name

would come into use only on the Chinese New Years Day following his accession. The problematic use of eranames to designate the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties is mostly found in western works. Althoughthe era names of Ming and Qing emperos are included for convenience, this list gives preference to thetraditional Chinese use of the temple names instead.

All entries in the list include the personal name (unless unknown) and either the posthumous ortemple name of each ruler, depending on standard usage in Chinese historiography. 1 For the earlier periods

posthumous names are the ones usually employed, but as they became too long and complex, temple names cameto be used in historiography instead, starting with the Tang Dynasty. For the Ming and Qing dynasties the eraname associated with each reign (italicized in square brackets) are provided following the temple names. Theonly exceptions to listing monarchs by their temple names after the beginning of the Tang Dynasty are rulers

who did not have a temple name, because they were not revered as dynastic ancestors. In those cases the(simplified) posthumous name is employed instead. But it should be noted that rulers considered illegitimate inretrospect (sometimes simply for having been deposed) were not given real posthumous or temple names; theyare usually called deposed emperor (Fei Di), last emperor (Mo Di), final ruler (Hou Zhu), or other similardesignations; a preferable alternative, where available, is the use of their actual or former titles, such as Hailing

Wang (prince of Hailing) or Kaifeng Gong (duke of Kaifeng). The titles translate backwards, e.g., HongnongHuai Wang means Prince Huai of Hongnong. Where no posthumous designation or temple name is available,the list employs the actual rulers title, e.g., Qi Wang (king of Qi). The titles are paired with names ofgeographical entities (like Qi Wang) or allusive descriptions, e.g., Guiming Hou (marquis returning theMandate of Heaven). The Chinese titles of nobility (juelu) are given European feudal equivalents that havelittle to do with the actual nature of the Chinese titulature but rather reflect the relative status of each title bycomparison with European feudal hierarchy. Thus we have, in descending order of importance:

huangdi or more simply huangor di (emperor); retired emperors were usually called taishanghuangtianwang(heavenly king) and bawang(superior king), intermediate titles between huangdiand wangwang (king or prince)2orzhu (ruler)taizi(crownprince)

gong (duke)hu (marquis) (note the difference in tone mark from hu, empress)bo (count or earl)

zi (viscount)nan (baron).

Empresses are usually designated by clan name and the title huanghuor more simply hu: e.g., WuHou. Dowager empresses were titled taihu (in the reign of a son), or taihuang taihu (in the reign of agrandson). While patriarchal society did not generally admit women to political power, many empresses,especially widowed mothers or grandmothers (by birth or adoption) of young or unassertive emperors, came todominate the court. The most notable examples are L Taihou (L Zhi) in 195180 BCand Cixi Taihou in AD18611908. Exceptionally, Zetian Hou (Wu Zhao) ruled in her own name as huangdiin AD690705.

1Traditional historiography denies posthumous or temple names to members of what were not consideredlegitimate dynasties in retrospect. The present listing includes these for consistency, ignoring this bias.2The translation can vary, with king being more appropriate for an independent wang, and prince for adependent wang; an independent wangis sometimes titledguowang.


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(A) EARLY DYNASTIES

I. XIA (succeeded the legendary Three Sovereigns [san huang] and Five Emperors [wu di])At Yangcheng (Dengfeng), Zhenxin (Gongxian), Anyi (Xiaxian), Pingyang (Linfen), etc.

c.2000 BC? Yu son of Gun, descendant of Huang DiQi son of YuTai Kang son of QiZhong Kang son of Qi

Xiang son of Zhong KangShao Kang son of XiangZhu son of Shao KangHuai son of ZhuMang son of Huai

Xie son of MangBu Jiang son of Xie; abdicated

Jiong son of XieJin son of Jiong

Kong Jia son of Bu JiangGao son of Kong JiaFa son of Gao

?c.1600 Jie (L Gui) son of Fa; deposed(to Shang c.1600)

II. SHANG (replaced Xia)At Bo; Ao c.1410; Xiang c.1385; Geng c.1375; Bi c.1374; Yan (Qufu) c.1323; Yin (Anyang)c.1285

c.16001588 Tian Yi/Tang (Zi L) son of Zhuguic.15881586 Wai Bing (Zi Sheng) son of Tian Yi3

c.15861582 Zhong Ren (Zi Yong) son of Tian Yic.15821570 Tai Jia (Zi Zhi) son of Da Ding, son of Tian Yic.15701541 Wo Ding (Zi Xuan) son of Tai Jiac.15411516 Tai Geng (Zi Bian) son of Tai Jiac.15161499 Xiao Jia (Zi Gao) son of Tai Gengc.14991486 Yong Ji (Zi Zhou) son of Tai Gengc.14861411 Tai Wu (Zi Mi) son of Tai Gengc.14111400 Zhong Ding (Zi Zhuang) son of Tai Wuc.14001385 Wai Ren (Zi Fa) son of Tai Wuc.13851376 He Dan Jia {Jian Jia} (Zi Zheng) son of Tai Wuc.13761357 Zu Yi (Zi Teng) son of Zhong Ding

c.13571341 Zu Xin (Zi Dan) son of Zu Yic.13411336 Wo Jia (Zi Yu) son of Zu Yic.13361327 Zu Ding (Zi Xin) son of Zu Xinc.13271321 Nan Geng (Zi Geng) son of Wo Jiac.13211300 Yang Jia (Zi He) son of Zu Dingc.13001272 Pan Geng (Zi Xun) son of Zu Dingc.12721269 Xiao Xin (Zi Song) son of Zu Ding

3Son of Da Ding, and successor of his brother Tai Jia, according to the oracle texts.


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c.12691259 Xiao Yi (Zi Lian) son of Zu Dingc.12591200 Wu Ding (Zi Zhao) son of Xiao Yic.12001189 Zu Geng (Zi Yao) son of Wu Dingc.11891156 Zu Jia (Zi Zai) son of Wu Dingc.11561152 Lin Xin (Zi Xian) son of Zu Jia

c.11521144 Geng Ding {Kang Ding} (Zi Xiao) son of Zu Jiac.11441109 Wu Yi (Zi Qu) son of Geng Dingc.11091096 Wen Ding (Zi Tuo) son of Wu Yic.10961075 Di Yi (Zi Xian) son of Wen Dingc.10751046 Di Xin (Zi Shou) son of Di Yi

(to Zhou c.1046)

III. (a) WESTERN ZHOU [XI ZHOU] (replaced Shang)At Haojing/Zongzhou (Xi'an); Jiaru 771

c.10461043 Wu Wang (Ji Fa) son of Wen Wang (Ji Chang)c.10431021 Cheng Wang (Ji Song) son of Wu Wangc.1021996 Kang Wang (Ji Zhao) son of Cheng Wang

c.996977 Zhao Wang (Ji Xia) son of Kang Wangc.977922 Mu Wang (Ji Man) son of Zhao Wangc.922900 Gong Wang (Ji Yihu) son of Mu Wangc.900892 Y Wang (Ji Jian) son of Gong Wangc.892886 Xiao Wang (Ji Pifang) son of Mu Wangc.886878 Y Wang (Ji Xie) son of Y Wangc.878841 Li Wang (Ji Hu) son of Y Wang; deposed, died 828

841782 Xuan Wang (Ji Jing) son of Li Wang; under regency until 828782771 You Wang (Ji Gongsheng) son of Xuan Wang771750 Xie Wang (Ji Yuchen) son of Xuan Wang

(to Eastern Zhou 750)

III. (b) EASTERN ZHOU [DONG ZHOU] (continued Western Zhou)At Wangcheng (Luoyi) 771; Chengzhou (Luoyang) 510

771720 Ping Wang (Ji Yijiu) son of You Wang720697 Huan Wang (Ji Lin) son of Xiefu Taizi, son of Ping Wang697682 Zhuang Wang (Ji Tuo) son of Huan Wang682677 Xi Wang (Ji Huqi) son of Zhuang Wang677652 Hui Wang (Ji Lang) son of Xi Wang652619 Xiang Wang (Ji Zheng) son of Hui Wang619613 Qing Wang (Ji Renchen) son Xiang Wang613607 Kuang Wang (Ji Ban) son of Qing Wang

607586 Ding Wang (Ji Yu) son of Qing Wang586572 Jian Wang (Ji Yi) son of Ding Wang572545 Ling Wang (Ji Xiexin) son of Jian Wang545521 Jng Wang (Ji Gui) son of Ling Wang521520 Dao Wang (Ji Meng) son of Jng Wang520476 Jng Wang (Ji Gai) son of Jng Wang476469 Yuan Wang (Ji Ren) son of Jng Wang469442 Zhending Wang (Ji Jie) son of Yuan Wang


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442441 Ai Wang (Ji Quji) son of Zhending Wang441 Si Wang (Ji Shu) son of Zhending Wang

441426 Kao Wang (Ji Wei) son of Zhending Wang426402 Weilie Wang (Ji Wu) son of Kao Wang402376 An Wang (Ji Jiao) son of Weilie Wang

376369 Lie Wang (Ji Xi) son of An Wang369321 Xian Wang (Ji Bian) son of An Wang321314 Shenjing Wang (Ji Ding) son of Xian Wang314256 Nan Wang (Ji Yan) son of Shenjing Wang

(to Qin 2564)

In the Eastern Zhou period royal authority weakened, while that of local rulers increased at its expense.Apart from disobeying and occasionally attacking the Zhou monarch, the local rulers gradually asserted theircomplete independence by assuming the royal title of wang, starting with the ruler of Chu in the south of what

was then China, at the end of the 8th century BC. The rulers of the surviving regional states followed suit,mostly in the 4th century BC. The competition between these polities led to their designation as the WarringStates, and ended with Chinas unification by Qin in 221. The list includes only those of the Warring States

that asserted their formal independence from Eastern Zhou, and only those of their rulers who ruled after 771.The Warring States are listed in the order in which their monarchs claimed the title wang. The states of Han,Zhao, Wei, Qi, Qin, Chu, and Yan are traditionally known as the Seven Powers of the period.

(B) WARRING STATES

CHU (seceded from Eastern Zhou)At Danyang (Xichuan); Ying (Jingzhou) 680; Chen (Jiangling) 278; Pengcheng (Xuzhou);Shouchun (Shou) 241

791764 Ruo'ao (Xiong Yi) son of Xiong E;ziof Chu764758 Xiao'ao (Xiong Kan) son of Ruo'ao758741 Fenmao (Xiong Xuan) son of Xiao'ao

741690 Wu Wang (Xiong Tong5) son of Xiao'ao; wang704690677 Wen Wang (Xiong Zi) son of Wu Wang677672 Du'ao Wang (Xiong Jian) son of Wen Wang672626 Cheng Wang (Xiong Yun) son of Wen Wang626614 Mu Wang (Xiong Shangchen) son of Cheng Wang614591 Zhuang Wang (Xiong L) son of Mu Wang591560 Gong Wang (Xiong Shen) son of Zhuang Wang560545 Kang Wang (Xiong Zhao) son of Gong Wang545541 Jia'ao (Xiong Yuan6) son of Kang Wang541529 Ling Wang (Xiong Wei) son of Gong Wang; deposed, died 529

529 Zi'ao (Xiong Bi) son of Gong Wang

529516 Ping Wang (Xiong Ju7

) son of Gong Wang516489 Zhao Wang (Xiong Zhen) son of Ping Wang489432 Hui Wang (Xiong Zhang) son of Zhao Wang432408 Jian Wang (Xiong Zhong) son of Hui Wang

4Hui Wang (Ji Zhun), a descendant of Zhending Wang, led Zhou resistance against the Qin in 256249.5Alternately, Xiong Da.6Alternately, Xiong Jun.7Originally named Xiong Qiji.


