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POLICE POWER ICHONG VS. HERNANDEZ [101 PHIL 1155; L7995; 31 MAY 1957] FACTS: Republic Act 1180 or commonly known as “An Act to Regulate the Retail Business” was passed. The said law provides for a prohibition against foreigners as well as corporations owned by foreigners from engaging from retail trade in our country. This was protested by the petitioner in this case. According to him, the said law violates the international and treaty of the Philippines therefore it is unconstitutional. Specifically, the Treaty of Amity between the Philippines and China was violated according to him. Issue: Whether or Not Republic Act 1180 is a valid exercise of police power. Held: According to the Court, RA 1180 is a valid exercise of police power. It was also then provided that police power can not be bargained away through the medium of a treaty or a contract. The Court also provided that RA 1180 was enacted to remedy a real and actual danger to national economy posed by alien dominance and control. If ever the law infringes upon the said treaty, the latter is always subject to qualification or amendment by a subsequent law and the same may never curtain or restrict the scope of the police power of the state. LUTZ VS. ARANETA [98 Phil 148; G.R. No. L7859; 22 Dec 1955] FACTS: Walter Lutz, as the Judicial Administrator of the Intestate Estate of Antonio Jayme Ledesma, seeks to recover from J. Antonio Araneta, the Collector of Internal Revenue, the sum of money paid by the estate as taxes, pursuant to the Sugar Adjustment Act. Under Section 3 of said Act, taxes are levied on the owners or persons in control of the lands devoted to the cultivation of sugar cane. Furthermore, Section 6 states all the collections made under said Act shall be for aid and support of the sugar industry exclusively. Lutz contends that such purpose is not a matter of public concern hence making the tax levied for that cause unconstitutional and void. The Court of First Instance dismissed his petition, thus this appeal before the Supreme Court. Issue: Whether or Not the tax levied under the Sugar Adjustment Act ( Commonwealth Act 567) is unconstitutional. Held: The tax levied under the Sugar Adjustment Act is constitutional. The tax under said Act is levied with a regulatory purpose, to provide means for the rehabilitation and stabilization of the threatened sugar industry. Since sugar production is one of the great industries of our nation, its promotion, protection, and advancement, therefore redounds greatly to the general welfare. Hence, said objectives of the Act is a public concern and is therefore constitutional. It follows that the Legislature may determine within reasonable bounds what is necessary for its protection and expedient for its promotion. If objectives and methods are alike constitutionally valid, no reason is seen why the state may not levy taxes to raise funds for their prosecution and attainment. Taxation may be made with the implement of the state’s police power. In addition, it is only rational that the taxes be obtained from those that will directly benefit from it. Therefore, the tax levied under the Sugar Adjustment Act is held to be constitutional. ASSO. OF SMALL LANDOWNERS VS. SEC. OF DAR [175 SCRA 343; G.R. NO. L78742; 14 JUL 1989] Several petitions are the root of the case: a. A petition alleging the constitutionality of PD No. 27, EO 228 and 229 and RA 6657. Subjects of the petition are a 9 hectare and 5 hectare Riceland worked by four tenants. Tenants were declared full owners by EO 228 as qualified farmers under PD 27. The petitioners now contend that President Aquino usurped the legislature’s power. b. A petition by landowners and sugarplanters in Victoria’s Mill Negros Occidental against Proclamation 131 and EO 229. Proclamation 131 is the creation of Agrarian Reform Fund with initial fund of P50Billion. c. A petition by owners of land which was placed by the DAR under the coverage of Operation Land Transfer. d. A petition invoking the right of retention under PD 27 to owners of rice and corn lands not exceeding seven hectares. Issue: Whether or Not the aforementioned EO’s, PD, and RA were constitutional. Held: The promulgation of PD 27 by President Marcos was valid in exercise of Police power and eminent domain. The power of President Aquino to promulgate Proc. 131 and EO 228 and 229 was authorized under Sec. 6 of the Transitory Provisions of the 1987 Constitution. Therefore it is a valid exercise of Police Power and Eminent Domain. RA 6657 is likewise valid. The carrying out of the regulation under CARP becomes necessary to deprive owners of whatever lands they may own in excess of the maximum area allowed, there is definitely a taking under the power of eminent domain for which payment of just compensation is imperative. The taking contemplated is not a mere limitation of the use of the land. What is required is the surrender of the title and the physical possession of said excess and all beneficial rights accruing to the owner in favour of the farmer. A statute may be sustained under the police power only if there is concurrence of the lawful subject and the method. Subject and purpose of the Agrarian Reform Law is valid, however what is to be determined is the method employed to achieve it. TIO VS. VIDEOGRAM REGULATORY BOARD

