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Bones - Skeleton. Early Life. During development of the embryo, the human skeleton is made up of cartilage and fibrous membranes, but most of these early supports are soon replaced by bone. Think about the body position in utero during development, and the first few years of child’s life. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Bones - Skeleton
Early Life
• During development of the embryo, the human skeleton is made up of cartilage and fibrous membranes, but most of these early supports are soon replaced by bone.
• Think about the body position in utero during development, and the first few years of child’s life.
• Most bones stop growing during adolescence.
• Some facial bones, especially those of the nose and lower jaw, continue to grow almost to no end throughout life.
(example of change of facial structure in elderly)
Skeleton
• divided into the axial and appendicular• Together comprise 206 bones in the human
body
axial skeleton
• These bones form the vertical axis of the body. They function in protection and support of the body and body parts.
• skull bones• vertebral column• rib cage
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
• These bones comprise the upper and lower limbs of the body, and the bones that connect limbs to the axial skeleton. They function in movement.
• clavicles• pelvis• Arms and hands• Legs and feet
Appendicular Skeleton
Function of Bones
• -Protection of vital organs• -Support & maintenance of posture• -Providing attachment points for muscles• -Storage & release of minerals (calcium &
phosphorus)• -Blood cell production (haemopoiesis)• -Storage of energy (lipids in yellow bone
marrow)
bone classifications (types)
Long bones: longer than they are wide; have a shaft with 2 ends. Movement bones: including femur, metatarsals & clavicleShort bones: small & cube-shaped. Include carpals & tarsalsFlat bones: thin, flat and often curved. Including the sternum, scapula, ribs and skull bonesIrregular bones: have specialized & complicated shapes, including sacrum, coccyx & vertebrae
Bone classifications
Bone Textures
• Bones are made up of 2 layers that differ in texture and function:
• - Compact bone: external layer of the bone that is very dense, filled with passageways for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
• - Cancellous bone: internal layer of the bone that looks spongy; has an irregular latticework structure.
Long Bone: structure
• Long bones are mainly comprised of a shaft, 2 ends and membranes.
Diaphysis: the shaft; constructed of compact bone and envelopes a marrow cavity. In adults, this cavity stores yellow marrow (fat)
Epiphyses: the bone ends of a long bone; constructed of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally. Blood cell production occurs here
Con’t
• Articular Cartilage: thin layer of cartilage covering the ends of the bone where joints are formed. They reduce friction & absorb shock
• - Periosteum; thin shiny white membrane; important for bone growth, repair, nutrition and attachment of ligaments/tendons.
• - Medullary Cavity: space within the diaphysis where yellow bone marrow is stored.
• -Nutrient Foramen: where blood vessels pass into the bone.
Diagram of Long Bone
Vertebral column
• 33 Vertebrae in the body• Strong and flexible• Cervical: 7 vertebrae; the smallest & have the most
movement• Thoracic: 12 vertebrae; less mobile due to the ribs
attached to them• Lumbar: 5 vertebrae; biggest & strongest; weight
bearing• Sacral: 5 vertebrae (fused); transmit weight to the
legs/pelvis• Coccygeal: 4 vertebrae (fused)
Vertebrae
Vertebrae• The vertebral foramen; (hole) in each
vertebrae line up to house the spinal cord.• -Intervertebral discs: located between the
body of each vertebrae; fibrocartilage on the outside & gel like in the middle; give the vertebral column flexibility; shock absorbers
Spinal column4 curves of the spine increase strength, help maintain upright balance & absorb shock
Sources
“Human Anatomy & Physiology, Pearson International Edition, Eighth Edition.” Marieb and Hoehn. 2010
McGraw-Hill Companies. www.mcgraw-hill.com/
National Library of Medicine and International Osteoporosis Foundation.
www.nlm.nih.gov/ Nucleus Communications, Inc. 2003.
www.nucleusinc.com
Visual Dictionary Online. www.visualdictionaryonline.com
http://tw.aisj-jhb.com/dslattery/files/2013/05/bones.pdf