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408402 Sheng Wang (Xiong Dang) son of Jian Wang402381 Dao Wang (Xiong Yi) son of Sheng Wang381370 Su Wang (Xiong Zang) son of Dao Wang370340 Xuan Wang (Xiong Liangfu) son of Dao Wang340329 Wei Wang (Xiong Shang) son of Xuan Wang

329299 Huai Wang (Xiong Huai) son of Wei Wang; deposed, died 296299263 Qingxiang Wang (Xiong Heng) son of Huai Wang263238 Kaolie Wang (Xiong Yuan8) son of Qingxiang Wang238228 You Wang (Xiong Han) son of Kaolie Wang

228 Ai Wang (Xiong You) son of Kaolie Wang228223 Chu Wang (Xiong Fuchu) son of Kaolie Wang; deposed

(to Qin 2239)

YUE (seceded from Eastern Zhou)At Guiji (Shaoxing); Langye (near Jiaonan) 475:; Wu (Suzhou) 412:

?510 Futan Hou descendant of Wu Yu; houof Yue510496 Yunchang Wang son of Futan Hou; wangc.500

496465 Goujian Wang (Si Tanzhi) son of Yunchang Wang465459 Luying Wang (Si Shiyu) son of Goujian Wang459449 Bushou Wang (Si Yugu) son of Luying Wang449412 Weng Wang (Si Zhugou) son of Bushou Wang412376 Yi Wang son of Weng Wang376375 Zhihou Wang (Si Zhuqi) son of Yi Wang375365 Wuyu Wang (Si Mang'an) son of Zhihouwang365357 Wuzhuan Wang (Si Tanzhumao) son of Zhihou Wang357334 Wujiang Wang son of Wuzhuan Wang

(to Chu and Qi 334)

QI (seceded from Eastern Zhou)At Linzi (Zibo)

795731 Qian Zhuang Gong (L Gou) son of Cheng Gong (Jiang Yue);gongof Qi731698 Xi Gong (L Lufu) son of Qian Zhuang Gong698686 Xiang Gong (L Zhu'er) son of Xi Gong

686 Qi Gong (L Wuzhi) son of Yi Zhongnian, son of Qian Zhuang Gong686643 Qian Huan Gong (L Xiaobai) son of Xi Gong643642 Qi Gong (L Wukui) son of Qian Huan Gong642633 Xiao Gong (L Zhao) son of Qian Huan Gong633613 Zhao Gong (L Pan) son of Qian Huan Gong

613 Qi Gong (L She) son of Zhao Gong

613609 Yi Gong (L Shangren) son of Qian Huan Gong609599 Hui Gong (L Yuan) son of Qian Huan Gong599582 Qing Gong (L Wuye) son of Hui Gong582554 Ling Gong (L Huan) son of Qing Gong554548 Hou Zhuang Gong (L Guang) son of Ling Gong548490 Jing Gong (L Chujiu) son of Ling Gong

8Alternately, Xiong Wan.9A further son of Kaolie Wang, Changping Jun, briefly continued resistance to the Qin but died in 223.


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490489 An Ruzi10(L Tu) son of Jing Gong; deposed, died 489489485 Dao Gong (L Yangsheng) son of Jing Gong485482 Jian Gong (L Ren) son of Dao Gong482456 Ping Gong (L Ao) son of Dao Gong456405 Xuan Gong (L Ji) son of Ping Gong

405386 Kang Gong (L Dai) son of Xuan Gong; deposed, died 379386384 Hou Tai Gong (Tian He) son of Tian Zhuangzi (Tian Bo)384375 Tian Hou (Tian Yan) son of Hou Tai Gong375357 Hou Huan Gong (Tian Wu) son of Hou Tai Gong357320 Wei Wang (Tian Yinqi) son of Hou Huan Gong; wang353320301 Xuan Wang (Tian Biqiang) son of Wei Wang301284 Min Wang (Tian Di) son of Xuan Wang284265 Xiang Wang (Tian Fazhang) son of Min Wang265221 Qi Wang (Tian Jian) son of Xiang Wang

(to Qin 221)

WEI (a fragment of Jin, itself a fragment of Eastern Zhou)At Anyi (near Xiaxian); Daliang (near Kaifeng) 361

425387 Wen Hou (Ji Si) son of Huan Zi (Ji Ju); houof Wei 403387371 Wu Hou (Ji Ji) son of Wen Hou371319 Hui Wang (Ji Ying) son of Wu Hou; wang33411319296 Xiang Wang (Ji He) son of Hui Wang296277 Zhao Wang (Ji Chi) son of Xiang Wang277243 Anxi Wang (Ji Yu) son of Zhao Wang243228 Jingmin Wang (Ji Zeng) son of Anxi Wang228225 Wei Wang (Ji Jia) son of Jingmin Wang

(to Qin 225)

HAN (a fragment of Jin, itself a fragment of Eastern Zhou)At Yangzhai (Yuzhou); Xinzheng 375

425409 Hou Wu Zi (Han Qi) son of Kang Zi (Han Hu);ziof Han409400 Jing Hou (Han Qian) son of Wu Zi; hou403400387 Lie Hou (Han Qu) son of Jing Hou387377 Wen Hou son of Lie Hou377371 Ai Hou son of Wen Hou371359 Zhuang Hou12(Han Ruoshan) son of Ai Hou359333 Zhao Hou13(Han Wu) son of Zhuang Hou333312 Xuanhui Wang son of Zhao Hou; wang323312296 Xiang Wang (Han Cang) son of Xuanhui Wang

296273 Xi Wang (Han Qi) son of Xiang Wang273239 Huanhui Wang son of Xi Wang239230 Han Wang (Han An) son of Huanhui Wang; deposed, died 226

(to Qin 230)

10Alternately, Yan Ruzi.11The historiographical tradition mistakenly inserted an Ai Wang (Ji Yu) as king in 324319.12Alternately, Gong Hou.13Alternately, Xi Hou.


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YAN (seceded from Eastern Zhou)At Jicheng (Beijing)

791767 Qing Hou son of Xi Hou (Ji Zhuang); houof Yan767765 Ai Hou son of Qing Hou765729 Qing Hou (Ji Zheng) son of Ai Hou729711 Mou Hou son of Qing Hou711698 Xuan Hou son of Mou Hou698691 Huan Hou son of Xuan Hou691658 Zhuang Gong son of Huan Hou;gongc.664658618 Xian Gong son of Zhuang Gong618602 Qian Huan Gong son of Xian Gong602587 Xuan Gong son of Qian Huan Gong587574 Zhao Gong son of Xuan Gong574555 Wu Gong son of Zhao Gong555549 Qian Wen Gong son of Wu Gong549545 Yi Gong son of Qian Wen Gong545536 Hui Gong son of Yi Gong

536529 Dao Gong son of Hui Gong529524 Gong Gong son of Dao Gong524505 Ping Gong son of Gong Gong505493 Jian Gong (Ji Kuan) son of Ping Gong493465 Xian Gong son of Jian Gong465450 Xiao Gong son of Xian Gong450434 Cheng Gong (Ji Dai) son of Xiao Gong434403 Min Gong son of Cheng Gong403373 Xi Gong son of Min Gong373362 Hou Huan Gong son of Xi Gong362333 Hou Wen Gong son of Hou Huan Gong

333321 Yi Wang son of Hou Wen Gong; wang323321312 Yan Wang (Ji Kuai) son of Yi Wang312279 Zhao Wang (Ji Ping) son of Yan Wang279272 Hui Wang son of Zhao Wang272258 Wucheng Wang son of Hui Wang258255 Xiao Wang son of Wucheng Wang255222 Jin Wang (Ji Xi) son of Xiao Wang

(to Qin 222)

SONG (seceded from Eastern Zhou)At Shangqui

766748 Wu Gong (Zi Sikong) son of Dai Gong;gongof Song748729 Xuan Gong (Zi Li) son of Wu Gong729720 Mu Gong (Zi He) son of Wu Gong720711 Shang Gong (Zi Yuyi) son of Mu Gong711692 Zhuang Gong (Zi Feng) son of Shang Gong692682 Min Gong (Zi Jie) son of Zhuang Gong

682 Song Gong (Zi You) son of Min Gong682651 Huan Gong (Zi Yuyue) son of Zhuang Gong


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651637 Xiang Gong (Zi Zifu) son of Huan Gong637620 Cheng Gong (Zi Wangchen) son of Xiang Gong

620 Song Gong (Zi Yu) son of Xiang Gong620611 Qian Zhao Gong (Zi Chujiu) son of Cheng Gong611589 Wen Gong (Zi Bao) son of Cheng Gong

589576 Gong Gong (Zi Xia) son of Wen Gong576532 Ping Gong (Zi Cheng) son of Gong Gong532517 Yuan Gong (Zi Zuo) son of Ping Gong517451 Jing Gong (Zi Touman) son of Yuan Gong451404 Hou Zhao Gong (Zi De) son of Zi Jiu, son of Zi Duanqin, son of Yuan Gong404396 Dao Gong (Zi Gouyao) son of Hou Zhao Gong396373 Xiu Gong (Zi Tian) son of Dao Gong373370 Bi Gong14(Zi Bibing) son of Xiu Gong370329 Song Jun (Zi Ticheng) descendant of Huan Gong; deposed329286 Kang Wang (Zi Yan) brother of Song Jun; wang318

(to Qi 286)

ZHAO (a fragment of Jin, itself a fragment of Eastern Zhou)At Zhongmou (Hongbi); Handan 386

517458 Jian Zi (Zhao Yang) son of Zhao Jingshu;ziof Zhao458425 Xiang Zi (Zhao Wuxu/Wuyi) son of Jian Zi425424 Huan Zi son of (?) Xiang Zi15424409 Xian Zi (Zhao Huan) son of Zhao Zhou, son of Zhao Bolu, son of Jian Zi409400 Lie Hou (Zhao Ji) son of Xian Zi; hou403400387 Wu Hou son of Xian Zi387375 Jing Hou (Zhao Zhang) son of Lie Hou375350 Cheng Hou (Zhao Zhong) son of Jing Hou350326 Su Hou (Zhao Yu) son of Cheng Hou

326299 Wuling Wang (Zhao Yong) son of Su Hou; wang299; abdicated, died 295299266 Huiwen Wang (Zhao He) son of Wuling Wang266245 Xiaocheng Wang (Zhao Dan) son of Huiwen Wang245236 Daoxiang Wang (Zhao Yan) son of Xiaocheng Wang236228 Youmiu Wang (Zhao Qian) son of Daoxiang Wang; deposed228222 Dai Wang (Zhao Jia) son of Daoxiang Wang; deposed

(to Qin 222)

Originally Qin was one of the Warring States that had emerged during the disintegration of centralcontrol under the Eastern Zhou. Between 256 and 221 BC, the rulers of Qin conquered the remaining WarringStates and unified China. In Chinese historiography, there is usually a distinction between the state of Qin andthe imperial Qin Dynasty, which is seen as inaugurated by Qin Shi Huangdis unification of China and adoptionof the title huangdiin 221. The brutal rule of Shi Huangdi led to widespread revolt after his death in 210, butimperial unity was rapidly restored by the more moderate Han Dynasty from 202.16 Apart from the reign of

Wang Mang in AD923 (as the sole member of the Xin Dynasty), the Western and Eastern Han would ruleChina for over four centuries, until 220. During this period the Chinese state expanded to include more ofsouthern China and a significant territory westwards along the Silk Road into Central Asia.

14Alternately, Huan Gong.15Alternately, Huan Zi was a bother of Xiang Zi.16Not all of the regimes established during the decline of Qin and suppressed by the Han are listed here.


