Drafting for Architectural Design

8/16/2019 Drafting for Architectural Design

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Chapter1

Introduction

Drawing is considered to be a universal language. Drafting is a technical drawing used by designers

to graphically present ideas and represent objects necessary for a designed environment. A set ofthese drafted illustrations is called a construction document (CD). There are common rules and

standards to ensure that all designers are able to understand what is in the drawing. These design

drawings use a graphic language to communicate each and every piece of information necessary to

convey an idea and ultimately create a design.

Architectural drafting is basically pictorial images of buildings, interiors, details, or other items that

need to be built. These are different from other types of drawings as they are drawn to scale, include

accurate measurements and detailed information, and other information necessary to build a

structure. These documents are graphic representations to communicate how to do the construction,

remodeling, or installation of a design project. These include drawings for floor plans, elevations,

sections, details, ceiling plans, finish schedules, and mechanical information such as electrical,plumbing, air conditioning, and heating plans.

Drawing EquipmentThere are some equipment used by a designer or a drafter to draw an architectural drawing. The

equipment are:

1. Armstrong Scale: Armstrong scale ruler is designed for use in determining actual dimensions ofdistance on scaled drawing. Architectural and construction drawings and blueprints are scaled to

allow for large areas, structures, or items to conveniently fit on paper.

Armstrong Scales are of two types- Architectural Scale and Metric Scale. Architectural Scale showsthe measurement in Inches & feet and Metric Scale shows the measurement in metres & millimetres.

2. T-Square scale: T-Square scale is used to draw straight line on a drawing.


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3. Set Squares: Set Squares are a set of instruments to draw parallel lines.

4. French Curves: French Curves is the equipment which is used to make curves in the drawing.

This equipment is available separately and sometimes available in a set square.

5. Rotring Pen: This pen is used to draft the final drawing onto the pencil sketch. This is a water

proof ink pen which is used to make the presentation drawings. This pen’s nib comes in various sizes

as 0.25mm, 0.50mm, etc.

6. Pencil: For making a drawing, 3 types of pencils are used.

For drafting, generally, hard pencil till 2H is used.

Types of Architectural Scales:

The two-sided version of the architect’s scale has eight separate scales, paired in four groups of two.

There are two scales on each edge. One scale reads left to right. Other reads right to left.

The pair of scales are:

1-inch and ½-inch

¼-inch and 1/8-inch¾-inch and 3/8-inch

1 and ½-inch and 3-inch

Right to Left Left to Right

B (Soft Pencil)

1B-8B

HB H (Hard Pencil)

1H-8H


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Chapter 2

How to read Scales

Reading a Normal ScaleOn a normal scale, an inch portion has 16 lines which are notified as under:

On a normal scale, 1 cm portion has 10 lines which are notified as under:

1 Inch

1/16

1/2

1/8 1/4 5/8 3/4 7/8

3/16

3/8

5/16 7/16 9/16 11/16 13/16 15/16

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16

Specification of inches scale

16 lines = 1 inch

8 lines = ½ inch

2 lines = 1/8 inch

4 lines =1/4 inch

6 lines =3/8 inch

10 lines = 5/8 inch

12 lines = ¾ inch

14 lines = 7/8 inch

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1CM

MM LINE


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Specification of CM scale

10 lines = 1 CM

1 cm = 10 mm (1line = 1 mm)

Every 1 cm = 10 mm

Reading an Armstrong ScaleThere are 8 pairs of scale in an Armstrong Scale which has different number of lines. These scale help

us to convert inches into feet so that a large drawing can be made on a small paper.

The following are the scale specifications:

1.

1” = 1 Foot

24 lines = 1 feet

12 lines = 6 inch

6 lines = 3 inch

2 lines = 1 inch

1 line = 1/2 inch

Example if 2’-6” is to be measured on 1” Scale then:

2.

1/2"= 1 Foot

12 lines = 1 feet

6 lines = 6 inch

3 lines = 3 inch

1 line = 1 inch

9 inch

9 inch3 inch


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Example- if 2’-6” is to be measured on ½” scale then:

3.

1/4"= 1 Foot

8 lines = 1 feet

4 lines = 6 inch

2lines = 3 inch

1 line = 1.5 inch

Example- if 2’-6” is to be measured on ¼” scale then:

4.

1/8”= 1 Foot

4 lines = 1 feet

2 lines = 6 inch

1 line = 3 inch


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Example- if 2’-6” is to be measured on 3/8” scale then:

7.

1-1/2”= 1 Foot

24 lines = 1 feet

12 lines = 6 inch

6 lines = 3 inch

2 lines = 1 inch

1 line = ½ inch

Example- if 2’-6” is to be measured on 1-1/2” scale then:

8.

3”= 1 Foot

48 lines = 1 feet

24lines = 6 inch

12 lines = 3 inch

4 lines = 1 inch

1 line= ¼ inch

Example- if 2’-6” is to be measured on 1-1/2” scale then:


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Chapter 3

Lines, Lettering and Dimensioning

LINES

Lines are the primary method of displaying images on architectural drawings. The lines must accurately andclearly represent the drawing content. There are a variety of line types found on drawings. Each type of line

conveys a meaning in the way it is represented and its placement on the drawing.

