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Dr. Michael P. Gillespie
The adult human skeleton consists of 206 named bones.
Infants have more bones because not all bones have fused.
Axial skeleton – 80 bonesLongitudinal axis (center of the body)Bones arranged along the axis: skull bones,
auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, breastbone, and backbone
Appendicular skeleton – 126 bonesUpper and lower limbs (extremities), girdles
(connect limbs to axial skeleton)
SkullCranium 8Face 14
Hyoid 1Auditory Ossicles 6Vertebral Column 26Thorax
Sternum 1Ribs 24
Total 80
Pectoral (Shoulder) girdlesClavicle 2Scapula 2
Upper limbs (extremities)Humerus 2Ulna 2Radius 2Carpals 16Metacarpals 10Phalanges 28
Pelvic (hip) girdleHip, pelvic, or coxal bones 2
Lower limbs (extremities)Femur 2Fibula 2Tibia 2Patella 2Tarsals 14Metatarsals 10Phalanges 28
Total 126
Long BonesShort BonesFlat BonesIrregular BonesSesamoid BonesSutural
Depressions and OpeningsSites allowing the passage of soft tissue
(nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, tendons) or formation of joints.
ProcessesProjections or outgrowths on bone that form
joints or attachment points for connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons).
Fissure – narrow slitForamen – opening (hole)Fossa – shallow depression (trench)Sulcus – furrow (groove)Meatus – tubelike opening (passageway)
Processes that form jointsCondyle – Large, round protuberance at the
end of a bone (knuckle)Facet – smooth, flat articular surfaceHead – rounded articular projection supported
on the neck of a bone
Processes that form attachment pointsCrest – prominent ridge or elongated
projectionEpicondyle – projection above a condyleLine – long narrow ridge or borderSpinous process – sharp, slender projectionTrochanter – very large projectionTubercle – small, rounded projectionTuberosity – large, rounded projection
Carotid Hypoglossal Infraorbital Jugular Lacerum Magnum Mandibular
MastoidMentalOlfactoryOpticOvaleRotundumStylomastoidSupraorbital
Membrane-filles spaces between the cranial bones
“soft spots”Allow the skull to change shape as it passes
through the birth canal
Anterior fontanelBetween the parietal bones and the frontal
bonePosterior fontanel
Between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
Anterolateral fontanelsBetween the frontal, parietal, temporal, and
sphenoid bonesPosterolateral fontanels
Between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones
Kyphosis – exaggeration of the thoracic curve
Lordosis – an exaggeration of the lumbar curve or cervical curve
Lumbar spine stenosis – narrowing of the spinal canal
Scoliosis – lateral bending of the vertebral column