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(C) EARLY EMPIRE

IV. QIN (seceded from Eastern Zhou; conquered Eastern Zhou 256; unified China by 221)At Xiquanqiu (Xichui); Qian (Longxian) 776; Pingyang (Baoji) 714; Yong (Fengxiang) 677;Yueyang (Yanliang) 383; Xianyang (Xi'an) 350

778766 Xiang Gong son of Zhuang Gong;gongof Qin

766716 Wen Gong son of Xiang Gong716704 Qian Xian Gong17 son of Jing Gong, son of Wen Gong704698 Qian Chu Zi son of Qian Xian Gong698678 Wu Gong son of Qian Xian Gong678676 De Gong son of Qian Xian Gong676664 Xuan Gong son of De Gong664660 Cheng Gong son of De Gong660621 Mu Gong (Ying Renhao) son of De Gong621609 Kang Gong (Ying Ying) son of Mu Gong609604 Gong Gong (Ying He) son of Kang Gong604577 Huan Gong (Ying Rong) son of Gong Gong

577537 Jing Gong (Ying Hou) son of Huan Gong537501 Ai Gong son of Jing Gong501492 Qian Hui Gong son of Yi Gong, son of Ai Gong492477 Dao Gong son of Qian Hui Gong477443 Li Gong (Ying Gong) son of Dao Gong443429 Zao Gong son of Li Gong429425 Huai Gong son of Li Gong425415 Ling Gong son of Zhao Zi, son of Huai Gong415400 Jian Gong (Ying Dao) son of Huai Gong400387 Hou Hui Gong son of Jian Gong387385 Hou Chu Zi18 son of Hou Hui Gong

385362 Hou Xian Gong (Ying Shixi) son of Ling Gong362338 Xiao Gong (Ying Quliang) son of Hou Xian Gong338311 Huiwen Wang (Ying Si) son of Xiao Gong; wang325311307 Daowu Wang (Ying Dang) son of Huiwen Wang307250 Zhaoxiang Wang (Ying Ji) son of Huiwen Wang

250 Xiaowen Wang (Ying Zhu19) son of Zhaoxiang Wang250247 Zhuangxiang Wang (Ying Chu) son of Xiaowen Wang247210 Shi Huangdi (Ying Zheng) son of Zhuangxiang Wang; huangdi221210207 Ershi Huangdi (Ying Huhai) son of Shi Huangdi207206 Sanshi Huangdi 20(Ying Ziying) son of (?) Zhuangxiang Wang21; deposed, died 206

(to Chu 206)

17Alternately, Ning Gong.18Alternately, Shao Zhu or Xiao Zhu.19Originally named Ying Yiren.20Alternately, Qin Wang.21The traditionally inferred descent (son of Ying Fusu, son of Shi Huangdi) is problematic, and he may havebeen a son, brother (as conjectured here), or nephew (through Ying Chengjiao) of Shi Huangdi.


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CHU (seceded from Qin) and WESTERN CHU [XI CHU] (replaced Chu)At Pengcheng (Xuzhou)

208206 Yi Di22(Xiong Xin) son of Xiong [], son of Huai Wang of Chu; protg of XiangLiang; deposed, died 206

206202 Chu Bawang (Xiang Yu23) son of Xiang Chao, brother of Xiang Liang(to Western Han 202)

V. (a) WESTERN HAN [XI HAN] (replaced Qin and conquered Western Chu)At Chang'an (Xi'an)

206195 Gao Di24(Liu Bang25) son of Taishang Huang (Liu Zhijia); wangof Han; huangdi202;195188 Hui Di (Liu Ying) son of Gao Di188184 Qianshao Di (Liu Gong) son of Hui Di; deposed, died 184184180 Houshao Di (Liu Hong26) son of Hui Di; deposed, died 180180157 Wen Di (Liu Heng) son of Gao Di157141 Jing Di (Liu Qi) son of Wen Di14187 Wu Di (Liu Che27) son of Jing Di8774 Zhao Di (Liu Fuling) son of Wu Di

74 Changyi Wang28(Liu He) son of Changyi Ai Wang (Liu Bo), son of Wu Di; deposed,died 59

7449 Xuan Di (Liu Xun29) son of Liu Jin, son of Li Taizi (Liu Ju), son of Wu Di4933 Yuan Di (Liu Shi) son of Xuan Di337 Cheng Di (Liu Ao) son of Yuan Di71 Ai Di (Liu Xin) son of Gong Di (Liu Kang), son of Yuan Di

1 BCAD6 Ping Di (Liu Kan30) son of Zhongshan Xiao Wang (Liu Xing), son of Yuan Di69 Ru Zi31(Liu Ying) son of Guangqi Hou (Liu Xian), son of Guangqi Yang Hou (Liu

Xun), son of Chu Xiao Wang (Liu Xiao), son of Xuan Di; deposed, died 25

XIN (interrupted Western Han)

At Chang'an (Xi'an)923 Wang Mang son of Wang Man, brother of Wang Hou (Wang Zhengjun),32mother ofCheng Di of Western Han

V. (b) WESTERN HAN [XI HAN] (restored)At Luoyi (Luoyang) 23

2325 Gengshi Di33(Liu Xuan) son of Liu Zizhang, son of Liu Li, son of Chongling Dai Hou(Liu Xiongqu), son of Chongling Jie Hou (Liu Mai), son of Changsha Ding Wang (LiuFa), son of Jing Di; deposed, died 25

22Alternately, Huai Wang.23Originally named Xiang Ji.24Better known by his temple name Gao Zu; the original temple name was Tai Zu.25Originally named Liu Ji.26Originally named Liu Shan, then Liu Yi.27Originally named Liu Zhi.28Alternately, Haihun Hou.29Originally named Liu Bingyi.30Originally named Liu Jizi.31Alternately, Ding'an Gong.32Wang Man and Wang Zhengjun were children of Yangping Hou (Wang Jin).33Alternately, Huaiyang Wang.


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2527 Jianshi Di (Liu Penzi) son of Shi Hou (Liu Meng), son of Shi Hou (Liu Xian), son ofChengyang Huang Wang (Liu Shun), son of Chengyang Hui Wang (Liu Wu), son ofChengyang Jng Wang (Liu Yi), son of Chengyang Qing Wang (Liu Yan), son ofChengyang Gong Wang (Liu Xi), son of Chengyang Jng Wang (Liu Zhang), son of QiDaohui Wang (Liu Fei), son of Gao Zu; deposed34

(to Eastern Han 27)

V. (c) EASTERN HAN [DONG HAN] (replaced Western Han)At Luoyi (Luoyang) 25; Chang'an (Xi'an) 190; Xuchang 196

2557 Guangwu Di (Liu Xiu) son of Liu Qin, son of Liu Hui, son of Liu Wai, son ofChongling Jie Hou (Liu Mai), son of Changsha Ding Wang (Liu Fa), son of Jing Di of

Western Han5775 Ming Di (Liu Zhuang) son of Guangwu Di7588 Zhang Di (Liu Da) son of Ming Di

88106 He Di (Liu Zhao) son of Zhang Di106 Shang Di (Liu Long) son of He Di

105125 An Di (Liu Hu) son of Xiao De (Liu Qing), son of Zhang Di

125 Beixiang Hou35

(Liu Yi) son of Jibei Hui Wang (Liu Shou), son of Zhang Di125144 Shun Di (Liu Bao) son of An Di144145 Chong Di (Liu Bing) son of Shun Di145146 Zhi Di (Liu Zuan) son of Bohai Xiao Wang (Liu Hong), son of Le'an Yi Wang (Liu

Chong), son of Qiancheng Zhen Wang (Liu Kang), son fo Zhang Di146168 Huan Di (Liu Zhi) son of Liwu Hou (Liu Yi), son of Hejian Wang (Liu Kai), son of

Zhang Di168189 Ling Di (Liu Hong) son of Jieduting Hou (Liu Chang), son of Jieduting Hou (Liu Shu),

son of Hejian Wang (Liu Kai), son of Zhang Di189 Hongnong Wang36(Liu Bian) son of Ling Di; deposed, died 190

189220 Xian Di (Liu Xie) son of Ling Di; abdicated, died 234(to Wei 220)

Long dominated by the Cao clan, the last Eastern Han emperor abdicated in favor of Cao Pi in 220.While the latter declared himself emperor of Wei, his example was rapidly followed by Liu Bei, who declaredhimself emperor of Shu Han in the southwest in 221, and by Sun Quan, who declared himself emperor of Wuin the southeast in 222. China was thus divided among three kingdoms, each of which aspired to unify thecountry under its sway. In 280 the Western Jin Dynasty, which had succeeded the Wei Dynasty in northernand central China in 265, completed the unification of the country.

(D) THREE KINGDOMS (SAN GUO) AND WESTERN JIN UNIFICATION

VI. WEI or CAO WEI (replaced Eastern Han)At Luoyang 220

220226 Wen Di (Cao Pi) son of Wu Di (Cao Cao)37; wangof Wei 220226239 Ming Di (Cao Rui) son of Wen Di

34Other claimants included Liu Yong, son of Liu Li (son of Liu Jia, son of Liu Sui, son of Liu Ding, son of LiuWushang, son of Liu Xiang, son of Liu Mai, son of Liu Wu, son of Wen Di) and his son Liu Yu, who waseliminated in 29.35Alternately, Shao Di.36Alternately, Shao Di or Hongnong Huai Wang.37Cao Cao dominated the Eastern Han court and was promoted to wangof Wei at Xuchang 216220.


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239254 Qi Wang38(Cao Fang) adopted son of Ming Di; son of Jinan Wang (Cao Kai), son ofRencheng Wei Wang (Cao Zhang), brother of Wen Di; deposed, died 274

254260 Gaoguixiang Gong (Cao Mao) son of Donghai Ding Wang (Cao Lin), son of Wen Di260265 Yuan Di (Cao Huan39) son of Yan Wang (Cao Yu), brother of Wen Di; abdicated, died 303

(to Western Jin 265)

SHU HAN (seceded from Wei)At Chengdu

221222 Zhaolie Di (Liu Bei) son of Liu Hong, son of Liu Xiong, descendant of Lucheng Hou(Liu Zhen), son of Zhongshang Jing Wang (Liu Sheng), son of Jing Di of WesternHan; wangof Han 219

222263 Xiaohuai Di40(Liu Shan) son of Zhaolie Di; abdicated, died 271(to Wei 263)

WU or SUN WU or EASTERN WU [DONG WU] (seceded from Wei)At Jianye (Nanjing)

222252 Da Di (Sun Quan) son of Wulie Di (Sun Jian); wangof Wu 200

252258 Fei Di41(Sun Liang) son of Da Di; deposed, died 260258264 Jing Di (Sun Xiu) son of Da Di264280 Mo Di42(Sun Hao) son of Wen Di (Sun He), son of Da Di; deposed, died 284

(to Western Jin 280)

VII. (a) WESTERN JIN [XI JIN] (replaced Wei)At Luoyang 265; Chang'an (Xi'an) 312

265289 Wu Di (Sima Yn) son of Wen Di (Sima Zhao), son of Xuan Di (Sima Yi)289301 Hui Di (Sima Zhong) son of Wu Di; deposed

301 Zhao Wang (Sima Lun) son of Xuan Di301307 Hui Di (Sima Zhong) restored

307313 Huai Di (Sima Chi) son of Wu Di43

313316 Min Di (Sima Ye) son of Wu Xiao Wang (Sima Yn), son of Wu Di; regent since 311;deposed, died 318

(to Han Zhao 316)

Undermined by civil war and the revolt of the nomadic tribesmen in northern China (knowncollectively as the Wu Hu, five tribes, but consisting mostly of Xiongnu and Xianbei settlers), Western Jin lostcontrol of its capital Luoyang in 311 and was eventually forced to retreat to the south and east, where itcontinued the imperial succession as Eastern Jin. Meanshile Northern China passed to the so-called SixteenKingdoms (several of them ruled by dynasties of barbarian origin). The Sixteen Kingdoms are listed below inapproximate order of origin or (relative) independence. A slightly greater cohesion in the north would beushered in by the so-called Northern Dynasties in the 5th century, but China would not be reunited until the

580s by the Sui Dynasty.