There are basically two widths of lines commonly found on architectural drawings, thick and thin. The

purpose of different line widths is to make certain that lines stand out more than others. Thicker lines are

meant to be more dominant than other lines. They may not be any more important, but they are the first

lines that are intended to be seen by the viewer. For example, when you look at a floor plan, the wall lines

and related features should be the main focus at first glance. Other lines, such as dimension lines, are

equally important, but their appearance is subordinate to the lines used to create the plan.

LETTERING Information on drawings that cannot be represented graphically by lines can be presented by lettereddimensions, notes, and titles. It is extremely important that these lettered items be exact, reliable, and

entirely legible in order for the user to have confidence in them and never have any uncertainty as to

their meaning.

Lettering is the term used to describe the traditional handmade letters and numbers on a drawing.

Single-Stroke Lettering

The standard lettering that has been used for generations by drafters is called single-stroke letters.

The term single stroke comes from the fact that each letter is created by single straight or curved lineelements that make it easy to draw and clear to read.

Lettering should be dark, crisp, and sharp so it provides excellent reproduction quality. The

composition of letters in words and the space between words in sentences should be such that theindividual letters are uniformly spaced, with approximately equal background areas.

DIMENSIONING

There are several ways of dimensioning in a drawing as shown in figure:


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Chapter 4

Introduction to Perspective Drawing

Perspective drawing have long been recognized, by designers and laymen alike, as among the most

important of technical drawings. It is often difficult to appreciate points of design or the actualappearance of a building or object from plan and elevations. A correctly constructed perspective

presents as nearly as possible the actual appearance in terms of line on a two-dimensional surface.

Thus it is very important in the work of artists, architects, engineers, industrial designers, interior

designers and landscape specialists, making it possible to view the design as a finished product before

committing it to manufacture.

‘Perspective’ – an optical effects which makes things close to us appear larger than the same objects

viewed at some distance. It is the effect which gives a sense of distance and solidity to a view of a

building or object. One of the best example is railway lines, which seem to converge as they recede.

This effect is also obvious when people seen at a distance appear smaller than those seen close athand. More or finer details can be seen on the object seen close to than on the same object viewed

from a distance.

To draw a perspective drawing, some projections are need to be drawn first like Orthographic and

Metric Projections.

Orthographic ProjectionOrthographic projection is the method of drawing three-dimensional objects in two-dimensions by

means of related views called pans, elevations and sections. This simply means a parallel or

perpendicular projection. Most building, furniture and fitting designs are prepared in this way.


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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION DRAWINGS FOR INTERIOR ENVIRONMENTS

The special orthographic projection drawings used in description of interior environments are based

on the concepts mentioned to this point. These drawings impart information particular to interior

construction.

Floor Plans

A FLOOR PLAN is a view as though looking straight down at a room or building after a horizontal cut

has been made through the structure. As stated previously, a floor plan can also be called a

HORIZONTAL BUILDING SECTION because the drawing is created by cutting through the building

horizontally at roughly four to five feet above floor level and removing the top half. With the building

cut open and viewed from above, important information such as wall, door, and window locations

can be drawn to scale. Additional design elements such as fixtures and furniture can be drawn in

appropriate locations to scale in a floor plan.

Larger-scale floor plans are useful for presentation of complex or highly detailed spaces. Smaller-scale floor plans are required for large projects and are also used as key plans in complex

presentations. In drawing floor plans it is important to convey significant spatial relationships with

consistent graphic conventions. Various line weights are used to convey depths and qualities of form.

In standard floor plans the boldest line weight is used to outline those elements that have been cut

through and are closest to the viewer (such as full-height wall lines). An intermediate line weight is

employed to outline objects that lie below the plane of the cut but above the floor plane, such as

fixtures, built-ins, and furnishings. A finer line weight is used to outline surface treatment of floors

and other horizontal planes, such as tile and wood grain. Objects that are hidden, such as shelves, or

above the plane of the cut are dashed or ghosted in; this must be done in a manner that is consistent

throughout the presentation. Standard doors are generally drawn open at 90 degrees to the wall andare often shown with the arc of their swing. The door frame and the space it requires must be

considered in the drawing of the door system (this means the dimensions of the frame must be


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considered). Window sills are typically outlined, often with a lighter line weight at the sill only.

Window frames and sheets of glass are shown in various detail as scale allows. Stairs are generally

shown as broken off past the height of the plane of the cut; this is signified with a special cutline. An

arrow should be included to indicate the direction of the stairs from the level of the floor plan, with

the word UP or DOWN (DN.) adjacent to the directional arrow. A title, a North arrow, and some type

of scale notation should be included on all floor plans. Scale notation can be stated numerically, for

example: 1⁄4" = 1'0". Current practice often requires the use of a graphic scaling device, which allowsfor reduction, enlargement, and electronic transmission of the drawings. Symbols relating the floor

plan to additional orthographic views or details are often drawn on the floor plan and serve as cross-

references. Successful floor plan presentation drawings require a thorough understanding of drafting

conventions. Presentation floor plans may be drawn fastidiously with tools or drawn freehand.