Consti Digest Eminent Domain and Police Power

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Page 1: Consti Digest Eminent Domain and Police Power

POLICE  POWER    ICHONG  VS.  HERNANDEZ  

[101  PHIL  1155;  L-­‐7995;  31  MAY  1957]  

FACTS:  Republic  Act  1180  or  commonly  known  as  “An  Act  to  Regulate  the  Retail  Business”  was  passed.  The  said  law  provides  for  a  prohibition  against  foreigners  as  well  as  corporations  owned  by  foreigners  from  engaging  from  retail  trade  in  our  country.  This  was  protested  by  the  petitioner  in  this  case.  According  to  him,  the  said  law  violates  the  international  and  treaty  of  the  Philippines  therefore  it  is  unconstitutional.  Specifically,  the  Treaty  of  Amity  between  the  Philippines  and  China  was  violated  according  to  him.  

Issue:  

Whether  or  Not  Republic  Act  1180  is  a  valid  exercise  of  police  power.  

Held:  

According  to  the  Court,  RA  1180  is  a  valid  exercise  of  police  power.  It  was  also  then  provided  that  police  power  can  not  be  bargained  away  through  the  medium  of  a  treaty  or  a  contract.  The  Court  also  provided  that  RA  1180  was  enacted  to  remedy  a  real  and  actual  danger  to  national  economy  posed  by  alien  dominance  and  control.  If  ever  the  law  infringes  upon  the  said  treaty,  the  latter  is  always  subject  to  qualification  or  amendment  by  a  subsequent  law  and  the  same  may  never  curtain  or  restrict  the  scope  of  the  police  power  of  the  state.  

LUTZ  VS.  ARANETA  

[98  Phil  148;  G.R.  No.  L-­‐7859;  22  Dec  1955]  

FACTS:  Walter  Lutz,  as  the  Judicial  Administrator  of  the  Intestate  Estate  of  Antonio  Jayme  Ledesma,  seeks  to  recover  from  J.  Antonio  Araneta,  the  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue,  the  sum  of  money  paid  by  the  estate  as  taxes,  pursuant  to  the  Sugar  Adjustment  Act.  Under  Section  3  of  said  Act,  taxes  are  levied  on  the  owners  or  persons  in  control  of  the  lands  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  sugar  cane.  Furthermore,  Section  6  states  all  the  collections  made  under  said  Act  shall  be  for  aid  and  support  of  the  sugar  industry  exclusively.  Lutz  contends  that  such  purpose  is  not  a  matter  of  public  concern  hence  making  the  tax  levied  for  that  cause  unconstitutional  and  void.  The  Court  of  First  Instance  dismissed  his  petition,  thus  this  appeal  before  the  Supreme  Court.  

Issue:  

Whether  or  Not  the  tax  levied  under  the  Sugar  Adjustment  Act  (  Commonwealth  Act  567)  is  unconstitutional.  

Held:  

The  tax  levied  under  the  Sugar  Adjustment  Act  is  constitutional.  The  tax  under  said  Act  is  levied  with  a  regulatory  purpose,  to  provide  means  for  the  rehabilitation  and  stabilization  of  the  threatened  sugar  industry.  Since  sugar  production  is  one  of  the  great  industries  of  our  nation,  its  promotion,  protection,  and  advancement,  therefore  redounds  greatly  to  the  general  welfare.  Hence,  said  objectives  of  the  Act  is  a  public  concern  and  is  therefore  constitutional.  It  follows  that  the  Legislature  may  determine  within  reasonable  bounds  what  is  necessary  for  its  

protection  and  expedient  for  its  promotion.  If  objectives  and  methods  are  alike  constitutionally  valid,  no  reason  is  seen  why  the  state  may  not  levy  taxes  to  raise  funds  for  their  prosecution  and  attainment.  Taxation  may  be  made  with  the  implement  of  the  state’s  police  power.  In  addition,  it  is  only  rational  that  the  taxes  be  obtained  from  those  that  will  directly  benefit  from  it.  Therefore,  the  tax  levied  under  the  Sugar  Adjustment  Act  is  held  to  be  constitutional.  