38Alternately, Shao Di or Shaolingli Gong.39Originally named Cao Huang.40Alternately, Hou Zhu or Anle Si Gong.41Alternately, You Di or Guiji Wang or Hougong Hou.42Alternately, Wucheng Hou or Guiming Hou.43In Cheng/Han Zhao captivity from 311.


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(E) SIXTEEN KINGDOMS (SHILI GUO) IN NORTHERN CHINA AND SICHUAN

CHENG HAN (seceded from Western Jin)At Chengdu

301303 Jing Di (Li Te) Di leader and wangof Cheng303 Qinwen Qang (Li Liu) brother of Jing Di

303334 Wu Di (Li Xiong) son of Jing Di; huangdiof Cheng 304334 Ai Di (Li Ban) son of Li Dang, son of Jing Di

334338 Fei Di44(Li Qi) son of Wu Di; deposed, died 338338343 Zhaowen Di (Li Shou) son of Li Xiang, brother of Jing Di; renamed dynasty Han343347 Hou Di45(Li Shi) son of Zhaowen Di; deposed, died 361

(to Eastern Jin 347)

HAN ZHAO (seceded from Western Jin)At Zyoguocheng (Lizhi) 304; Liting 305; Puzi (Xixian) 308; Pingyang (Linfen) 309; Chang'an(Xi'an) 318; Shanggui 329

304310 Guangwen Di (Liu Yuan) son of Liu Bao; Xiongnu chanyuand wangof Han; huangdiof

Han 308310 Liang Wang (Liu He) son of Guangwen Di

310318 Zhaowu Di (Liu Cong) son of Guangwen Di318 Yin Di46(Liu Can) son of Zhaowu Di

318329 Qin Wang (Liu Yao) son of Liu L, kinsman of Guangwen Di; renamed dynasty Zhao 318329 Zhao Taizi (Liu Xi) son of Qin Wang

(to Later Zhao 329)

LATER ZHAO [HOU ZHAO] (seceded from Han Zhao)At Xiangguo (Xingtai) 319; Yecheng (Anyang) 335; Xiangguo 350

319333 Ming Di (Shi Le47) son of Zhouhezhu; Jie Xiongnu leader and wangof Zhao; huangdi330

333334 Haiyang Wang (Shi Hong) son of Ming Di; deposed, died 334334349 Wu Di (Shi Hu) son of Xiao Di (Koumi), kinsman of Ming Di; tianwang, then huangdi337349 Qiao Wang48(Shi Shi) son of Wu Di; deposed, died 349349 Pengcheng Wang (Shi Zun) son of Wu Di; deposed, died 349

349350 Yiyang Wang (Shi Jian) son of Wu Di; renamed dynasty Wei 35049350351 Xinxing Wang (Shi Zhi) son of Wu Di; deposed, died 351

(to Ran Wei 351)

RAN WEI (seceded from Later Zhao)At Yecheng (Anyang)

350352 Wudao Tianwang (Ran Min50) son of Ran Zhan,51adopted son of Wu Di of Later Zhao;deposed, died 352

44Alternately, Fei Zhu or Qiongdu You Gong45Alternately, Hou Zhu or Guiyi Hou.46Alternately, Shao Zhu or Jin Wang.47Originally named Fule?48Alternately, Qi Gong.49The dynastys clan name was technically changed from Shi to Li.50Named Shi Min after his father was adopted by Wu Di of Later Zhao.51Originally named Ran Liang.


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352 Haibin Hou (Ran Zhi) son of Wudao Tianwang; abdicated, died c.354(to Former Yan 352)

FORMER YAN (HOU YAN) (seceded from Eastern Jin)At Jicheng 337; Longcheng (Zhaoyang) 341; Jicheng (Beijing) 350; Yecheng (Anyang) 357

289333 Wuxuan Di (Murong Hui) son of Murong Shegui; Xianbei leader;chanyu307334348 Wenming Di (Murong Huang) son of Wuxuan Di; wangof Yan 337348359 Jingzhao Di (Murong Jun) son of Wenming Di; huangdi352359370 You Di (Murong Wei) son of Jingzhao Di; deposed, died 385

(to Former Qin 370)

FORMER LIANG [QIAN LIANG] (seceded from Eastern Jin)At Guzang (Wuwei)

317320 Zhao Wang (Zhang Shi) son of Xiping Gong (Zhang Gui);gongof Xiping and muof Liang320324 Cheng Wang52(Zhang Mao) brother of Zhao Wang; wangof Liang 32353324346 Wen Wang54(Zhang Jun) son of Zhao Wang346353 Ming Wang55(Zhang Chonghua) son of Wen Wang

353354 Ai Gong (Zhang Yaoling) son of Ming Wang; deposed, died 355354355 Wei Wang (Zhang Zuo) son of Wen Wang; regent since 353; wangor huangdi354355363 Chong Wang56(Zhang Xuanjing) son of Ming Wang363376 Dao Gong57(Zhang Tianxi) son of Wen Wang; abdicated, died 406

(to Former Qin 376)

FORMER QIN [QIAN QIN] (seceded from Eastern Jin)At Chang'an (Xi'an) 351; Jinyang (Taiyuan) 385; Nan'an 386; Huangzhong (Xining) 394

350 Huiwu Di (Fu Hong) son of Fu Huaigui; Di chanyuand wangof Sanqin350355 Jingming Di (Fu Jin) son of Huiwu Di; tianwang; huangdi352355357 Yue Li Wang (Fu Sheng) son of Jingming Di; deposed, died 357

357385 Xuanzhao Di (Fu Jin) son of Wenhuan Di (Fu Xiong), son of Huiwu Di385386 Aiping Di (Fu Pi) son of Xuanzhao Di386394 Gao Di (Fu Deng) son of Fu Chang, kinsman of Xuanzhao Di

394 Mo Zhu (Fu Chong) son of Gao Di(to Later Qin 394)

LATER QIN [HOU QIN] (seceded from Former Qin)At Beidi (Yaoxian), then Chang'an (Xi'an)

333352 Jingyuan Di (Yao Yizhong) son of Yao Kehui; Qiang leader352357 Wu Wang (Yao Xiang) son of Jingyuan Di357393 Wuzhao Di (Yao Chang) son of Jingyuan Di; chanyuand tianwang384

393415 Wenhuan Di (Yao Xing) son of Wuzhao Di

52Alternately, Chenglie Gong.53The title wangwas bestowed by the huangdiof Han Zhao and Later Zhao as overlord of Former Liang; it wastechnically abandoned when Former Liang recognized Eastern Jin sovereignty again in 347.54Alternately, Zhongcheng Gong.55Alternately, Huan Gong or Jinglie Gong.56Alternately, Chong Gong.57Alternately, Hou Zhu.


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415417 Hou Zhu (Yao Hong) son of Wenhuan Di; huangdi; deposed, died 417(to Eastern Jin 417)

LATER YAN [HOU YAN] (seceded from Former Qin)At Zhongshan (Baoding) 386; Longcheng (Jinzhou) 397

384396 Wucheng Di (Murong Chui58) son of Wenming Di of Former Yan; wangof Yan 384;huangdi386

396398 Huimin Di (Murong Bao) son of Wucheng Di398 Kaifeng Gong (Murong Xiang) son of Wucheng Di398 Zhao Wang (Murong Lin) son of Wucheng Di

398401 Zhaowu Di (Murong Sheng) son of Huimin Di401407 Zhaowen Di (Murong Xi) son of Wucheng Di; deposed, died 407407409 Huiyi Di (Gao Yun) adopted son of Huimin Di

(to Northern Yan 409)

WESTERN QIN [XI QIN] (seceded from Former Qin 385; from Later Qin 409)At Yuanchuan (Yuzhong), Yongshicheng (Lanzhou) 385; Wanchuan 386; Jincheng (near

Lanzhou) 388; Xicheng (Baiyin) 395; Wanchuan (Baiyin) 400; Dujianshan (Baiyin) 409;Wanchuan 410; Tanjiao (Linxia) 412; Fuhan (Linxia) 412; Dinglian 429 (Linxia); Nan'an 430

376388 Xuanlie Wang (Qifu Guoren) son of Qifu Sifan; Xianbei chanyu385; wang387388400 Wuyuan Wang59(Qifu Qiangui) brother of Xuanlie Wang; abdicated400409 (to Later Qin)409412 Wuyuan Wang (Qifu Qiangui) restored

Qifu Gongfu son of Xuanlie Wang; rival 412412427 Wenzhao Wang (Qifu Chipan) son of Wuyuan Wang427431 Hou Zhu (Qifu Mumo) son of Wenzhao Wang; abdicated, died 431

(to Xia 431)

WESTERN YAN [XI YAN] (seceded from Former Qin)At Pingyang (Linfen) 384; Chang'an 385; Zhangzi (Changzhi) 386

384 Jibei Wang (Murong Hong) son of Jingzhao Di of Former Yan; wang384386 Wei Di (Murong Chong) brother of Jibei Wang; taizi; huangdi385

386 Duan Sui usurper386 Murong Yi son of Yidu Wang (Murong Huan), son of Wenming Di of Former Yan386 Murong Yao son of Wei Di386 Murong Zhong son of Jibei Wang

386394 Murong Yong son of Murong, son of Murong Yun, son of Wuxuan Di of Former Yan;deposed, died 394

(to Later Yan 394)

LATER LIANG [HOU LIANG] (seceded from Western Qin)At Guzang (Wuwei)

386400 Yiwu Wang (L Guang) son of L Polou; Di leader;gongof Jiuquan 387; wangof Sanhe389; tianwangof Liang 396; abdicated, died 400

400 Yin Wang (L Shao) son of Yiwu Wang400401 Ling Wang (L Zuan) son of Yiwu Wang

58Originally named Murong Chui, then Murong Ba, Murong Que, and Murong Chui again.59Alternately, Henan Wang.


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401403 Jiankang Gong60(L Long) son of Wen Di (L Bao), brother of Yiwu Wang; abdicated,died 416

(to Later Qin 403)

NORTHERN LIANG [BEI LIANG] (seceded from Later Liang)At Jiankang (Zhangye) 397; Zhangye 398; Guzang (Wuwei) 412

397401 Jiankang Gong (Duan Ye) governor of Jiankang; wang397401433 Wuxuan Wang (Juqu Mengxun) Xiongnu leader; wangof Hexi 412; of Liang 431433439 Ai Wang (Juqu Mujian) son of Wuxuan Wang; deposed, died 447

(to Northern Wei 43961)

SOUTHERN LIANG [NAN LIANG] (seceded from Later Liang)At Lianchuan 397; Ledu (Haidong) 399; Xiping 399; Ledu 402; Guzang (Wuwei) 406; Ledu 410

397399 Wu Wang (Tufa Wugu) son of Tufa Sifujian399402 Kang Wang (Tufa Lilugu) brother of Wu Wang402414 Jing Wang (Tufa Rutan) brother of Kang Wang; abdicated, died 415

(to Western Qin 414)

SOUTHERN YAN [NAN YAN] (seceded from Later Yan)At Huatai (Anyang) 398; Guanggu (Yidu) 399

398405 Xianwu Di (Murong De) son of Wenming Di of Former Yan; wangof Yan 398; huangdi400405410 Zhaowen Di62(Murong Chao) posthumous son of Beihai Wang (Murong Na), brother

of Xianwu Di; deposed, died 410(to Eastern Jin 410)

WESTERN LIANG [XI LIANG] (seceded from Northern Liang)At Dunhuang 400; Jiuquan 405; Dunhuang 420

400417 Wuzhao Wang63(Li Gao) posthumous son of Li Chang;gongof Liang 400

417420 Liang Gong64

(Li Xin) son of Wuzhao Wang420421 Guanjun Hou (Li Xun) son of Wuzhao Wang(to Northern Liang 421)

XIA (seceded from Later Qin)At Tongwan (Nanbaichengzi) 418; Shanggui 427; Pingliang 428

391425 Wulie Di (Helian Bobo65) son of Liu Weichen; Tiefu Xiongnu leader; tianwangof Xia 407425428 Qin Wang66(Helian Chang) son of Wulie Di; deposed, died 434428431 Pingkang Wang67(Helian Ding) son of Wulie Di; deposed, died 432

(to Northern Liang 432)

60Alternately, Hou Zhu or Shangshu Gong.61Juqu Wuhui (442444) and Juqu Anzhou (444460), sons of Tai Zu, ruled as wangs of Hexi at Jiuquan 440,Dunhuang 441, Shanshan 442, and finally Gaochang 442 until the Rouran takeover.62Alternately, Beihai Wang or Hou Zhu.63Alternately, Xingsheng Di.64Alternately, Hou Zhu.65Originally named Liu Bobo.66Alternately, Fei Zhu.67Alternately, Hou Zhu.


