Chapter 7: The Skeleton: Bones and Joints

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Chapter 7:The Skeleton: Bones and Joints


Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Overview



Key Terms

amphiarthrosis endosteum osteon

arthritis epiphysis osteopenia

arthroscope extremity osteoporosis

arthroplasty fontanel periosteum

articulation joint resorption

bursa marrow skeleton

circumduction osteoblast synarthrosis

diaphysis osteoclast synovial

diarthrosis osteocyte



The Skeleton

• The skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue.



Figure 7-1 The skeleton.



Bones

Learning Outcomes

1. List the functions of bones.

2. Describe the structure of a long bone.

3. Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone with respect to structure and location.



Bones

Bone Functions

•Act as a framework for body

•Protect delicate structures

– Examples: Brain and spinal cord

•Work as levers to produce movement

•Store calcium

•Produce blood cells



BonesBone Structure

•Diaphysis

•Marrow

– Red

– Yellow

•Membranes

– Periosteum

– Endosteum

•Tissues

– Compact

– Spongy



Figure 7-2 The structure of a long bone.

What are the membranes on the outside and the inside of a long bone called?



Figure 7-3 Bone tissue.

What cells are located in the spaces of compact bone?



Bones

Learning Outcomes

4. Name the three different types of cells in bone and describe the functions of each.

5. Explain how a long bone grows.

6. Name and describe various markings found on bones.



Bones

Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair

•Long bone formation

– Epiphyseal plates

•Bone resorption

– Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.

– Types of bone cells

•Osteocytes maintain and repair the existing bone matrix.

•Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.

•Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone.





Bones

Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair

•Long bone formation

– Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone.

• Cartilage begins to turn into bone.

• Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends.

• Bones continue to lengthen.

• Bones stop lengthening.

• Bone resorption and formation continues.



Bones

Bone Resorption

•Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.



Bones

✓Checkpoints

7-1 What are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone?

7-2 What are the two types of osseous (bone) tissue and where is each type found?



Bones

?Pop Quiz

7.1 Which protein makes up a major component of bone matrix?

A)Keratin

B)Collagen

C)Melanin

D)Calcium



Bones

?Pop Quiz Answer

7.1 Which protein makes up a major component of bone matrix?

A)Keratin

B)Collagen

C)Melanin

D)Calcium



Bones

Bone Markings



Figure 7-4 Sinuses.





Bones

✓Checkpoints

7-3 What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each?

7-4 What compounds are deposited in the intercellular matrix of the embryonic skeleton to harden it?

7-5 What are the centers for secondary growth of a long bone called?

7-6 What are some functions of bone markings?



Bones

Pop Quiz

7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children?

A)Center of bone shafts

B)Epiphyseal plates

C)Medullary cavities

D)Epiphyseal lines ?



Bones

Pop Quiz Answer

7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children?

A)Center of bone shafts

B)Epiphyseal plates

C)Medullary cavities

D)Epiphyseal lines ?



Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Learning Outcomes

7. Name, locate, and describe the bones in the axial skeleton.

8. Describe the normal curves of the spine and explain their purpose.




• Two main groups of bones:

– Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk

– Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities




Framework of the Skull

















•Other bones

– Ear ossicles

– Hyoid bone

•Sutures

– Coronal suture

– Squamous sutures

– Lambdoid suture



Figure 7-5 The skull.

What type of joint is between the bones of the skull? What two bones make up each side of the hard palate? What is a foramen?



Figure 7-6 The skull, sagittal section.

What bone makes up the superior and middle conchae?





Figure 7-7 Infant skull, showing fontanels.

Which is the largest fontanel?




Framework of the Trunk

•Vertebral column

– Cervical vertebrae

– Thoracic vertebrae

– Lumbar vertebrae

– Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)

– Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)



Figure 7-8 Vertebral column, left lateral view.

From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebraeform a convex curve? Which group(s) form a concave curve?



Figure 7-9 The vertebral column and vertebrae.

Which vertebrae are the largest and heaviest? Why?



Figure 7-10 The first two cervical vertebrae.

What is missing in thesetwo vertebrae that is present in all other vertebrae?




Framework of the Trunk

•Thorax

– Sternum

– Ribs

• True ribs

• False ribs

– Manubrium

– Clavicular notch

– Sternal angle

– Xiphoid process



Figure 7-11 Bones of the thorax, anterior view.

To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?






✓Checkpoints

7-7 What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk?

7-8 What are the five regions of the vertebral column?




?Pop Quiz

7.3 Which bone forms the back and part of the base of the skull?

A)Parietal bone

B)Temporal bone

C)Occipital bone

D)Sphenoid bone




?Pop Quiz Answer

7.3 Which bone forms the back and part of the base of the skull?

A)Parietal bone

B)Temporal bone

C)Occipital bone

D)Sphenoid bone



Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

Learning Outcome

9. Name, locate, and describe the bones in the appendicular skeleton.






Figure 7-12 The shoulder girdle.

What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix infra mean?



Figure 7-13 Bones of the upper extremity.

What is the medial bone of the forearm?





Figure 7-14 Movements of the forearm.



Figure 7-15 Left elbow, lateral view.