ASSO.  OF  SMALL  LANDOWNERS  VS.  SEC.  OF  DAR  

[175  SCRA  343;  G.R.  NO.  L-­‐78742;  14  JUL  1989]  

Several  petitions  are  the  root  of  the  case:  

a.  A  petition  alleging  the  constitutionality  of  PD  No.  27,  EO  228  and  229  and  RA  6657.  Subjects  of  the  petition  are  a  9-­‐hectare  and  5  hectare  Riceland  worked  by  four  tenants.  Tenants  were  declared  full  owners  by  EO  228  as  qualified  farmers  under  PD  27.  The  petitioners  now  contend  that  President  Aquino  usurped  the  legislature’s  power.  

b.  A  petition  by  landowners  and  sugarplanters  in  Victoria’s  Mill  Negros  Occidental  against  Proclamation  131  and  EO  229.  Proclamation  131  is  the  creation  of  Agrarian  Reform  Fund  with  initial  fund  of  P50Billion.  

c.  A  petition  by  owners  of  land  which  was  placed  by  the  DAR  under  the  coverage  of  Operation  Land  Transfer.  

d.  A  petition  invoking  the  right  of  retention  under  PD  27  to  owners  of  rice  and  corn  lands  not  exceeding  seven  hectares.  

Issue:  

Whether  or  Not  the  aforementioned  EO’s,  PD,  and  RA  were  constitutional.  

Held:  

The  promulgation  of  PD  27  by  President  Marcos  was  valid  in  exercise  of  Police  power  and  eminent  domain.  

The  power  of  President  Aquino  to  promulgate  Proc.  131  and  EO  228  and  229  was  authorized  under  Sec.  6  of  the  Transitory  Provisions  of  the  1987  Constitution.  Therefore  it  is  a  valid  exercise  of  Police  Power  and  Eminent  Domain.  

RA  6657  is  likewise  valid.  The  carrying  out  of  the  regulation  under  CARP  becomes  necessary  to  deprive  owners  of  whatever  lands  they  may  own  in  excess  of  the  maximum  area  allowed,  there  is  definitely  a  taking  under  the  power  of  eminent  domain  for  which  payment  of  just  compensation  is  imperative.  The  taking  contemplated  is  not  a  mere  limitation  of  the  use  of  the  land.  What  is  required  is  the  surrender  of  the  title  and  the  physical  possession  of  said  excess  and  all  beneficial  rights  accruing  to  the  owner  in  favour  of  the  farmer.  

A  statute  may  be  sustained  under  the  police  power  only  if  there  is  concurrence  of  the  lawful  subject  and  the  method.  

Subject  and  purpose  of  the  Agrarian  Reform  Law  is  valid,  however  what  is  to  be  determined  is  the  method  employed  to  achieve  it.  

TIO  VS.  VIDEOGRAM  REGULATORY  BOARD  

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[151  SCRA  208;  G.R.  No.  L-­‐75697;  18  Jun  1987]  

The  case  is  a  petition  filed  by  petitioner  on  behalf  of  videogram  operators  adversely  affected  by  Presidential  Decree  No.  1987,  “An  Act  Creating  the  Videogram  Regulatory  Board"  with  broad  powers  to  regulate  and  supervise  the  videogram  industry.  

A  month  after  the  promulgation  of  the  said  Presidential  Decree,  the  amended  the  National  Internal  Revenue  Code  provided  that:  

"SEC.  134.  Video  Tapes.  —  There  shall  be  collected  on  each  processed  video-­‐tape  cassette,  ready  for  playback,  regardless  of  length,  an  annual  tax  of  five  pesos;  Provided,  That  locally  manufactured  or  imported  blank  video  tapes  shall  be  subject  to  sales  tax."  

"Section10.  Tax  on  Sale,  Lease  or  Disposition  of  Videograms.  —  Notwithstanding  any  provision  of  law  to  the  contrary,  the  province  shall  collect  a  tax  of  thirty  percent  (30%)  of  the  purchase  price  or  rental  rate,  as  the  case  may  be,  for  every  sale,  lease  or  disposition  of  a  videogram  containing  a  reproduction  of  any  motion  picture  or  audiovisual  program.”  

“Fifty  percent  (50%)  of  the  proceeds  of  the  tax  collected  shall  accrue  to  the  province,  and  the  other  fifty  percent  (50%)  shall  accrue  to  the  municipality  where  the  tax  is  collected;  PROVIDED,  That  in  Metropolitan  Manila,  the  tax  shall  be  shared  equally  by  the  City/Municipality  and  the  Metropolitan  Manila  Commission.”  

The  rationale  behind  the  tax  provision  is  to  curb  the  proliferation  and  unregulated  circulation  of  videograms  including,  among  others,  videotapes,  discs,  cassettes  or  any  technical  improvement  or  variation  thereof,  have  greatly  prejudiced  the  operations  of  movie  houses  and  theaters.  Such  unregulated  circulation  have  caused  a  sharp  decline  in  theatrical  attendance  by  at  least  forty  percent  (40%)  and  a  tremendous  drop  in  the  collection  of  sales,  contractor's  specific,  amusement  and  other  taxes,  thereby  resulting  in  substantial  losses  estimated  at  P450  Million  annually  in  government  revenues.  