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NORTHERN YAN [BEI YAN], succeeded Later YanAt Longcheng

409430 Wengcheng Di (Feng Ba) commander of the guard for Huiyi Di of Later Yan430436 Zhaozheng Di (Feng Hong) brother of Wengcheng Di

(to Northern Wei 436)

When Western Jin lost control of northern China to the Sixteen Kingdoms in the early 4th century,the dynasty continued in southern China under the name Eastern Jin. This was the first of five dynasties (notcounting the Later Liang) to govern the south in succession. Traditional Chinese historiography considers theseso-called Southern Dynasties as the legitimate sequence of imperial regimes between the fall of the Western Jinand the reunification of China under the Sui Dynasty in the 580s.

(F) EASTERN JIN AND SOUTHERN DYNASTIES [NAN CHAO]

VII. (b) EASTERN JIN [DONG JIN] (continued Western Jin)At Jiankang (Nanjing)

317323 Yuan Di (Sima Rui) son of Langye Wang (Sima Jin), son of Sima Zhou, son of Xuan Di(Sima Yi); regent since 317

323325 Ming Di (Sima Shao) son of Yuan Di325342 Cheng Di (Sima Yan) son of Ming Di342344 Kang Di (Sima Yue) son of Ming Di344361 Mu Di (Sima Dan) son of Kang Di361365 Ai Di (Sima Pi) son of Cheng Di365372 Haixi Gong68(Sima Yi) son of Cheng Di; deposed, died 386

372 Jianwen Di (Sima Yu) son of Yuan Di372396 Xiaowu Di (Sima Yao) son of Jianwen Di396403 An Di (Sima Dezong) son of Xiaowu Di; deposed

CHU (interrupted Eastern Jin)

At Jiankang (Nanjing)403404 Wudao Di (Huan Xuan) son of Huan Wen by Xingnan, daughter of Ming Di

VII. (c) EASTERN JIN [DONG JIN] (restored)At Jiankang (Nanjing)

404419 An Di (Sima Dezong) restored419420 Gong Di (Sima Dewen) son of Xiaowu Di; abdicated, died 421

(to Liu Song 420)

VIII. LIU SONG (replaced Eastern Jin)At Jiankang (Nanjing)

420422 Wu Di (Liu Yu) son of Xiaomu Di (Liu Qiao)422424 Shao Di69(Liu Yifu) son of Wu Di; deposed, died 424424453 Wen Di70(Liu Yilong) son of Wu Di

453 Yuanxiong Di (Liu Shao) son of Wen Di; deposed, died 453453464 Xiaowu Di (Liu Jun) son of Wen Di

68Alternately, Fei Di.69Alternately, Yingyang Wang.70Originally the posthumous name was Jing Di.


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464466 Wuling Wang71(Liu Ziye) son of Xiaowu Di466472 Ming Di (Liu Yu) son of Wen Di

Jin'an Wang (Liu Zixun) son of Xiaowu Di; rival 466472477 Cangwu Wang72(Liu Yu) son of Ming Di477479 Shun Di (Liu Zhun) adopted son of Ming Di; son of Guiyang Wang (Liu Xiufan), son of

Wen Di; deposed, died 479(to Southern Qi 479)

IX. SOUTHERN QI [NAN QI] (replaced Liu Song)At Jiankang (Nanjing)

479482 Gao Di (Xiao Daocheng) son of Xuan Di (Xiao Chengzhi)482493 Wu Di (Xiao Ze) son of Gao Di493494 Yulin Wang (Xiao Zhaoye) son of Wen Di (Xiao Zhangmao), son of Wu Di

494 Hailing Wang73(Xiao Zhaowen) brother of Yulin Wang; deposed, died 494494498 Ming Di (Xiao Luan) brother of Jing Di (Xiao Daosheng), brother of Gao Di498501 Donghun Hou (Xiao Baojuan) son of Ming Di501502 He Di (Xiao Baorong) son of Ming Di; rival since 500; abdicated, died 502

(to Southern Liang 502)

X. (a) SOUTHERN LIANG [NAN LIANG] (replaced Southern Qi)At Jiankang (Nanjing)

502549 Wu Di (Xiao Yan) son of Wen Di (Xiao Shunzhi) Linhe Wang (Xiao Zhengde) son of Linchuan Jinghui Wang (Xiao Hong), brother of

Wu Di; rival 548549; deposed, died 549549551 Jianwen Di (Xiao Gang) son of Wu Di; deposed, died 551

551 Yuzhang Wang (Xiao Dong) son of An Di (Xiao Huan), son of Zhaoming Di (XiaoTong), son of Wu Di; deposed, died 552

HAN (interrupted Southern Liang)At Jiankang (Nanjing)551552 Taishi Di (Hou Jing) son of Yuan Di (Hou Biao); husband of Liyang Gongzhu, daughter

of Jianwen Di of Southern Liang

X. (b) SOUTHERN LIANG [NAN LIANG] (restored)At Jiangling 553; Jiankang (Nanjing) 555

552554 Yuan Di (Xiao Yi) son of Wu Di of Southern Liang; deposed, died 555 Wuling Wang (Xiao Ji) brother of Yuan Di; rival 552553

554555 Min Di74(Xiao Yuanming) son of Xiao Yi, brother of Wu Di; deposed, died 556555557 Jing Di (Xiao Fangzhi) son of Yuan Di; abdicated, died 558

(to Southern Chen 557)

WESTERN LIANG [XI LIANG] (seceded from Southern Liang)At Jiangling

555562 Xuan Di (Xiao Cha) son of Zhaoming Di (Xiao Tong), son of Wu Di of Southern Liang

71Alternately, Qian Fei Di.72Alternately, Hou Fei Di.73Alternately, Gong Di.74Alternately, Jian'an Gong or Zhenyang Hou.


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562585 Xiaoming Di (Xiao Kui) son of Xuan Di585587 Xiaojing Di (Xiao Cong) son of Xiaoming Di; deposed, died 607:

(to Sui 587)

EASTERN LIANG [DONG LIANG] (attempted Southern Liang restoration)At Jiangxia (Wuhan)

558560 Yongjia Wang (Xiao Zhuang) son of Xiao Fangdeng, son of Yuan Di of Southern Liang;deposed, died 577

(to Southern Chen and Western Liang 560)

XI. SOUTHERN CHEN [NAN CHEN] (replaced Southern Liang)557559 Wu Di (Chen Baxian) son of Jing Di (Chen Wenzan)559566 Wen Di (Chen Qian) son of Shixing Zhaolie Wang (Chen Daotan), brother of Wu Di566568 Linhai Wang75(Chen Bozong) son of Wen Di; deposed, died 570568582 Xuan Di (Chen Xu) brother of Wen Di582589 Changcheng Yang Gong76(Chen Shubao) son of Xuan Di; deposed, died 604

(to Sui 589)

While southern China was dominated by the Eastern Jin and the Southern Dynasties, northern Chinapassed from the rule of the Sixteen Kingdoms into the hands of the so-called Northern Dynasties, a series ofprimarily Xianbei regimes. The first of these was Northern Wei, a continuation of the Tuoba (Tabga) state ofDai (which had been destroyed by the Former Qin in 377). Northern Wei emerged in 386 and united northernChina by 439. Between 535 and 577 northern China was again divided between rival polities. Unified underthe Northern Zhou in 577, the area passed to the Sui Dynasty in 581, which proceeded to unify all China by theend of that decade.

(G) NORTHERN DYNASTIES [BEI CHAO]

NORTHERN WEI [BEI WEI] (conquered Xia, Northern Yan, and Northern Liang)

At Shengle (Hohhot near Helingeer); Pingcheng (Datong) 398; Luoyang 493; Chang'an 534386409 Daowu Di77(Tuoba Gui78) son of Zhaocheng Di (Tuoba Shiyijian)79of Dai; wangof Wei

386; huangdi399409423 Mingyuan Di (Tuoba Si) son of Daowu Di423452 Taiwu Di (Tuoba Tao) son of Mingyuan Di

452 Yin Di80(Tuoba Yu) son of Taiwu Di452465 Wencheng Di (Tuoba Jun) son of Jingmu Di (Tuoba Huang), son of Taiwu Di465471 Xianwen Di (Tuoba Hong) son of Wencheng Di; abdicated, died 476471499 Xiaowen Di (Yuan Hong81) son of Xianwen Di; changed clan name to Yuan 496499515 Xuanwu Di (Yuan Ke82) son of Xiaowen Di

75Alternately, Fei Di.76Alternately, Hou Zhu.77Originally the posthumous name was Xuanwu Di.78Originally named Tuoba Shegui.79Alternately, Daowu Di was the son of Ming Di (Tuoba Shi), son of Zhaocheng Di of Dai.80Alternately, Nan'an Wang.81Originally named Tuoba Hong.82Originally named Tuoba Ke.


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515528 Xiaoming Di (Yuan Xu) son of Xuanwu Di83 Qi Wang (Xiao Baoyin) son of Ming Di of Southern Qi; rival 527528; died 530

528 You Zhu (Yuan Zhao) son of Lintao Wang (Yuan Baohui), son of Wenjing Di (YuanYu), son of Xiaowen Di; deposed, died 528

528531 Xiaozhuang Di84(Yuan Ziyou) son of Wenmu Di (Yuan Xie), son of Xianwen Di;deposed, died 531

Beihai Wang (Yuan Hao) son of Beihai Ping Wang (Yuan Xiang), son of Xianwen Di;rival at Luoyang 529

Ru'nan Wang (Yuan Yue) son of Xiaowen Di; rival 530532531 Jing Di85(Yuan Ye) son of Fufeng Wang (Yuan Yi), son of Nan'an Hui Wang (Tuoba

Zhen), brother of Wencheng Di; deposed, died 532531532 Jiemin Di86(Yuan Gong) son of Guangling Hui Wang (Yuan Yu), son of Xianwen Di;

deposed, died 532532 Anding Wang87(Yuan Lang) son of Zhangwu Wang (Yuan Rong), son of Zhangwu

Wang (Yuan Bin), son of Nan'an Hui Wang (Tuoba Zhen), brother of Wencheng Di;rival since 531; deposed, died 532

532535 Xiaowu Di88(Yuan Xiu) son of Guangping Wumu Wang (Yuan Huai), son of Xiaowen Di

(to Western Wei 535)

EASTERN WEI [DONG WEI] (seceded from Northern Wei)At Luoyang; Yecheng (Anyang) 534

534550 Xiaojing Di89(Yuan Shanjian) son of Qinghe Wenxuan Wang (Yuan Dan), son of QingheWenxian Wang (Yuan Yi), son of Xiaowen Di of Northern Wei; abdicated, died 552

(to Northern Qi 550)

WESTERN WEI [XI WEI] (continued Northern Wei)At Chang'an (Xi'an)

535551 Wen Di (Yuan Baoju) son of Wenjing Di (Yuan Yu), son of Xiaowen Di of Northern Wei551554 Fei Di (Yuan Qin) son of Wen Di; deposed, died 554

554556 Gong Di (Tuoba Kuo90) son of Wen Di; abdicated, died 557(to Northern Zhou 556)

NORTHERN QI [BEI QI] (replaced Eastern Wei)At Yecheng (Anyang)

550559 Wenxuan Di (Gao Yang) son of Shenwu Di (Gao Huan), son of Gao Shu91559560 Ji'nan Mindao Wang92(Gao Yin) son of Wenxuan Di; deposed, died 561

83Xiaoming Di was murdered by his mother Hu Taihou (also called Ling Huanghou), who briefly pretendedthat Xiaoming Di had a son and successor. Within a day it was revealed that this was actually a daughter, and acousin, Yuan Zhao, was installed as the new emperor.84Originally the posthumous name was Wuhuai Di.85Alternately, Changguang Wang or Donghai Wang.86Alternately, Qian Fei Di or Guangling Wang.87Alternately, Hou Fei Di.88Alternately, Chu Di or Pingyang Wang.89Alternately, Zhongshan Wang.90Originally named Yuan Kuo.91Shenwu Di (Gao Huan) and his elder son Wenxiang Di (Gao Cheng) had dominated the court of Eastern

Wei in 534547 and 547549, respectively.92Alternately, Fei Di.