Regardless of the style of drawing, presentation floor plans must be accurate and drawn to the

appropriate scale so that they communicate the design and can be used by the designer as the project

moves forward. Presentation floor plans are enhanced by the use of tone, value, colour, and/or other

graphic devices.

Interior Elevations

Just as exterior elevations are created to reveal exterior elements and features, interior elevations

reveal the interior features of a building. One way to understand the creation of interior elevations

is to imagine ourselves inside the room we are drawing. Imagine standing inside a room facing one

wall directly, with a large sheet of glass (the picture plane) inserted between the viewer and the wall.

The interior elevation can then be created by outlining (projecting onto the picture plane) the

significant features of the wall. Each wall of the room can be drawn in elevation by means of

projecting what is visible as the viewer faces that wall directly.

Interior elevations are used extensively in professional practice. Successful elevations must clearly

depict all interior architectural elements in a consistent scale. Interior elevations are typically drawnin a scale ranging from 1⁄4" = 1'0" to 1" = 1'0" . Elevations drawn to depict accessories, equipment,

cabinetry, fixtures, and design details are often drawn at3⁄8" = 1'0" or 1⁄2" = 1'0". Millwork and other

highly complicated elevations are often drawn at 1⁄2" = 1'0" or larger.

All elevations require the use of differing line weights to clearly communicate spatial relationships.

Typically, any portion of walls cut through and those closest to the viewer are drawn using a bold line

weight. Receding elements become progressively lighter in line weight as they move farther from the

picture plane. Some designers draw the line representing the ground line as the boldest, with those

lines representing the top and sides of the wall drawn just slightly lighter in weight.

Interior elevations can be difficult for beginning students to master. However, they deserve full

attention because accurate elevations are necessary to successfully communicate key elements of adesign. Like floor plans, elevations used for design presentations vary greatly from those used for

construction. Elevations used for construction drawings must necessarily contain significant

dimensions as well as appropriate technical information. Those used for presentations can be drawn

more freely and often contain less technical information but must be drawn accurately and in

consistent scale. For elevations to work well in visual presentations, they must be clearly keyed,

noted, or referenced to the floor plan. Regardless of the referencing method used, titles must be

included beneath all elevations and scale should be noted. Drawing interior elevations by hand or

digitally requires a clear understanding of the concepts involved.

A building section is a view created as though a vertical plane has cut through the building and been

removed. Unlike interior elevations, which depict only what occurs inside the interior, sections can

expose the structure of the building. In drawing sections, it is important to include the outline of the

structural elements as well as the internal configuration of the interior space. Sections require varied


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line weights as a means of describing depths and spatial relationships. It is typical to show what is cut

through, and therefore closest to the viewer, in the boldest line weight; receding features and details

are drawn using progressively lighter line weights. It is important to consider carefully the most useful

location (or locations) of the building to show in section. The section should be cut through the

building as a single continuous plane. Sections should expose and convey important interior

relationships and details such as doors, windows, changes in floor level, ceiling heights, and, in some

cases, finish material locations.

Design and presentation sections differ greatly from construction sections. Construction

sections require technical information to communicate information about building systems. In

contrast, design sections and presentation sections focus on form, finish materials, and definition of

interior space. For sections to work well in visual presentations, they must be clearly keyed, noted,

or referenced to the appropriate floor plan. Generally, sections are referenced to the floor plan with

use of a symbol that denotes the locations of the vertical cut.

Reflected Ceiling Plans

REFLECTED CEILING PLANS are often used in conjunction with floor plans, elevations, and sections to

communicate interior design. Reflected ceiling plans communicate important information about the

design of the ceiling, such as materials, layout and locations of fixtures, and ceiling heights. A

reflected ceiling plan is drawn as though a giant mirror were on the floor reflecting the elements

located on the ceiling. The use of reflective imagery allows for the ceiling plan to have exactly the

same orientation as the floor plan. There is often a distinction between ceiling plans used for

presentation and those used for construction. Typically, ceilings plans created for construction are

highly technical and include a great deal of information. Reflected ceiling plans used in design

presentations can be simplified. Most often reflected ceiling plans used in presentations include

simplified lighting information, ceiling heights, and finish materials, whereas precisely measured,

complex technical lighting plans are required for construction. Together, floor plans, elevations,

sections, and ceiling plans communicate information about the quality of an interior environment.

Because these drawings are abstracted, fragmented versions of three-dimensional form, they

depend on one another to communicate effectively. Additional types of orthographic drawing are

used to communicate the features of buildings and building sites. Site plans, foundation plans,

demolition plans, roof plans, framing plans, exterior elevations, wall sections, and design details are

also used in the design of buildings. Designers of interior space must be knowledgeable about the

nature of these drawings, how they are created, and how they relate to the interior architecture of

a building.