Videogram(s)  establishments  collectively  earn  around  P600  Million  per  annum  from  rentals,  sales  and  disposition  of  videograms,  and  these  earnings  have  not  been  subjected  to  tax,  thereby  depriving  the  Government  of  approximately  P180  Million  in  taxes  each  year.  

The  unregulated  activities  of  videogram  establishments  have  also  affected  the  viability  of  the  movie  industry.  

Issue:  

Whether  or  not  tax  imposed  by  the  DECREE  is  a  valid  exercise  of  police  power.  Whether  or  nor  the  DECREE  is  constitutional  .  

Held:  

Taxation  has  been  made  the  implement  of  the  state's  police  power.  The  levy  of  the  30%  tax  is  for  a  public  purpose.  It  was  imposed  primarily  to  answer  the  need  for  regulating  the  video  industry,  particularly  because  of  the  rampant  film  piracy,  the  flagrant  violation  of  intellectual  property  rights,  and  the  proliferation  of  pornographic  video  tapes.  And  while  it  was  also  an  objective  of  the  DECREE  to  protect  the  movie  industry,  the  tax  remains  a  valid  imposition.  

We  find  no  clear  violation  of  the  Constitution  which  would  justify  us  in  pronouncing  Presidential  Decree  No.  1987  as  unconstitutional  and  void.  While  the  underlying  objective  of  the  DECREE  is  to  protect  the  moribund  movie  industry,  there  is  no  question  that  public  welfare  is  at  bottom  of  its  enactment,  considering  "the  unfair  competition  posed  by  rampant  film  piracy;  the  erosion  of  the  moral  fiber  of  the  viewing  public  brought  about  by  the  availability  of  unclassified  and  unreviewed  video  tapes  containing  pornographic  films  and  films  with  brutally  violent  sequences;  and  losses  in  government  revenues  due  to  the  drop  in  theatrical  attendance,  not  to  mention  the  fact  that  the  activities  of  video  establishments  are  virtually  untaxed  since  mere  payment  of  Mayor's  permit  and  municipal  license  fees  are  required  to  engage  in  business."  

LOZANO  VS.  MARTINEZ  

[146  SCRA  323;  G.R.  No.  L-­‐63419;  18  Dec  1986]  

FACTS:  A  motion  to  quash  the  charge  against  the  petitioners  for  violation  of  the  BP  22  was  made,  contending  that  no  offense  was  committed,  as  the  statute  is  unconstitutional.  Such  motion  was  denied  by  the  RTC.  The  petitioners  thus  elevate  the  case  to  the  Supreme  Court  for  relief.  The  Solicitor  General,  commented  that  it  was  premature  for  the  accused  to  elevate  to  the  Supreme  Court  the  orders  denying  their  motions  to  quash.  However,  the  Supreme  Court  finds  it  justifiable  to  intervene  for  the  review  of  lower  court's  denial  of  a  motion  to  quash.  

Issue:  Whether  or  not  BP  22  is  constitutional  as  it  is  a  proper  exercise  of  police  power  of  the  State.  

Held:  The  enactment  of  BP  22  a  valid  exercise  of  the  police  power  and  is  not  repugnant  to  the  constitutional  inhibition  against  imprisonment  for  debt.  

The  offense  punished  by  BP  22  is  the  act  of  making  and  issuing  a  worthless  check  or  a  check  that  is  dishonored  upon  its  presentation  for  payment.  It  is  not  the  non-­‐payment  of  an  obligation  which  the  law  punishes.  The  law  is  not  intended  or  designed  to  coerce  a  debtor  to  pay  his  debt.  

The  law  punishes  the  act  not  as  an  offense  against  property,  but  an  offense  against  public  order.  The  thrust  of  the  law  is  to  prohibit,  under  pain  of  penal  sanctions,  the  making  of  worthless  checks  and  putting  them  in  circulation.  An  act  may  not  be  considered  by  society  as  inherently  wrong,  hence,  not  malum  in  se  but  because  of  the  harm  that  it  inflicts  on  the  community,  it  can  be  outlawed  and  criminally  punished  as  malum  prohibitum.  The  state  can  do  this  in  the  exercise  of  its  police  power.  