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560561 Xiaozhao Di (Gao Yan) brother of Wenxuan Di561565 Wucheng Di (Gao Zhan93) brother of Xiaozhao Di; abdicated, died 569565577 Hou Zhu94(Gao Wei) son of Wucheng Di; abdicated, died 577

577 You Zhu95(Gao Heng) son of Wen Gong Ande Wang (Gao Yanzong) son of Wenxiang Di (Gao Cheng), brother of Wenxuan Di;

rival at Jinyang (Taiyuan) 577; deposed, died 577 Fanyang Wang (Gao Shaoyi) son of Wenxuan Di; legitimist claimant 577580; deposed(to Northern Zhou 577)

NORTHERN ZHOU [BEI ZHOU] (replaced Western Wei)At Chang'an (Xi'an)

557 Xiaomin Di (Yuwen Jue) son of Wen Di (Yuwen Tai),96son of De Di (Yuwen Gong);tianwangof Zhou; deposed, died 557

557560 Ming Di (Yuwen Yu) brother of Xiaomin Di; huangdi559560578 Wu Di (Yuwen Yong) brother of Ming Di578579 Xuan Di (Yuwen Yun) son of Wu Di; abdicated as tianyuan huangdi, died 580579581 Jing Di (Yuwen Chan97) son of Xuan Di; abdicated, died 581

(to Sui 581)

The Sui Dynasty, which ruled northern China since 581, completed its conquest of the south by 589and inaugurated the second prolonged period of imperial unification in Chinese history. By 618 Sui wasoverthrown amid widespread revolts leading to a short-lived period of disunity. 98 Unity was rapidly restored,however, by the much more successful and longer lasting regime of the Tang Dynasty, which would last until907. After this China experienced a brief period of fragmentation (907960) before the Song Dynasty.

(H) MIDDLE EMPIRE

XII. SUI (replaced Northern Zhou; conquered Western Liang and Southern Chen)At Daxing (Chang'an); Luoyang 605; Jiangdu (Yangzhou) 617

581604 Wen Di (Yang Jian) son of Sui Huan Gong (Yang Zhong)604618 Yang Di99(Yang Guang) son of Wen Di

Gong Di (Yang You) son of Yuande Taizi (Yang Zhao), son of Yang Di; rival atChang'an 617618; deposed by Tang, died 619

618 Qin Wang (Yang Hao) son of Qin Xiao Wang (Yang Jun), son of Wen Di Yue Wang100(Yang Tong) brother of Gong Di; rival at Luoyang 618619; deposed by

Zheng, died 619(to Xu 618)

93Possibly to be rendered Gao Dan.94Alternately, Wen Gong.95Alternately, Wenguo Gong.96Wen Di (Yuwen Tai) had dominated the court of Western Wei in 535556. From Yuwen Tais death in 556until 572, actual power was wielded by Jin Dang Gong (Yuwen Hu), son of Yuwen Tais brother Yuwen Hao.97Originally named Yuwen Yan.98Not all of the regimes established during the decline of Sui and suppressed by the Tang are listed here.99Alternately, Ming Di or Min Di.100Alternately, Gong Di.


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XU (replaced Sui)At Wei (Handan)

618619 Xu Gong (Yuwen Huaji) son of Xu Gong (Yuwen Shu); deposed, died 619(to Tang 619)

LIANG (replaced Sui, continuing Western Liang)At Jiangling

618621 Liang Di (Xiao Xian) son of Hejian Wenxian Wang (Xiao Xuan), son of HejianZhonglie Wang (Xiao Yan), son of Xuan Di of Western Liang; abdicated, died 621

(to Tang 621)

ZHENG (replaced Sui)At Luoyang

619621 Zheng Gong (Wang Shichong) son of Wang Shou; abdicated, died 621(to Tang 621)

XIII. (a) TANG (replaced Sui, conquered Xu, Liang, and Zheng)

At Chang'an (Xi'an)618626 Gao Zu (Li Yuan) son of Tang Ren Gong (Li Bing); abdicated, died 635626649 Tai Zong (Li Shimin) son of Gao Zu649683 Gao Zong (Li Zhi) son of Tai Zong683684 Zhong Zong (Li Xin101) son of Gao Zong; deposed684690 Rui Zong (Li Dan102) son of Gao Zong; deposed

ZHAO (interrupted Tang)At Chang'an (Xi'an)

690705 Zetian Hou (Wu Zhao103) mother of Zhong Zong and Rui Zong; daughter of ZhongxiaoHuang (Wu Shihuo); abdicated, died 705

XIII. (b) TANG (restored)At Chang'an (Xi'an); Luoyang 904

705710 Zhong Zong (Li Xin) restored710 Shang Di104(Li Chongmao) son of Zhong Zong; deposed, died 714

710712 Rui Zong (Li Dan) restored; abdicated, died 716712756 Xun Zong (Li Longji) son of Rui Zong; abdicated, died 762756762 Su Zong (Li Heng105) son of Xun Zong762779 Dai Zong (Li Yu106) son of Su Zong

Guangwu Wang (Li Chenghong) son of Bin Wang (Li Shouli107), son of Yong Wang(Li Xin108), son of Gao Zong; rival at Chang'an 763; deposed, died 764

779805 De Zong (Li Kuo) son of Dai Zong

101Originally named Li Xin, then Li Zhe (677), Li Xin (698), Wu Xin (700), Li Xin (705).102Originally named Li Xulun, then Li Lun (669), Li Dan (678), Wu Lun (690), Wu Dan (698), Li Dan (705).103Originally named Wu Mei.104Alternately, Shao Di or Wen Wang or Xiang Wang.105Originally named Li Sisheng, then Li Jun (725), Li Yu (736), Li Shao (738), Li Heng (738).106Originally named Li Chu, then Li Yu (758).107Originally named Li Guangren.108Originally named Li Xin, then Li De (672), Li Xin (674).


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805 Shun Zong (Li Song) son of De Zong; abdicated, died 806805820 Xian Zong (Li Chun) son of Shun Zong820824 Mu Zong (Li Heng) son of Xian Zong824827 Jing Zong (Li Zhan) son of Mu Zong827840 Wen Zong (Li Ang109) son of Mu Zong

840846 Wu Zong (Li Yn110

) son of Mu Zong846859 Xun Zong (Li Chen111) son of Xian Zong859873 Yi Zong (Li Cui112) son of Xun Zong873888 Xi Zong (Li Xuan113) son of Yi Zong888900 Zhao Zong (Li Ye114) son of Yi Zong; deposed900901 De Wang (Li Zhen115) son of Zhao Zong; deposed, died 905901904 Zhao Zong (Li Ye) restored904907 Ai Di116(Li Zhu117) son of Zhao Zong; deposed, died 908

(to Later Liang 907)

YAN (seceded from Tang during the so-called An Shi rebellion)At Luoyang

756757 An Lushan son of Kang; rebel against Tang 755757759 An Qingxu118 son of An Lushan; deposed, died 759759761 Shi Siming119 general of An Lushan761763 Shi Chaoyi son of Shi Siming

(to Tang 763)

The fall of the Tang Dynasty was followed by renewed fragmentation. In the north five short-livedspanned the 53 years from the end of Tang in 907 until the beginning of Northern Song in 960. These so-calledFive Dynasties are considered the sequence of legitimate imperial regimes in the Chinese historiographicaltradition. In the meantime southern China was divided among several polities, known collectively as the TenStates. After the Northern Song was established in 960, it proceeded to subjugate the surviving Ten States overthe course of the subsequent two decades, thereby reunifying most of China under its rule.

(I) FIVE DYNASTIES [WU DAI] in northern China

XIV. LATER LIANG [HOU LIANG] (replaced Tang)At Luoyang; Daliang (Kaifeng) 913

907912 Tai Zu (Zhu Hung120) son of Lie Zu (Zhu Cheng)912913 Ying Wang (Zhu Yougui) son of Tai Zu

109Originally named Li Han, then Li Ang (827).110Originally named Li Chan, then Li Yan (846).111Originally named Li Yi, then Li Chen (846).112Originally named Li Wen, then Li Cui (859).113Originally named Li Yn, then Li Xuan (873).114Originally named Li Jie, then Li Min (888), Li Ye (889).115Originally named Li You, then Li Yu (897), Li Zhen (900).116Alternately Zhaoxuan Di.117Originally named Li Zuo, then Li Zhu (904).118Originally named An Renzhi.119Originally named Shi Sugan.120Originally named Zhu Wen, then Zhu Quanzhong (882), Zhu Huang (907).


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913923 Mo Di (Zhu Zhen121) son of Tai Zu(to Later Tang 923)

XV. LATER TANG [HOU TANG] (replaced Later Liang)At Daming; Luoyang 923

923926 Zhuang Zong (Li Cunxu) son of Tai Zu (Li Keyong), ruler of the Shatuo Turks; wangofJin since 908; huangdiof Tang 923

926933 Ming Zong (Li Dan122) adopted brother of Zhuang Zong; son of Li Ni933934 Min Di123(Li Conghou) son of Ming Zong; deposed, died 934934937 Mo Di124(Li Congke125) adopted son of Ming Zong; son of Wang Shi by Xuanxian

Hou, later the wife of Ming Zong(to Later Jin 937)

XVI. LATER JIN [HOU JIN] (replaced Later Tang)At Bian (Kaifeng)

937942 Gao Zu (Shi Jingtang) son of Xian Zu (Shi Shaoyong)126; husband of Li Hou, daughterof Ming Zong of Later Tang

942947 Chu Di127(Shi Chonggui) adopted son of Gao Zu; son of Song Wang (Shi Jingru),brother of Gao Zu; deposed by the Liao; died 974

(to Later Han 947)

XVII. LATER HAN [HOU HAN] (replaced Later Jin)At Bian (Kaifeng)

947948 Gao Zu (Liu Gao128) son of Xian Zu (Liu Tian)948951 Yin Di129(Liu Chengyou) son of Gao Zu

951 Xiangyin Gong (Liu Yun) adopted son of Yin Di; son of Shi Zu of Northern Han,brother of Gao Zu; deposed, died 951

(to Later Zhou 951)

XVIII. LATER ZHOU [HOU ZHOU] (replaced Later Han)At Bian (Kaifeng)

951954 Tai Zu (Guo Wei) son of Qing Zu (Guo Jian)954959 Shi Zong (Guo Rong130) adopted son of Tai Zu; son of Chai Shouli, brother of Shengmu

Hou (Chai Shi), the wife of Tai Zu959960 Gong Di (Guo Zongxun) son of Shi Zong; deposed, died 973

(to Northern Song 960)

121Originally named Zhu Youzhen, then Zhou Hung (913), Zhou Zhen (915).122Originally named Miojilie; adopted as Li Siyuan; name changed to Li Dan (927).123Alternately, Shao Di or Qian Fei Di.124Alternately, Fei Di or Hou Fei Di.125Originally named Wang Asan.126Originally named Shi Nielieji.127Alternately, Shao Di.128Originally named Liu Zhiyuan, then Liu Gao (948).129Alternately, Shao Di or Chen Wang.130Originally named Chai Rong.