Metric ProjectionsMetric projections are methods of drawing buildings or objects so as to give a three dimensional

appearance yet in such a way as to allow length, breadth and height to be measured. They are set up

from orthographic projections and can be drawn to any scale required. The most-used projections

are: isometric, axonometric and oblique.

-Isometric Projections: It is particularly suitable for mechanical assembly drawings, complicatedmachine parts and cutaway views of objects because it gives a realistic effect. The drawing is made

with a T-square and a 30o set square. The base lines of the object are drawn at 30o to the horizontal.

Length, breadth and height are drawn to actual scale in forming the three-dimensional view of theobject.


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-Axonometric Projections: It has the advantage of containing a true plan of the object and istherefore more easily set up from existing drawings. It is particularly suitable for showing

diagrammatic interiors of buildings. Axonometric projections can be made at any angle to the

horizontal, but for convenience they are usually drawn at either 45o/45o or 30o/60o.

-Oblique Projections: In this the plan is distorted. There are two variations of the method: (i) the

oblique lines are drawn at 45o

to the horizontal, and the distances along them are measured at halfthe scale of that used for the horizontal and vertical lines; (ii) the oblique lines are drawn at 30 o to


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The eye-level, which coincides with the horizon line in the perspective projection, is a horizontal line

drawn at a convenient point above or below the plan of the picture plane.

Ground line (GL)

The ground line in perspective projection is the line of the ground in relation to the eye-level. Under

normal circumstances this is considered to be 5ft below the eye-level r the horizon line. This point,

when joined to the vanishing point and projected through to the drawing, forms the general ground

line of the object in perspective.

Vanishing points (VP)

Vanishing points are points located on the picture plane and the horizon line to which the lines of the

perspective projection of the object will converge. All lines of plan in one direction will converge in

the perspective to the vanishing point in the same direction. The number of vanishing points in a

perspective projection varies from one to two in a ‘two-point perspective’ of a simple rectangular

object. The vanishing point are found by drawing lines from the station point parallel to the sides of

the simple rectangular object to meet the picture plane in plan. The point where they meet is the

vanishing point. The angle between the two lines from the station point must always be a right angle.

Worm’s Eye View

Worm’s eye view is nothing but it is the view of a worm’s eye that is when a worm crawls onto the

floor, it can only see the things from down below, just as worms eye view is used to see the floor

space used. We can see the legs of the furniture on the floor that how much pace they are taking. It

is the most detailed view to see the detailing of the furniture.

Aerial or Birds Eye View

Aerial view or Bird’s Eye View is nothing but a view when it is seen from the top. Just like a Google

map, how the space looks when it is seen from top. It helps to see the building from top how it is

looking-its shape, patterns and the colour combinations used.


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Chapter 5

Presentation Techniques

For making a drawing look presentable, it should be self-explanatory so that a person watching the

drawing should understand what it has to show. To make a plan presentable, it should have certainthings in it like:

i. Proper dimensioning

ii. Material Symbols

iii. Architectural Graphic Symbols

iv. Drawing Symbols for Cross Reference

Material Symbols

Material symbols represent the construction materials cut in sections. Below is a list of material

symbols used on architectural drawing.

RenderingIn the world of architecture and design the term RENDERING is used to describe the visual

enhancement of drawings through the use of value and/or colour. Rendering visually enhances

drawings, making them more easily understood and allowing for greater visual communication indesign presentations. Rendering is often done to convey depth and to allow a two-dimensional

drawing surface to appear more three-dimensional, thus revealing the material qualities of forms.

The most important thing to understand about rendering is that, regardless of style, it introduces

qualities of illumination to a drawing. This means that good rendering introduces light into a drawing,

making it appear more natural and creating the illusion of three dimensions.

For rendering any perspective or drawing in black and white we generally use different methods to

make it look realistic.

They are:

1. Stippling2. Hatching

3. Cross-Hatching


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The concentration of each increases where there is more darkness and decreases where there is

more light. Following are the example showing rendering using the same:

1. Brick Work

2. Stone Work

Stippling

Stippling Hatching Cross-Hatching

HatchingCross-Hatching Lines

Lines


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3.

Marble 4. Plaster

5. Tiles 6. Timber

Stippling Hatching Stippling

Stippling Stippling Stippling

Stippling Lines Hatching


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Chapter 6

Assignments

Assignments to be made by lines. These assignments will make you learn how to draw free hand

lines.

Horizontal Lines Vertical Lines

Diagonal Lines Criss-Cross Lines

Radiating Lines Cross Hatching Lines


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Circles

Plan and Elevations of a lock

Square inscribed in circle 3D drawing

3D drawing of a lock

Circles


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Angular Lines

Straight Lines


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Straight Lines

Straight Lines


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Straight Lines

Straight Lines


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Curved Lines

Curved Lines


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Circular Lines


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Circular Lines


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Chapter 7

Drawing Coding and Layout

Drawing Coding

Coding of drawing is a simple numbering system that helps to sort out drawing. The coordinated

building communication (CBC) uses coding of letters and number internationally for easy reference.