What part of what bone forms the bony prominence of the elbow?



Figure 7-16 Bones of the right hand, anterior view.

How many phalanges are there on each hand?



Figure 7-17 The pelvic bones.

What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?



Figure 7-18 Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view.



Figure 7-19 Bones of the lower extremity.

What is the lateral bone of the leg? Which bone of the leg is weight bearing?



Figure 7-20 Bones of the right foot.

Which tarsal bone is the heel bone? Which tarsal bone forms a joint with the tibia?








✓Checkpoint

7-9 What division of the skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities?




?Pop Quiz

7.4 Which of the following bones is found in the shoulder girdle?

A)Sternum

B)Humerus

C)Scapula

D)Ulna




?Pop Quiz Answer

7.4 Which of the following bones is found in the shoulder girdle?

A)Sternum

B)Humerus

C)Scapula

D)Ulna



Disorders of Bone

Learning Outcomes

10. Describe five types of bone disorders.

11. Name and describe eight types of fractures.



Disorders of Bone

• Metabolic diseases

• Tumors

• Infections

• Structural problems



Disorders of Bone

Metabolic Disorders

•Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or excess loss of bone tissue

– Osteoporosis

– Osteitis deformans

– Osteomalacia



Figure 7-21 Osteoporosis.



Disorders of Bone

Tumors

•Two types found in bone tissue

– Benign

– Malignant

• Osteosarcomas

• Chondrosarcomas



Disorders of Bone

Infection

•Two types found in bone tissue

– Osteomyelitis

• Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria

– Tuberculosis

• Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)



Disorders of Bone

Structural Disorders

•Spinal curve abnormalities

– Kyphosis (hunchback)

– Lordosis (swayback)

– Scoliosis

•Cleft palate

•Flatfoot



Figure 7-22 Abnormalities of the spinal curves.

Which abnormal curve is an exaggerated concave curve? Which is an exaggerated convex curve?





Disorders of Bone

Fractures

•Closed

•Open

•Greenstick

•Impacted

•Comminuted

•Spiral

•Transverse

•Oblique



Figure 7-23 Types of fractures.



Joints

Learning Outcomes

12. Describe three types of joints and give examples of each.

13. Demonstrate six types of movement that occur at synovial joints.

14. Describe four types of arthritis.

15. Describe methods used to correct diseased joints.



Joints



Joints

More About Synovial Joints

•Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints.

•Synovial joint structure

– Ligaments

– Joint capsule

– Hyaline (articular) cartilage

– Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus

– Fat

– Bursae



Figure 7-24 Structure of a synovial joint.

What is the purpose of the greater trochanter of the femur? What type of tissue covers and protects the ends of the bones?



Figure 7-25 The knee joint, sagittal section.



Joints

Types of Synovial Joints



Joints

Types of Synovial Joints (continued)



Joints

Movements at Synovial Joints

•Flexion

•Extension

•Abduction

•Adduction

•Circumduction

•Rotation



Joints

Movements Characteristic of Forearm and Ankle

•Supination

•Pronation

•Inversion

•Eversion

•Dorsiflexion

•Plantar flexion



Figure 7-26 Movements at synovial joints.



Disorders of Joints

• Mechanical disorders

– Dislocation

– Sprain

• Herniated disk

• Arthritis

– Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease [DJD])

– Rheumatoid arthritis

– Septic (infectious) arthritis

– Gout

• Backache



Figure 7-27 Herniated disk.



Figure 7-28 Joint changes in osteoarthritis (DJD).



Disorders of Joints

Joint Repair

•Arthrocentesis

•Arthroplasty



Figure 7-29 Arthroscopic examination of the knee.



Joints

✓Checkpoints

7-10 What are the three types of joints classified according to the type of material between the adjoining bones?

7-11 What is the most freely movable type of joint?

7-12 What is the most common type of joint disorder?



Joints

?Pop Quiz

7.5 Freely movable joints are also called

A)Fibrous joints

B)Cartilaginous joints

C)Diarthroses

D)Amphiarthroses



Joints

?Pop Quiz Answer

7.5 Freely movable joints are also called

A)Fibrous joints

B)Cartilaginous joints

C)Diarthroses

D)Amphiarthroses



Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System

Learning Outcome

16. Describe how the skeletal system changes with age.



Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System

Bone

•Loss of calcium salts and collagen

•Bone weakening

•Reduction in collagen

Joints

•Thinning of cartilage

•Decreased flexibility



17. Using the case study, discuss the body’s fracture healing process.

Case Study

Learning Outcome



Case Study

Body’s Fracture Healing Process

•Blood clot forms around fracture

•Blood vessels grow into clot, pulling connective tissue with them

•Fibroblasts and chondroblasts convert clot into a soft callus

•Macrophages remove remains of blood clot and osteoclasts resorb dead bone tissue

•Osteoblasts convert soft callus into a hard callus of spongy bone

•Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel hard callus into compact bone



Word Anatomy

Learning Outcome

18. Show how word parts are used to build words related to the integumentary system.



Word Anatomy



Documents

Chapter 7: The Skeleton: Bones and Joints