CITY  GOVERNMENT  OF  QUEZON  CITY  VS.  ERICTA  

[122  SCRA  759;  G.R.  No.  L-­‐34915;  24  Jun  1983]  

Section  9  of  Ordinance  No.  6118,  S-­‐64,  entitled  "Ordinance  Regulating  The  Establishment,  Maintenance  And  Operation  Of  Private  Memorial  Type  Cemetery  Or  Burial  Ground  Within  The  Jurisdiction  Of  Quezon  City  And  Providing  Penalties  For  The  Violation  Thereof"  provides:  

Sec.  9.  At  least  six  (6)  percent  of  the  total  area  of  the  memorial  park  cemetery  shall  be  set  aside  for  charity  burial  of  deceased  persons  who  are  paupers  and  have  been  residents  of  Quezon  City  for  at  least  5  years  prior  to  their  death,  to  be  determined  by  competent  City  Authorities.  The  area  so  designated  shall  immediately  be  developed  and  should  be  open  for  operation  not  later  than  six  months  from  the  date  of  approval  of  the  application.  

For  several  years,  the  aforequoted  section  of  the  Ordinance  was  not  enforced  but  seven  years  after  the  enactment  of  

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the  ordinance,  the  Quezon  City  Council  passed  a  resolution  to  request  the  City  Engineer,  Quezon  City,  to  stop  any  further  selling  and/or  transaction  of  memorial  park  lots  in  Quezon  City  where  the  owners  thereof  have  failed  to  donate  the  required  6%  space  intended  for  paupers  burial.  

The  Quezon  City  Engineer  then  notified  respondent  Himlayang  Pilipino,  Inc.  in  writing  that  Section  9  of  the  ordinance  would  be  enforced.  

Respondent  Himlayang  Pilipino  reacted  by  filing  a  petition  for  declaratory  relief,  prohibition  and  mandamus  with  preliminary  injunction  seeking  to  annul  Section  9  of  the  Ordinance  in  question.  Respondent  alleged  that  the  same  is  contrary  to  the  Constitution,  the  Quezon  City  Charter,  the  Local  Autonomy  Act,  and  the  Revised  Administrative  Code.  

Issue:  

Whether  or  Not  Section  9  of  the  ordinance  in  question  is  a  valid  exercise  of  police  power.  

Held:  

Section  9  of  the  City  ordinance  in  question  is  not  a  valid  exercise  of  police  power.  Section  9  cannot  be  justified  under  the  power  granted  to  Quezon  City  to  tax,  fix  the  license  fee,  and  regulate  such  other  business,  trades,  and  occupation  as  may  be  established  or  practiced  in  the  City.  

Bill  of  rights  states  that  'no  person  shall  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty  or  property  without  due  process  of  law'  (Art.  Ill,  Section  1  subparagraph  1,  Constitution).  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  three  inherent  powers  of  government  by  which  the  state  interferes  with  the  property  rights,  namely-­‐.  (1)  police  power,  (2)  eminent  domain,  (3)  taxation.  

The  police  power  of  Quezon  City  is  defined  in  sub-­‐section  00,  Sec.  12,  Rep.  Act  537  that  reads  as  follows:  

“To  make  such  further  ordinance  and  regulations  not  repugnant  to  law  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  into  effect  and  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  conferred  by  this  act  and  such  as  it  shall  deem  necessary  and  proper  to  provide  for  the  health  and  safety,  ...,  and  for  the  protection  of  property  therein;  and  enforce  obedience  thereto  with  such  lawful  fines  or  penalties  as  the  City  Council  may  prescribe  under  the  provisions  of  subsection  (jj)  of  this  section.”  

The  power  to  regulate  does  not  include  the  power  to  prohibit.  The  power  to  regulate  does  not  include  the  power  to  confiscate.  The  ordinance  in  question  not  only  confiscates  but  also  prohibits  the  operation  of  a  memorial  park  cemetery,  because  under  Section  13  of  said  ordinance,  'Violation  of  the  provision  thereof  is  punishable  with  a  fine  and/or  imprisonment  and  that  upon  conviction  thereof  the  permit  to  operate  and  maintain  a  private  cemetery  shall  be  revoked  or  cancelled’.  The  confiscatory  clause  and  the  penal  provision  in  effect  deter  one  from  operating  a  memorial  park  cemetery.  

Moreover,  police  power  is  defined  by  Freund  as  'the  power  of  promoting  the  public  welfare  by  restraining  and  regulating  the  use  of  liberty  and  property'.  It  is  usually  exerted  in  order  to  merely  regulate  the  use  and  enjoyment  of  property  of  the  owner.  If  he  is  deprived  of  his  property  outright,  it  is  not  taken  for  public  use  but  rather  to  destroy  in  order  to  promote  the  general  welfare.  