A = Assembling drawing

24 = element code (stairs)

2 = sheet number

Drawing Layout

Layout of drawings involves the proper arrangement of the title block and margins either horizontally

or vertically. Folding of drawing ensures title block is on the face.

CBC

A (24)22


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THE TITLE BLOCK

THE TITLE BLOCK TYPICALLY INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING ITEMS:

(THIS MAY VARY DEPENDING UPON THE PROJECT REQUIREMENTS)

Name of the design firm doing the job. This should be in a larger, bolder

text and include a logo if possible and address, telephone, web address,

e-mail, etc.

Name of the major design consultants. List civil, structural, mechanical,

electrical engineers and other consultants. Include contact information.

Space for professional stamp or seal. Depending upon the type and scope

of the project, this may be required.

Revisions. Leave space for at least six entries, a name and date.

Key plan. A small scale plan of the building footprint with the part of the

building identified that relates to the drawings on the sheet. This is not

always necessary on smaller projects

Name of the project. List the project title, location information and

client/owner name if applicable.Client approval. Client signature indicates approval of the document, as

they are currently presented

Project or job number, date and credits (designer/firm’s name). Some

projects are divided into phases with an individual job number for each

phase. Typically this is done when a project is developed over a long span

of time or if it is complex.

Sheet title. The page title is usually short and specifically states the

drawing(s) on that page (e.g. floor plan or details, etc.). Below title, state

the scale of the drawing.

Sheet number. There is usually a letter and a number, (e.g. T1 for titlepage, A1 for architectural drawings, or E1 for electrical). Most of the drawings you will do are

architectural and should be numbered consecutively A1, A2.

Architectural Working Drawing

Architectural working drawing is divided into seven types namely (1) Site plan (2) Floor plan (3) Roof

plan (4) Section (5) Elevation (6) Details and (7) Schedule.

Site Plan: - Site plan is the drawing that shows the relationship between the proposed buildingand its natural or artificial settings. Architects do understand the optimal building site location by

carrying out a site inventory and resource analysis of soil, vegetation services, climate, topography

aesthetics, land use as well as obstructions on the site.

Floor Plans: - A floor plan is an aerial plan view that is horizontally cut approximately 4 feet above

the floor. It is considered the most important architectural drawing that presents significant amount

of information on the design and construction. It includes wall, door, window, stair, appliance,

equipment, cabinetry, and built-in interior elements. A floor plan is drawn to a scale with different line

weights and line types to deliver different levels of information clearly. For instance, dotted/hiddenlines are used to indicate the items that are located above the cutting line such as upper cabinets,

upper part of stairway, openings, soffits, or other important upper part of the wall or ceiling features.

DEZYNE E’COLE COLLEGE

AJMER

Design Consultants:Student Name

Address

Professional Stamp/Seal

NAME: DateNAME: DateNAME: DateNAME: DateNAME: DateNAME: DateRevisions

Plan Key

RESIDENTIAL DESIGN

Client Approval/Date

PROJECT 5NOVEMBER 7, 2004

FIRST FLOOR PLANSCALE: 1/4"=1'-0"

SHEET NUMBER A1


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20. Any built-in interior features.

21. Dimensions.

22. Notation

23. Title and scale of the plan under plan view.

Notations

1. Indicate floor level changes.

2. Indicate ceiling height (for small projects or on the reflected ceiling plan for larger projects)3. Draw cross-reference symbols such as section, elevation, or detail symbols.

4. Label room names.

5. Label major elements including fireplace, furniture, and shelves.

6. Call out appliances including refrigerator, dishwasher, clothes washer, dryer, and other similar

items.

7. Call out small items such as medicine cabinets, grab bars, towel dispensers, mirrors, etc.

Dimension

-Hierarchical dimension placement

Dimension lines are placed hierarchically in 2 to 3 levels of overall dimension; wall dimension; and

opening dimension. Overall dimensions are outermost dimension lines, and measure from outside

edge to outside edge. Wall dimensions are the next dimension lines towards the plan, showing

exterior wall or interior partition locations.

The closest dimension lines to the plan,

opening dimensions, indicate window, door,

and other opening locations. These three

hierarchical dimension lines are placed 1/2"from each other. The innermost dimension,

the opening dimension, are 1” to 1-1/2”

away from the plan, never touching it.

-Dimension technique

The text of the dimension is always written on the top or left of the dimension line. Extension lines

are used to bring the dimension line a distance from the object so it is easily read and not confused

as part of the object. The extension line starts about 1/16” from the edge of the object, never

touching it. And it extends about 1/8” past the dimension line. At the intersection of the extension

line and the dimension line is a “tick.” The tick mark on a dimension line is an important detail andcrosses at a 45 degree angle at the intersection of the dimension and extension lines. It is typically

1/8” long, however this may vary with the size and scale of a drawing.

Use your best judgment, but typically a tick mark is the length of the overlap of the dimension and


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extension lines (for example if you overlap the lines by 1/8” then the tick mark will be 1/8” in length).