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While the Five Dynasties continued the imperial tradition in northern China between the end of theTang in 907 and the emergence of the Song in 960, the remainder of China was divided among the so-calledTen Kingdoms. Only one of these, Northern Han, was located in the north. Several of the Ten Kingdomsnever claimed complete independence and were, symbolically at least, vassals of the Five Dynasties. Seven ofthese states survived past 960, but by 979 the Song Dynasty had completed its conquest of the Ten Kingdoms.

(J) TEN KINGDOMS [SHI GUO] in (mostly) southern China

WU or HUAINAN (seceded from Later Liang)At Guangling/Jiangdu (Yangzhou)

902905 Tai Zu (Yang Xingmi131) son of Yang Fu; governor of Huainan since 892; wangof Wu 902905908 Lie Zu (Yang Wo) son of Tai Zu; wangof Hongnong908920 Gao Zu (Yang Longyan132) son of Tai Zu; wangof Wu 910;guowang919920937 Rui Di (Yang Pu) son of Tai Zu; huangdi927; abdicated, died 939

(to Southern Tang 937)

WUYUE (vassal of Later Liang and Later Tang)

At Xifu/Qiantang (Hangzhou)902932 Tai Zu (Qian Liu) son of Qian Kuan; wangof Yue 902; also of Wu 907;guowang923932941 Shi Zong (Qian Yuanguan133) son of Tai Zu; wangof Wuyue 937941947 Cheng Zong134(Qian Hongzuo) son of Shi Zong947948 Zhongxun Wang (Qian Hongzong) son of Shi Zong; deposed, died 972948978 Zhongyi Wang135(Qian Chu136) son of Shi Zong; abdicated, died 988


SOUTHERN HAN [NAN HAN] (seceded from Later Liang)At Panyu/Xingwangfu (Guangzhou)

905911 Lie Zu (Liu Yin) son of Dai Zu (Liu Zhiqian); governor of Qinghai; wangof Nanping 909911942 Gao Zu (Liu Yn137) brother of Lie Zong; huangdiof Yue 917; of Han 918

942943 Shang Di (Liu Bin138) son of Gao Zu943958 Zhong Zong (Liu Cheng139) son of Gao Zu958971 Hou Zhu (Liu Chang140) son of Zhong Zong; deposed, died 980


CHU (vassal of Later Liang, Later Tang, and Later Jin)At Tanzhou (Changsha)

907930 Wumu Wang (Ma Yin) son of Jingzhuang Wang (Ma Yuanfeng); governor since 896;wangof Chu 907;guowang927

930932 Hengyang Wang (Ma Xisheng) son of Wumu Wang

131Originally named Yang Xingmin.132Originally named Yang Ying.133Originally named Qian Chuanguan.134Alternately, Zhongxian Wang.135Alternately, Deng Wang.136Originally named Qian Hongchu.137Originally named Liu Yn, then Liu Zhi (896), Liu Yn (911), Liu Gong (925), Liu Yn (925).138Originally named Liu Hongdu.139Originally named Liu Hongxi.140Originally named Liu Jixing.


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932947 Wenzhao Wang (Ma Xifan) son of Wumu Wang947950 Fei Wang (Ma Xiguang) son of Wumu Wang

950 Gongxiao Wang (Ma Xi'e) son of Wumu Wang950951 Chu Wang (Ma Xichong) son of Wumu Wang


FORMER SHU [QIAN SHU] (seceded from Later Liang)At Chengdu

907918 Gao Zu (Wang Jian) governor of Sichuan since 891; huangdiof Shu 907; renameddynasty Han 916; renamed dynasty Shu 918

918925 Hou Zhu142(Wang Yan143) son of Gao Zu; abdicated, died 926(to Later Tang 925)

MIN (seceded from Later Tang)At Changle (Fuzhou); Jian (Nanping) 943

898925 Tai Zu (Wang Shenzhi) son of Wang Nin; governor of Fujian/Weiwu144; wangof Min 909925927 Si Zong (Wang Yanhan) son of Tai Zu;guowang926

927935 Hui Zong (Wang Lin145) son of Tai Zu; huangdi933935939 Kang Zong (Wang Chang146) son of Hui Zong939943 Jing Zong (Wang Xi147) son of Tai Zu148943945 Tiande Di149(Wang Yanzheng) son of Tai Zu; rival since 943; abdicated, died 951?


JINGNAN or NANPING (vassal of Later Liang, Tang, Jin, and Han)At Jingzhou (Jiangling)

905929 Wuxin Wang (Gao Jixing150) adopted son of Tai Zu of Later Liang; governor of Jingnan905; wangof Bohai 914; of Nanping 924; of Qin 928

929948 Wenxian Wang (Gao Conghui) son of Wuxin Wang; wangof Bohai 932; of Nanping 934

948960 Zhenyi Wang (Gao Baorong) son of Wenxian Wang960961 Zhenan Wang (Gao Baoxu) son of Wenxian Wang961963 Deren Wang (Gao Jichong) son of Gao Baorong; deposed, died 973


LATER SHU [HOU SHU] (seceded from Later Tang)At Chengdu

926934 Gao Zu (Meng Zhixiang) son of Xian Zong (Meng Dao); husband of Li Hou, sister ofZhuang Zong of Later Tang; governor of Xichuan 926; wangof Shu 933; huangdi934

141Zhou Xingfeng (956962) and his son Zhou Baoquan (962963) served as governors.142Alternately, Shunzheng Gong.143Originally named Wang Zongyan.144In succession to his brother Wang Chao, who died in 898.145Originally named Wang Yanjun, then Wang Lin (933).146Originally named Wang Jipeng, then Wang Chang (935).147Originally named Wang Yanxi, then Wang Xi (939).148On Jing Zongs death his general and murderer Zhu Wenjin briefly usurped power (943944), but JingZongs brother Tiande Di was already claiming the throne from Jian (Nanping).149Alternately, Fusha Wang or Fu Gongyi Wang.150Originally named Gao Jichang, then Gao Jixing 923.


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934965 Hou Zhu151(Meng Chang152) son of Gao Zu; abdicated, died 965(to Northern Song 965)

SOUTHERN TANG [NAN TANG] (replaced Wu, from 958 vassal of Later Zhou)At Jinling/Xidu (Nanjing)

937943 Lie Zu (Li Bian153) adopted son of Tai Zu of Wu and of Xu Zhigao; son of Qing Zong(Li Rong); wangof Qi; huangdiof Tang 939

943961 Yuan Zong (Li Jing154) son of Lie Zu961975 Hou Zhu155(Li Yu156) son of Yuan Zong; abdicated, died 978


NORTHERN HAN [BEI HAN] (seceded from Later Zhou, continued Later Han)At Jinyang (near Taiyuan)

951954 Shi Zu (Liu Min157) brother of Gao Zu of Later Han954968 Rui Zong (Liu Chengjun) son of Shi Zu

968 Shao Zhu158(Liu Ji'en159) adopted son of Rui Zong; son of Xue Zhao by Liu Shi,daughter of Shi Zu

968979 Yingwu Di (Liu Jiyuan160) adopted son of Rui Zong; son of He Mou by Liu Shi,daughter of Shi Zu; deposed, died 992


While Northern Song unified most of China, its northernmost margins were occupied by three regimesof foreign origin. Thus, the Manchurian Khitan (self-designation Kitai; Kidan in Mongol; Qidan in Chinese)established the Liao by 916; the Tibetan-related Tangut (self-designation Minyak; Tangud in Mongol; Donghuor Dangxiang in Chinese) established the Western Xia by 1038; and the Manchurian Jurchen (self-designation

uen; rin in Mongol; Nzhen in Chinese) established the Jin by 1114. Jin conquered all of northern Chinain the 1120s. In the early 13th century, however, all three border empires were conquered by the Mongols.

(K) BORDER EMPIRES

LIAO (KHITAN)At Shangjing (Linhuang)161

907926 Tai Zu (Yel Yi, Abaoji162) son of De Zu (Yel Saladi); ruler of the Khitan Yila tribesince 901; qaan907; huangdi916

151Alternately, Chu Wang.152Originally named Meng Renzan, then Meng Chang (934).153Originally named Xu Zhigao.154Originally named Xu Jingtong.155Alternately, Wu Wang.156Originally named Li Congjia.157Originally named Liu Chong, then Liu Min (951).158Alternately, Fei Di.159Originally named Xue Ji'en.160Originally named Xue Jiyuan.161In addition to the actual royal residence, Liao maintained a system of capitals: supreme (Shangjin) atLinhuang; central (Zhongjing) at Dading; eastern (Dongjing) at Liaodong; western (Xijing) at Datong; southern(Nanjing) at Yan (Beijing).162Early members of the Liao and many members of the Jin bore both Chinese and native names; the latter aregiven second.


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926947 Tai Zong (Yel Deguang) son of Tai Zu947951 Shi Zong (Yel Ruan, Wuyu) son of Ying Zong (Yel Bei, Tuyu), son of Tai Zu951969 Mu Zong (Yel Jing) son of Tai Zong969982 Jing Zong (Yel Xian) son of Shi Zong

9821031 Sheng Zong (Yel Longxu) son of Jing Zong

10311055 Xing Zong (Yel Zhongzhen) son of Zheng Zong10551101 Dao Zong (Yel Hongji) son of Xing Zong11011125 Tianzuo Di (Yel Yanxi) son of Shun Zong (Yel Jun), son of Dao Zong; deposed, died 1127

(to Jin 1125)

NORTHERN LIAO [BEI LIAO] (seceded from Liao)At Nanjing/Xijin (Beijing)

1122 Xuan Zong163(Yel Chun) son of Yel Heluwo, son of Xing Zong of Liao11221123 Xiaode Hou (Xiao Pu) widow of Xuan Zong

1123 Liang Wang (Yel Yali) son of Tianzuo Di of Liao1123 Ying Zong (Yel Zhulie) son of Liang Wang164

(to Jin 1123)

WESTERN LIAO [XI LIAO], called QAR-ITY (continued Liao in Central Asia)At Balashagun/Balasagun (Tokmak in Kyrgyzstan)

11241143 De Zong (Yel Dashi) son of Bai, 6th in descent from Tai Zu of Liao11431150 (regency of Gantian Hou (Xiao Tabyuan), widow of De Zong)11501163 Ren Zong (Yel Yilie) son of De Zong11631177 (regency of Chengtian Hou (Yel Pusuwan), daughter of De Zong)11771211 Mo Zhu (Yel Zhilugu) son of Ren Zong; deposed, died 121312111218 Kuchulu (Glg) husband of daughter of Mo Zhu; son of Tai Buqa (Tai Wang, Tayang

Qaan) of the Naiman(to Yuan 1218)

WESTERN XIA [XI XIA] (TANGUT) (seceded from Northern Song)At Lingzhou, renamed Xiping 1003; Xingqing 1022, renamed Zhongxing 1205 (Yinchuan)

9901004 Tai Zu (Li Jiqian) son of Li Guangyan, son of Li Yijing; Tangut chieftain 983165; wang99010041032 Tai Zong (Li Deming) son of Tai Zu10321048 Jing Zong (Li Yuanhao166) son of Tai Zong; huangdi103810481067 Yi Zong (Li Liangzuo) son of Jing Zong10671086 Hui Zong (Li Bingchang) son of Yi Zong10861139 Chong Zong (Li Qianshun) son of Hui Zong11391193 Ren Zong (Li Renxiao) son of Chong Zong11931206 Huan Zong (Li Chunyou) son of Ren Zong; deposed, died 1206

12061211 Xiang Zong (Li Anquan) son of Yue Wang (Li Renyou), son of Chong Zong; deposed,died 1211

163Alternately, Tianshi Di.164Alternately, Ying Zong was 3rd in descent from Yelu Wuge, son of Sheng Zong of Liao.165Earlier Tai Zus family had served as military governors of the area for the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin,Later Han, and Northern Song for about a century. The attempt of the Northern Song to disposses this lineageresulted in the revolt and secession of Tai Zu as ruler of Western Xia. Early Western Xia rulers werenevertheless portraryed as vassals of either Liao or Song or both, until 1038.166Originally named Li Weili.