It  seems  to  the  court  that  Section  9  of  Ordinance  No.  6118,  Series  of  1964  of  Quezon  City  is  not  a  mere  police  regulation  but  an  outright  confiscation.  It  deprives  a  person  of  his  private  property  without  due  process  of  law,  nay,  even  without  compensation.  

EMINENT  DOMAIN  

CITY  OF  MANILA  VS.  CHINESE  COMMUNITY  

[40  Phil  349;  No.  14355;  31  Oct  1919]  

Facts:  The  City  of  Manila,  plaintiff  herein,  prayed  for  the  expropriation  of  a  portion  private  cemetery  for  the  conversion  into  an  extension  of  Rizal  Avenue.  Plaintiff  claims  that  it  is  necessary  that  such  public  improvement  be  made  in  the  said  portion  of  the  private  cemetery  and  that  the  said  lands  are  within  their  jurisdiction.  

Defendants  herein  answered  that  the  said  expropriation  was  not  necessary  because  other  routes  were  available.  They  further  claimed  that  the  expropriation  of  the  cemetery  would  create  irreparable  loss  and  injury  to  them  and  to  all  those  persons  owing  and  interested  in  the  graves  and  monuments  that  would  have  to  be  destroyed.  

The  lower  court  ruled  that  the  said  public  improvement  was  not  necessary  on  the  particular-­‐strip  of  land  in  question.  Plaintiff  herein  assailed  that  they  have  the  right  to  exercise  the  power  of  eminent  domain  and  that  the  courts  have  no  right  to  inquire  and  determine  the  necessity  of  the  expropriation.  Thus,  the  same  filed  an  appeal.  

Issue:  

Whether  or  not  the  courts  may  inquire  into,  and  hear  proof  of  the  necessity  of  the  expropriation.  

Held:  

The  courts  have  the  power  of  restricting  the  exercise  of  eminent  domain  to  the  actual  reasonable  necessities  of  the  case  and  for  the  purposes  designated  by  the  law.  The  moment  the  municipal  corporation  or  entity  attempts  to  exercise  the  authority  conferred,  it  must  comply  with  the  conditions  accompanying  the  authority.  The  necessity  for  conferring  the  authority  upon  a  municipal  corporation  to  exercise  the  right  of  eminent  domain  is  admittedly  within  the  power  of  the  legislature.  But  whether  or  not  the  municipal  corporation  or  entity  is  exercising  the  right  in  a  particular  case  under  the  conditions  imposed  by  the  general  authority,  is  a  question  that  the  courts  have  the  right  to  inquire  to.  

PERCIVAL  MODAY  vs  COURT  OF  APPEALS  

FACTS:  

On  July  23,  1989,  the  Sangguniang  Bayan  of  the  Municipality  of  Bunawan  in  Agusan  del  Sur  passed  Resolution  No.  43-­‐89,  

“Authorizing  the  Municipal  Mayor  to  Initiate  the  Petition  for  Expropriation  of  a  One  (1)  Hectare  Portion  of  Lot  No.  6138-­‐Pls-­‐4  Along  the  National  Highway  Owned  by  Percival  Moday  for  the  Site  of  Bunawan  Farmers  Center  and  Other  Government  Sports  Facilities.  

In  due  time,  Resolution  No.  43-­‐89  was  approved  by  then  Municipal  Mayor  Anuncio  C.  Bustillo  and  transmitted  to  the  Sangguniang  Panlalawigan  for  its  approval.  Sangguniang  Panlalawigan  disapproved  said  Resolution  and  returned  it  with  the  comment  that  “expropriation  is  unnecessary  considering  that  there  are  still  available  lots  in  Bunawan  for  the  establishment  of  the  government  center.”  

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The  Municipality  of  Bunawan,  herein  public  respondent,  subsequently  filed  a  Petition  for  Eminent  Domain  against  petitioner  Percival  Moday  before  the  RTC.  Public  respondent  municipality  filed  a  Motion  to  Take  or  Enter  Upon  the  Possession  of  Subject  Matter  of  This  Case  stating  that  it  had  already  deposited  with  the  municipal  treasurer  the  necessary  amount  in  accordance  with  Section  2,  Rule  67  of  the  Revised  Rules  of  Court  and  that  it  would  be  in  the  government’s  best  interest  for  public  respondent  to  be  allowed  to  take  possession  of  the  property.  The  Regional  Trial  Court  granted  respondent  municipality’s  motion  to  take  possession  of  the  land.  That  the  Sangguniang  Panlalawigan’s  failure  to  declare  the  resolution  invalid  leaves  it  effective.  that  the  duty  of  the  Sangguniang  Panlalawigan  is  merely  to  review  the  ordinances  and  resolutions  passed  by  the  Sangguniang  Bayan  under  the  old  LGC.  that  the  exercise  of  eminent  domain  is  not  one  of  the  two  acts  enumerated  in  Section  19  thereof  requiring  the  approval  of  the  Sangguniang  Panlalawigan.  CA  upheld  the  trial  court.  Meanwhile,  the  Municipality  of  Bunawan  had  erected  three  buildings  on  the  subject  property.  