The height of dimension text is typically between 3/16" to 1/8", but not below 3/32” when printed.

This assures its readability. Dimension text doesn’t touch the line.

-Dimensioning angled objects

The location and angle of walls need to be shown with proper dimensioning techniques. To anchor

the angled walls as a unique location, they should be measured along both an x and a y axis as in a

grid.

This way allows construction people to lay out angled walls easily. Perpendicular dimensions to the

angled walls may be added to give better dimension information.

-Dimensioning curved objects

The important point in dimensioning a curve is that the builder must be able to replicate the curve

from a drawing to the site. To do this, three components should be included: actual curvature,


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location of center point of the curve, and extent of the curve. The actual curvature is denoted as

radius of the curve, which emanates from the center point for the curve. The center point of the

curve should be also dimensioned by locating it along x and y axis to anchor the point. The extent of

the curve which may be only part of a full circle or half circle should be measured by giving location

information on the each end of the curve related to other objects on the drawing.

-Dimensioning wood/light-weight gauge steel frame buildings

1. For opening dimension, dimension window/exterior door opening/interior partition locations from

the outside face of studs to the center of the openings/ interior partitions.

2. For exterior wall dimension, dimension each wall location from the outside of stud face to the

outside of stud face.

3. For interior wall dimension, dimension each wall location from the outside of stud face to the

center of the wall, and from the center of the wall to the center of another interior wall.

4. For overall dimension, dimension overall wall locations from the outside of stud face to outside ofstud face.

5. Dimension interior walls to structural elements including columns or existing walls.

6. Give angle or radius/diameter where necessary.

7. Dimension built-in furniture/cabinetry.

8. Dimension stairways.

Roof Plan: - Roof plan is the top view of the building showing the overall arrangement of roofsystem.


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Elevation : - An interior elevation is a vertically projectedsurface inside a building. It provides complimentary information

of vertical elements that a plan view cannot describe such as

heights of interior elements; vertical materials; and other

important vertical information that cannot be shown in other

drawings. It is a vertical surface or plane seen perpendicular to the

viewer’s picture plane. Separate elevation drawings are requiredfor all different walls since elevations drawn looking perpendicular

to one side of the building will distort inclined walls of the other

side of the building, when a floor plan or object has an irregular

shape. If an entire building elevation is needed for an irregularly

shaped building or object, a distortion on an elevation drawing is necessary. Typical interior

elevations show vertical locations of doors, windows, and other openings; profiles of objects;

connection to the floor, ceiling, and adjacent objects; material information; and vertical dimensions.

Decorative elements may be added on interior elevation drawings to indicate important interior

design features or to deliver the character of the space, based on the designer’s judgment. Adding

people can be an effective way to make the space more realistic and to give a relative sense for

heights of objects in the space.

Figure. Drawing an elevation drawing for a

building in an irregular shape will distort the view.

Figure. Separate elevation drawings are required

for different angled walls to show a perpendicular

view to the walls.

Figure. Distortion is necessary when an entire building elevation is needed for a building in an irregular

shape.


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Check list for interior elevation drawings. Please use these as a guide where applicable.

1. Border and title block

2. Title and scale of the drawing in the title block

3. Drawing number in the title block4. All doors, windows, and frames with proper elevation symbols.

5. All vertical components of the space for all items shown on the plan view including appliances,

equipment, and artworks.

6. Door/window/cabinet door opening devices such as door knobs.

7. Angled dash lines near the midpoints of the door/window/cabinetry to indicate the hinge

location and door swing.

9. Dimensions.

8. Notations.

10. Title and scale of the elevation under the plan view.

Notation

1. Draw cross-reference symbols such as section or detail symbols.



4. Call out appliances and equipment including refrigerator, dishwasher, clothes washer, dryer,

microwave oven, and other similar items.

Figure. Adding people on interior elevation drawings gives a relative sense of object heights

Figure. A typical interior elevation with material representation


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5. Call out small items such as medicine cabinet, grab bars, towel dispensers, mirrors, base board,

molding, and chair rail.

6. Show proper symbolic representation for each material.

7. Call out finish materials.

Dimension

A. Interior Elevation

1. Dimension heights of vertical elements including cabinetry, countertop, soffit, molding, wall

panel, railing, grab bar, etc.

2. Dimension heights of doors, windows, and wall openings from the finished floor lines to the tops

of these objects.

3. Dimension from finished floor lines to finished ceiling lines.

4. Remember that interior elevations are mainly intended to show vertical heights of wall and other

components related to them including doors, windows, millwork, and other important elements.

Horizontal dimensions on interior elevations are to show additional information on spaces and

elements that are not shown on the floor plan.

B. Exterior Elevation

Label the important levels including the bottom of the footing, grade, finished floor line, finished

ceiling line, and roof line with the elevation datum symbol. There are two methods to label these

vertical dimensions in exterior elevation drawings. One is using a vertical dimension line with

horizontal lines that extend out from features lettered parallel to it. Each extension indicates what

the feature is with a note on it such as top plate, finished floor, etc. The other is giving the elevation

height of each feature from the elevation established for the finished grade of the soil around the

building. In this case, elevation datum symbol is associated with each extension line to indicate each

elevation height. Vertical distances in exterior elevations typically start above the elevation of the

bottom of the footing.

