DESIGN OF A 1MW SMALL HYDRO POWER SCHEME FOR SMALL SETTLEMENTS; ERIN IJESHA, OSUN

STATE

BYUNIVERSITY OF IBADAN,

IBADAN

AYENI Taiwo I.EKWUGHA Emmanuel C.

NAFIU Taiwo O.

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OVERVIEW

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Energy: Vital for sustaining life on earthBasic foundation which determines stability

of national economic development. Needed to improve quality of life.

Exponential increase in world energy demand. World population will hit 8billion by 2020. (Nigeria generates about 3,500MW)

Conventional energy resources are limited on earth. Exploitation and optimization without jeopardizing life supporting systems

DC

Available Energy Sources

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Energy

Ecology

Sustainable`

Development Economy

An abstract model for sustainable material

development

Erin-Ijesha : A case study(According to the National Control Centre, Oshogbo)

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• Located in Oriade LGA, Osun State, Nigeria

• Population is estimated at about 25,000 (Power consumption: about 1MW)

• Olumirin waterfalls was discovered in 1140AD

• The waterfall flows from the third level (of a seven-level mountain standing at about 1000 metres above sea level)

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Details of Design of 1MW hydropower scheme

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• Knowledge of Hydrostatic head

• Calculation of Average Discharge (Flow Rate) at Erin-Ijesha waterfall

• Selection of turbine from Turbine Application Chart

• Penstock specification

Bed statistics taken at Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls (flow already channeled)

Length (cm)Bed Width (cm) Bed Depth (cm)

20 64.0 39.540 39.0 36.060 36.0 23.080 46.0 19.0100 43.0 17.0120 47.0 10.0140 41.0 14.0160 38.0 25.0180 34.0 26.0200 34.0 16.0220 38.0 18.0240 38.0 15.0260 36.5 15.0280 46.0 14.0

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Bed Profile Chart for 2nd Level of Erin-Ijesha Waterfall

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20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 2800

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Bed Width (cm)Bed Depth (cm)

Deduction of Cross-sectional area of bed (A), Velocity of flow (v) and Flow rate, Q

Bed width (average) = 41.46cmBed depth (average) = 20.54cmCross-Sectional Area of bed, A = 41.46cm x

20.54cmA = 851.59cm2

Length of bed = 410cmAverage time of flow, t = 2.86sAverage velocity of flow, v = 410cm/2.86s

v = 143.36cm/sUsing Continuity equation,Flow rate, Q = Area x velocity

Q = [851.59cm2 x 143.36cm/s] m3 /10

6 cm3

Q = 0.122m3/sHydrostatic head (2nd level) = 50mApril 11, 2023 10

Statistics for 3rd Level of rocks at Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls

Hydrostatic head (3rd level) = 80mBed width (average) = 175cmBed depth (average) = 41cmCross-Sectional Area of bed, A = 175cm x41cm

A = 7175cm2

Length of bed considered = 200cmAverage time of flow, t = 7.12sAverage velocity of flow, v = 200cm/7.12s

v = 28.09cm/sFlow rate, Q = [7175cm2 x 28.09cm/s] m3 /10 6

cm3

Flow rate (3rd level), Q = 0.202m3/sApril 11, 2023 11

Current technology in power generation: Hydroelectric Turbines

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Low Head Medium Head High Head

Low Flow Rate

Pelton (Impulse)

High Flow Rate

Propeller & Kaplan

Francis

Other common models of turbines are; •Cross-flow•Turgo

FRANCIS

KAPLAN

CROSSFLOW

PELTONTURGO

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TURBINE SELECTION CHART ( www.pumpfundamentals.com)

Selected Turbine: PELTON TURBINE, Penstock = Ø0.25m (<0.3m)

CORRESPONDIN

G POWER

OUTPUT (kW)

2ND LEVEL HEAD (50 metres)

3RD LEVEL HEAD (80 metres)

TOTAL POWER OUTPUT (kW)

2ND LEVEL

FLOW RATE

(0.122m3/s)

80

3RD LEVEL

FLOW RATE

(0.202m3/s)

176

TOTAL POWER

OUTPUT (kW)

256

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Emerging Technologies

Hydrokinetic Turbines (www.wikidot.com )

Hydro Based Hybrid Power Systems (HBHPS) (R. K. Maskey)

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Techno-Economic Analysis

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17PHCN Micro

HydropowerHBHPS

Total Construction Cost/kW N/A $2000 (RETSCREEN

INT’L)

16000 Euro(NACHRICHTEN)

Exchange Rate (N) 151 per USD 186 per Euro

Project Life (Years) <50 >50 25

Cost/kWh (N) 4.00 0.69 13.59

Capital Utilization Reference 480% (High)

Payback Period (@ N4.00/kWh)

9 years 2nd Phase Derivable benefits include;• Improved need for tourist visits• Improved socio-economic cohesion within the

community• Public-Private Partnership• Creation of job opportunities• Improved quality of life

Basis for Future Prospects

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• Green Energy Sources: Emphasis in global energy conferences (Rio-1992; Kyoto-1997)

• Perpetual nature and spatial distribution of sources i.e. hydro & solar

• Hydrokinetic turbines can be used to boost power generation in already existing dams e.g; kainji, shiroro.

• Financial involvement of private and international organizations (EAP, UN etc)

• Certainty of reduced cost of renewable energy sources as against an increase in fossil fuel cost

Challenges facing the Erin-Ijesha Hydro Power Scheme

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• High initial startup costs: A common factor to all emerging energy technologies

• Integration with existing power grid• Bureaucratic obstacles • Accessibility of the site for construction• Slippery effect of water flow over rocks poses a

challenge in the safety of workers during construction.

• Harvesting of water from the 3rd level- use of dynamite or water collector.

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THANK YOU