ISSUE:  whether  a  municipality  may  expropriate  private  property  by  virtue  of  a  municipal  resolution  which  was  disapproved  by  the  Sangguniang  Panlalawigan.  

HELD:  YES.  

Eminent  domain,  the  power  which  the  Municipality  of  Bunawan  exercised  in  the  instant  case,  is  a  fundamental  State  power  that  is  inseparable  from  sovereignty.  It  is  government’s  right  to  appropriate,  in  the  nature  of  a  compulsory  sale  to  the  State,  private  property  for  public  use  or  purpose.  Inherently  possessed  by  the  national  legislature  the  power  of  eminent  domain  may  be  validly  delegated  to  local  governments,  other  public  entities  and  public  utilities.  For  the  taking  of  private  property  by  the  government  to  be  valid,  the  taking  must  be  for  public  use  and  there  must  be  just  compensation  

The  Municipality  of  Bunawan’s  power  to  exercise  the  right  of  eminent  domain  is  not  disputed  as  it  is  expressly  provided  for  in  Batas  Pambansa  Blg.  337,  the  Local  Government  Code  18  in  force  at  the  time  expropriation  proceedings  were  initiated.  Section  9  of  said  law  states:  

“Section  9.Eminent  Domain.  —  A  local  government  unit  may,  through  its  head  and  acting  pursuant  to  a  resolution  of  its  sanggunian,  exercise  the  right  of  eminent  domain  and  institute  condemnation  proceedings  for  public  use  or  purpose.”  

POLITICAL  LAW;  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  CODE  (B.P.  337);  POWER  OF  THE  SANGGUNIANG  PANLALAWIGAN  TO  REVIEW  ORDINANCES,  RESOLUTIONS  AND  EXECUTIVE  ORDERS  PROMULGATED  BY  THE  MUNICIPAL  MAYOR;  DECLARATION  OF  INVALIDITY  MUST  BE  ON  THE  SOLE  GROUND  THAT  IT  IS  BEYOND  THE  POWER  OF  THE  SANGGUNIAN  BAYAN  OR  MAYOR  TO  ISSUE  THE  RESOLUTION,  ORDINANCE  OR  ORDER  UNDER  REVIEW.  

REPUBLIC  VS.  CASTELVI  

[58  SCRA  336;  G.R.  No.  L-­‐20620;  15  Aug  1974]  

In  1947,  the  republic,  through  the  Armed  Forces  of  the  Philippines  (AFP),  entered  into  a  lease  agreement  with  Castelvi  on  a  year-­‐to-­‐year  basis.  When  Castelvi  gave  notice  to  terminate  the  lease  in  1956,  the  AFP  refused.  She  then  instituted  an  ejectment  proceeding  against  the  AFP.  In  1959,  however,  the  republic  commenced  the  expropriation  proceedings  for  the  land  in  question.  

Issue:  

Whether  or  Not  the  compensation  should  be  determined  as  of  1947  or  1959.  

Held:  

The  Supreme  Court  ruled  that  the  ―taking‖  should  not  be  reckoned  as  of  1947,  and  that  just  compensation  should  not  be  determined  on  the  basis  of  the  value  of  the  property  as  of  that  year.  