Figure. A typical interior elevation drawing with material representation

Figure. Section and detail symbols shown on an elevation drawing


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Section: - A section drawing is a vertical- cut through of a space or object. Typical section drawings

can be drawn of an entire building, individual interior space, or object such as built-in cabinet.

Sections of spaces in interior drawings are sometimes confused

with interior elevations and details.

Section drawings for spaces may illustrate similar items as

elevation drawings. But section drawings are different from

elevation drawings in that they are primarily intended to showthe construction of the wall, floor, ceiling, or the object being cut

through. Sections aim to show relationships of how different

parts are constructed together in a space rather than the items

attached to walls. So, a section drawing also presents the

construction elements that create the boundaries of spaces,

while as an elevation drawing focuses on the characteristics of the surfaces of the boundaries

represented as single lines on the drawing. When a cut-through line is very close to the objects, not

inside the objects, it usually gets to illustrate vertical shapes as shown on elevation drawings, causing

confusion between a section and elevation.

Figure. Dimensioning Exterior Elevation 1 Figure. Dimensioning Exterior Elevation 2

Figure. A section of an entire building. It illustrates the relationship between the

entrance, stars, and upper loft of the building.


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When sections are cut through small portions of a space or object, they are often referred to as

section details or details.

However, a section drawing is different from these drawings in that a section drawing typically refers

to a drawing that cuts through a single space, many spaces on a single floor, or an entire building.

Detail drawings are not always drawn in section and may include an enlarged drawing of the floor

plan or elevation.

Check list for section drawings. Please use these as a guide where applicable.

1. Border and title block

2. Title and scale of the drawing in the title block

3. Drawing number in the title block

4. For a building section, show construction details of floors, wall, and ceiling/roof.

5. For a section of an interior space, it may be similar to a combination of a building section and an

interior elevation. Emphasize on rather the interior aspects of the construction details such as

cabinetwork, wall panels, dropped soffits, or suspended ceilings rather than structural details.6. Show items drawn on the floor plan including furniture, cabinetry, appliances, equipment, etc.

5. Notations.

6. Dimensions, usually only vertical dimensions.

7. Title and scale of the elevation under the plan view.

Notation

1. Draw cross-reference symbols such detail symbols.



3. Call out appliances and equipment including refrigerator, dishwasher, clothes washer, dryer,

microwave oven, plumbing fixtures, and other similar items.

4. Call out small items such as medicine cabinet, grab bars, towel dispensers, mirrors, base boards,

moldings, chair rails, etc.

5. Show proper symbolic representation for each material.6. Call out finish materials.

7. Specify substitute construction materials.

Fi ure. A section of a built-in cabinet


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Dimension

1. Dimension important levels such as footing, grade, finished floor lines, finished ceiling lines, top

plate, or ridge of the roof in the outside of the section.

2. Dimension heights of vertical elements of doors, windows, and wall openings either in the outside

or inside of the section.

3. Dimension any built-in features or any elements that need to show construction details.4. Dimension clearances, and alignment.

5. As on interior elevations, sections are primarily concerned with vertical heights, too. Indicate

horizontal dimensions only for things that are not informed on the floor plan.

Detail: -Interior detail drawings illustrate small portions of a space or object at a large scale. Theyare intended to accurately show materials and finish application. Detail drawings are not always

drawn in section and may include an enlarged drawing of the floor plan or elevation. Section details

provide information on the location and construction of different parts, the relationships of these

parts to the surroundings, and the juncture of materials. Details are referenced from plan, elevation,

and section drawings.

Schedules: -Interior design drawings contain huge amounts of information that is needed for other

people involved in the project such as consultants, contractors, and builders. But all the information

needed is hard to be illustrated effectively on the actual drawings. Some information is best

communicated in the form of specifications, and other information in schedules.

A schedule refers to a tabular form with rows and columns of data to effectively organize information.

Schedules deliver deeper information than can be shown on the actual drawings, but not as deepinformation as in specifications. Schedules must be clear and easy to read. Although the format of

schedules may vary among design firms, typical schedules are drawn in grid lines spaced either 3/16

or 1/4 inch apart, but no less than 3/16 inch for readability. The height of lettering is either 3/32 or

1/8 inch.

Common types of interior schedules include finish schedule, door schedule, window schedule, and

FF+E schedule.

Door Schedule

Doors are identified by a number of other designations shown on the floor plan. These are referenced

Figure. Detail drawing with an enlarged plan drawing part of the ceiling


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to a door schedule that contains more detailed information

about each door. Door schedules consist of two parts. The first

part is in a tabular form, and the second part is a graphic

representation of each type of door. In a residential or small

project, doors are marked with each numbers defined by room

numbers. For instance, a door marked with number 1 means the

door type 1. Door schedules for residential or small projects orrelatively contain less information than big projects or

commercial projects. A typical residential door schedule in a

table contains the mark, number (quantity), size (nominal size),

and type of door, material, and remarks. It is commonly followed by a graphic representation of door

types such as door elevations. Door elevations in a graphic representation form are drawn at a

1/4"=1’-0” scale

More complicated door schedules may contain the mark, number (quantity), door opening size

(nominal), door type, door material, frame material, frame finish, and remarks.