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12111223 Shen Zong (Li Zunxu) son of Zhongwu Wang (Li Yan), son of Li Ren[], son of ChongZong; abdicated, died 1226

12231226 Xian Zong (Li Dewang) son of Shen Zong12261227 Mo Zhu (Li Xian) son of Qingping Jun Wang, son of Shen Zong; abdicated, died 1227

(to Yuan 1227)

JIN (JURCHEN) (seceded and displaced Liao)At Shangjing/Huining (Acheng) 1122; Yanjing/Zhongdu (Beijing) 1153; Bianjing/Nanjing

(Kaifeng) 1214; Caizhou (Runan) 1233167

c.10501074 Jing Zu (Wanyan Wugunai) son of Wanyan Shilu; Jurchen chieftain10741092 Shi Zu (Wanyan Helibo) son of Jing Zu10921094 Su Zong (Wanyan Hesun) son of Jing Zu10941103 Mu Zong (Wanyan Yingge) son of Jing Zu11031113 Kang Zong (Wanyan Wuyashu) son of Shi Zu11131123 Tai Zu (Wanyan Min, Aguda) son of Shi Zu; huangdi111411231135 Tai Zong (Wanyan Sheng, Wuqimai) son of Shi Zu11351150 Xi Zong (Wanyan Dan, Hela) son of Hui Zong (Wanyan Zongjun), son of Tai Zu

11501161 Hailing Jun Wang (Wanyan Liang, Digunai) son of De Zong (Wanyan Zonggan), son ofTai Zu

11611189 Shi Zong (Wanyan Yong,168Wulu) son of Rui Zong (Wanyan Zongyao169), son of Tai Zu11891208 Zhang Zong (Wanyan Jing, Madage) son of Xian Zong (Wanyan Yungong), son of Shi Zong12081213 Wei Shao Wang (Wanyan Yongji170) son of Shi Zong12131224 Xuan Zong (Wanyan Xun, Wudubu) brother of Zhang Zong12241234 Ai Zong (Wanyan Shouxu,171Ningjiasu) son of Xuan Zong; abdicated, died 1234

1234 Mo Di (Wanyan Chenglin) son of Wanyan Chenghui, son of Wanyan Heng, son ofWanyan Zongbi, son of Tai Zu

(to Yuan 1234)

In 960 Northern Song supplanted the Later Zhou and assumed control of most of northern China.Over the next two decades it extended its control over the surviving Ten Kingdoms, although the northernmost

portions of China remained under the rule of the Liao and other foreign regimes (Western Xia and Jin). Jinconquered Songs northern possessions in 1127 and held them for more than a century, leaving southern Chinato the Southern Song. Starting in 1207, the Mongols of inggis Qaan commenced the conquest of WesternLiao, Western Xia, and Jin, but it was only in 1271 that Qubilai declared his own Chinese-type dynasty, theYuan. With the destruction of Southern Song in 1279, the Mongols became the first foreigners to rule all ofChina. The Mongol Yuan was driven out in 1368, and Ming united China proper as the last native imperialdynasty. Beginning with the Yuan, Beijing became the usual capital of imperial China, except for the initialMing residence at Nanjing (13681403). Simultaneously with the decline of Ming, in the early 17th centurythe Jurchen built up a new state in Manchuria under the leadership of Nurhaci. In the 1630s this people wasrenamed Manchu (self-designation Manu; Manzu in Chinese) and their dynasty was renamed Qing. WhenMing collapsed in 1644, Qing took control of the capital; by 1662 it had suppressed Ming opposition in the

south, and by 1683 it had taken over the island of Taiwan. The Manchus were thus the second and last foreign

167In addition to the actual primary royal residence, Jin maintained a system of capitals: supreme (Shangjing) atHuining (Acheng); central (Zhongjing) at Yan (Beijing); eastern (Donjing) at Liaoyang (Liaoning); western(Xijing) at Datong; northern (Beijing) at Dading (Ningcheng); southern (Nanjing) at Bianjing (Kaifeng).168Originally named Wanyan Xiu, alternately Wanyan Bao.169Alternately, Wanyan Zongfu.170Originally named Wanyan Xingsheng, alternately Wanyan Yunji.171Alternately, Wanyan Shouli.


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regime to rule all China. When a nationalist republican revolution put an end to Manchu rule in 1912, the lastQing emperor was allowed to retain his title and palaces and was treated as head of state of a foreign power;these concessions were revoked in 1924. Although the Qing dynasty enjoyed a brief restoration in Japanese-dominated Manchuria in 19321945, Chinas long sequence of monarchs had effectively come to an end.

(L) LATE EMPIRE

XIX. (a) NORTHERN SONG [BEI SONG] (replaced Later Zhou)At Dongjing/Bianjing (Kaifeng)

960976 Tai Zu (Zhao Kuangyin) son of Xuan Zu (Zhao Hongyin)976997 Tai Zong (Zhao Jiong172) brother of Tai Zu

9971022 Zhen Zong (Zhao Heng173) son of Tai Zong10221063 Ren Zong (Zhao Zhen174) son of Zhen Zong10631067 Ying Zong (Zhao Shu175) adopted son of Ren Zong; son of Puanyi Wang (Zhao

Yunrang), son of Shang Gongjing Wang (Zhao Yuanfen), son of Tai Zong10671085 Shen Zong (Zhao X176) son of Ying Zong10851100 Zhe Zong (Zhao X) son of Shen Zong

11001126 Hui Zong (Zhao Ji) son of Shen Zong; abdicated, died 113511261127 Qin Zong (Zhao Huan177) son of Hui Zong; deposed, died 1161(to Jin 1127178)

XIX. (b) SOUTHERN SONG [NAN SONG] (continued Northern Song in southern China)At Lin'an (Hangzhou); Meiyu (Meiwo) 1278

11271129 Gao Zong (Zhao Gou) son of Hui Zong of Northern Song; deposed1129 Yuanyi Taizi (Zhao Fu) son of Gao Zong; deposed

11291162 Gao Zong (Zhao Gou) restored; abdicated, died 118711621189 Xiao Zong (Zhao Shen179) adopted son of Gao Zong; son of Xiu'an Xi Wang (Zhao

Zicheng), son of Qingguo Gong (Zhao Linghua), son of Huayin Hou (Zhao Shijiang),son of Xinxing Hou (Zhao Congyu), son of Yingguo Gong (Zhao Weixian), son of Qin

Kanghui Wang (Zhao Defang), son of Tai Zu; abdicated, died 119411891194 Guang Zong (Zhao Dun) son of Xiao Zong; abdicated, died 120011941224 Ning Zong (Zhao Kuo) son of Guang Zong12241264 Li Zong (Zhao Yun180) adopted son of Ning Zong; son of Rong Wang (Zhao Xilu), son

of Zhaoguo Gong (Zhao Shiyi), son of Yiguo Gong (Zhao Bowu), son of Wuguo Gong(Zhao Zishi), son of Fangguo Gong (Zhao Lingjia), son of Jiaguo Gong (Zhao Shikuo),son of Lujiang Wang (Zhao Shoudou), son of Ji Wang (Zhao Weiji), son of Yanyi

Wang (Zhao Dezhao), son of Tai Zu

172Originally named Zhao Kuangyi, then Zhao Guangyi (960), Zhao Jiong (977).173Originally named Zhao Dechang, then Zhao Yuanxiu (983), Zhao Yuankan (986), Zhao Heng (995).174Originally named Zhao Shouyi, then Zhao Zhen (1018).175Originally named Zhao Zongshi, then Zhao Shu (1063).176Originally named Zhao Zhongzhen, then Zhao X (1063).177Originally named Zhao Dan, then Zhao Xuan (1102), Zhao Huan (1102).178A former Northern Song minister, Tong'an Wang (Zhang Bangchang) briefly ruled as emperor of Chu atKaifeng in 1127 until removed by his Jin overlords.179Originally named Zhao Bocong, then Zhao Yuan (1133), Zhao Wei (1160), Zhao Shen (1162).180Originally named Zhao Yuju.


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12641274 Du Zong (Zhao Qi181) adopted son of Li Zong; son of Fu Wang (Zhao Yurui), brotherof Li Zong

12741276 Gong Zong (Zhao Xian) son of Du Zong; deposed, died 132312761278 Duan Zong (Zhao Shi) son of Du Zong12781279 Wei Wang182(Zhao Bing) son of Du Zong

(to Yuan 1279)

XX. YUAN (MONGOL) (conquered Western Xia, Jin, and Southern Song)At Qaraqorum, Qaanbali/Dadu (Beijing) and Shangdu

12061227 Tai Zu (Temin, inggis Qaan183) son of Yesgi Baatur; Mongol qaan120612271229 (regency of Rui Zong (Tolui), son of Tai Zu; died 1232)12291241 Tai Zong (gdi Qaan) son of Tai Zu12411246 (regency of Naimazhen (Trgn Qatun), widow of Tai Zong; died 1246)12461248 Ding Zong (Gyg Qaan) son of Tai Zong and Naimazhen12481251 (regency of Haimishi (Oul-Qaim), widow of Ding Zong; died 1251)12511259 Xin Zong (Mngk Qaan) son of Rui Zong12601294 Shi Zu (Qubilai, Sn Qaan) son of Rui Zong; huangdiof Yuan 1271

12941307 Cheng Zong (Temr, lit Qaan) son of Yu Zong (inggim184), son of Shi Zu13071311 Wu Zong (Qaian, Klk Qaan) son of Shun Zong (Darmabala), brother of Cheng Zong13111320 Ren Zong (Ayurbarwada, Buyantu Qaan) brother of Wu Zong13201323 Ying Zong (idebala, Ggn Qaan) son of Ren Zong13231328 Taiding Di (Yesn-Temr) son of Xin Zong (Kammala), brother of Cheng Zong

1328 Taishun Di (Ragiba Qaan) son of Taiding Di; deposed, died 132813281329 Wen Zong (Tu-Temr, ayaatu Qaan) son of Wu Zong; abdicated

1329 Ming Zong (Qoila, Qutuqtu Qaan) son of Wu Zong13291332 Wen Zong (Tu-Temr, ayaatu Qaan) restored

1332 Ning Zong (Rinenbal Qaan) son of Ming Zong13321368 Hui Zong185(Toon-Temr, Uqaatu Qaan) son of Ming Zong; expelled, died 1370186

(to Ming 1368)

XXI. MING (replaced Yuan)At Yingtian (Nanjing); Beijing 1403

13681398 Tai Zu [Hong Wu](Zhu Yuanzhang187) son of Zhu Shizhen13981402 Hui Di [Jian Wen](Zhu Yunwen) son of Xing Zong (Zhu Biao), son of Tai Zu14021424 Cheng Zu188[Yong Le](Zhu Di) son of Tai Zu14241425 Ren Zong [Hong Xi](Zhu Gaozhi) son of Cheng Zu14251435 Xuan Zong [Xuan De](Zhu Zhanji) son of Ren Zong

181Originally named Zhao Men

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Rulers of China