Figure. A typical graphic representation of door schedule below the table

Figure. Door marks on floor plan

Figure. . A typical door schedule for a small or residential project.

Figure. Another type of door schedule for a small or residential project.


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In a commercial or big project, door numbers are defined by the room numbers. Typically the door

numbers are the same as the room number, or marked with an additional number or letter for a

more complicated project. For instance, 100-1 or 100-A can be used for the first door in a room with

the room number 100, 100-2 or 100-B for the second door, and so forth. More detailed information

is necessary including door number, door type number, and door opening size, door type, door

material, door finish, frame type, frame material, frame finish, frame hardware, frame fire rating, and

remarks.

Besides a table and a graphic representation of the door type, a commercial door schedule also

contains notations for general notes, each door type, door finish, frame type, frame finish, hardware,

or detail drawings for different types of doors or frame constructions. An abbreviation key should be

provided when abbreviations are used such as WD (wood), ST (Stain), or MT’L (Metal) in do or

schedules.

Window Schedule

Window schedules are similar to door schedules in terms of organization and lay out. As doors,

windows are identified by a number of other designation shown on the floor plan. These are

referenced to a window schedule that contains more detailed

information about each window. Window schedules also consist of

two parts. The first part is in a tabular form, and the second part is

a graphic representation of each type of window. A graphic

representation of window types is typically window elevations

drawn at a 1/4"-1’-0” scale. Windows are marked with each

alphabetical letter for the type of windows on the floor plan. For

instance, a window marked with letter A means the window type

A.

A typical door schedule table for a residential project has a briefer form than a commercial project,

because residential windows are very standard and the information for installation may not be

necessary. The items in a typical window schedule for a small or residential project include the mark,

number (quantity), unit size, rough opening size, type of window, material, finish, glazing (type of

glass) and remarks.

Figure. A commercial door schedule

Figure. Window marks on floor


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Window schedules in a commercial project are more complicated than a residential project due to

various types and materials of windows. The items include the mark, number (quantity),

manufacturer & style, model number, size of window, rough opening, window type, material, finish,

glazing (type of glass) and remarks.

Figure. A typical interior finish schedule for a residential project

Interior Finish Schedule: - An interior finish schedule provides information on the finish materials to

be applied to each wall, ceiling, floor surface, and base in a tabular form. Interior finish schedules

typically include a tabular form. In a big commercial project, the second part may be added, which is

the legend or materials key, if separate finish plans are not provided. Residential finish schedules are

briefer than commercial finish schedules since residential finishes are more likely to be common.

Commercial projects usually use a much wider range of interior finish materials and need a more

complex interior finish schedule.

The items in a typical interior finish schedule for a small or residential project include room name,

floor material, base material, wall material, ceiling material, ceiling height, and remark. More sub-

items can be added to each surface item when different materials are applied to one of the surfaces.

For instance, the wall item may include sub items such as north wall, east wall, south wall, or north

wall, when different wall finishes are applied to different walls.

Figure. A typical window schedule for a commercial project including a table and window


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The items for a commercial project include mark (room number), room name, floor material, base

material, wall material, ceiling material, ceiling height, and remarks. Each surface item lists all the

specific finishes that are planned to be applied in the project. Among these materials, the material

that will be used in a specific room is checked. For instance, the floor item may include materials such

as carpet1, carpet2, vinyl tile1, and vinyl tile 2 for the project, and the carpet1 may be marked as a

floor material for the Room 101.

Furnishing, Furniture, and Equipment (FF+E) Schedule: - Specifying, ordering, and placing FF+E is an

integral part of interior designer’s job. To inform installation which FF+E will be placed where

correctly, a separate drawing called the FF+E plan or FF+E installation plan may be created. In a small

project, furniture selection may be noted in each place where furniture is shown on the FF+E

furniture plan. But in a large commercial project, an organized schedule is necessary to show FF+E

information in a clear way. Each furniture is identified by the keys shown on the furniture plan, which

are referenced to the furniture schedule. A typical FF+E schedule contains information of mark,

number (quantity), manufacturer and catalog number, description, fabric, finish, and remarks. The

marks are in the form of codes that indicate generic types of furniture. For instance, C means chair,

and T means table. In a more complicated project, the code may be a combination of letters and

numbers to provide more detailed information such as T07/101. In this case, T indicates table, 07

refers to the 7th type of table for the project, and 101 after the slash means the room number where

this table will be located.

Figure. A typical window schedule for a residential project

Figure. A typical interior finish schedule for a commercial project

Figure. A typical FF+E schedule


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Documents

Drafting for Architectural Design