The  requisites  for  taking  are:  1)  the  expropriator  must  enter  a  private  property,  2)  the  entry  must  be  for  more  than  a  momentary  period,  3)  it  must  be  under  warrant  or  color  of  authorities,  4)  the  property  must  be  devoted  for  public  use  or  otherwise  informally  appropriated  or  injuriously  affected,  and  5)  the  utilization  of  the  property  for  public  use  must  be  such  a  way  as  to  oust  the  owner  and  deprive  him  of  beneficial  enjoyment  of  the  property.  Under  Sec.  4  Rule  67  of  the  Rules  of  Court,  ―just  compensation‖  is  to  be  determined  as  of  the  date  of  the  filing  of  the  complaint.  The  Supreme  Court  has  ruled  that  when  the  taking  of  the  property  sought  to  be  expropriated  coincides  with  the  commencement  of  the  expropriation  proceedings,  or  takes  place  subsequent  to  the  filing  of  the  complaint  for  eminent  domain,  the  just  compensation  should  be  determined  as  of  the  date  of  the  filing  of  the  complaint.  In  the  instant  case,  it  is  undisputed  that  the  Republic  was  placed  in  possession  of  the  Castelvi  property,  by  authority  of  court,  on  August  10,  1959.  The  ―taking‖  of  the  Castelvi  property  for  the  purposes  of  determining  the  just  compensation  to  be  paid  must,  therefore,  be  reckoned  as  of  June  26,  1959  when  the  complaint  for  eminent  domain  was  filed.  There  is  no  basis  to  the  contention  of  the  Republic  that  a  lease  on  a  year-­‐to-­‐year  basis  can  give  rise  to  permanent  right  to  occupy  since  by  express  provision  a  lease  made  for  a  determinate  time,  as  was  the  lease  of  Castelvi  land  in  the  instant  case,  ceases  upon  the  day  fixed,  without  need  of  a  demand  (Art.  1669,  New  Civil  Code).  The  Supreme  Court,  however,  did  not  apply  Art.  1250  of  the  New  Civil  Code  for  the  adjustment  of  the  peso  rate  in  times  of  extraordinary  inflation  or  deflation  because  in  eminent  domain  cases  the  obligation  to  pay  arises  from  law  independent  of  contract.  

National  Power  Corporation  v  Judge  Jocson      206  SCRA  520  (1992)  

“expropriation  case  –  amt.  for  just  compensation  in  dispute  –  judge  held  in  abeyance  the  write  of  possession  order  due  to  petitioner  while  increasing  outright  provisional  value  of  land  without  hearing.”  

 

Facts:  The  petitioner  files  a  special  civil  action  for  certiorari  to  annul  the  order  issued  by  respondent  judge  in  violation  of  deprivation  of  the  right  of  the  petitioner  for  due  process.  The  petitioner  filed  7  eminent  domain  cases  in  the  acquisition  of  right  of  way  easement  over  7  parcels  of  land  in  relation  to  the  necessity  of  building  towers  and  transmission  line  for  the  common  good  with  the  offer  of  corresponding  compensation  to  landowners  affected  with  the  expropriation  process.  However,  both  parties  did  not  come  to  an  agreement  on  just  compensation  thereby  prompting  petitioner  to  bring  the  eminent  domain  case.  Respondent  judge  found  existing  paramount  public  interest  for  the  expropriation  and  thereby  issued  an  order  determining  the  provisional  market  value  of  the  subject  areas  based  on  tax  declaration  of  the  properties.  The  petitioner,  in  compliance  to  the  order  of  respondent  judge,  deposited  corresponding  amount  of  the  assessed  value  of  said  lands  in  the  amount  of  P23,180,828.00  with  the  Philippine  National  Bank.  Respondents  land  owners  filed  motion  for  reconsideration  asserting  that  the  assessed  value  is  way  too  low  and  that  just  compensation  due  them  is  estimated  as  P29,970,000.00.  Immediately  the  following  day,  respondent  judge  increased  the  provisional  value  to  that  stated  in  the  motion  for  reconsideration  and  ordered  petitioner  to  deposit  the  differential  amount  within  24  hours  from  receipt  of  order  while  holding  in  abeyance  the  writ  of  possession  order  pending  compliance  to  said  order  which  the  petitioner  immediately  complied.  Thereafter,  respondent  judge  ordered  petitioner  to  pay  in  full  amount  the  defendants  for  their  expropriated  property.  Petitioner  assailed  such  order  to  be  in  violation  of  due  process  and  abuse  of  discretion  on  the  part  of  the  respondent  judge  

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hence  this  petition.  

 

Issue:  Whether  or  not  the  respondent  judge  acted  in  grave  abuse  of  discretion  and  whether  or  not  the  petitioner  was  deprived  of  due  process  of  law.  

Held:  The  court  ruled  that  PD  No.  42  provides  that  upon  filing  in  court  complaints  on  eminent  domain  proceeding  and  after  due  notice  to  the  defendants,  plaintiff  will  have  the  right  to  take  possession  of  the  real  property  upon  deposit  of  the  amount  of  the  assessed  value  with  PNB  to  be  held  by  the  bank  subject  to  orders  and  final  disposition  of  the  court.  The  respondent  judge  failed  to  observe  this  procedure  by  failure  to  issue  the  writ  of  possession  to  the  petitioner  despite  its  effort  to  deposit  the  amount  in  compliance  to  the  mandate  of  law.  Furthermore,  the  respondent  judge  erred  in  increasing  the  provisional  value  of  properties  without  holding  any  hearing  for  both  parties.  The  instant  petition  was  granted  by  the  court  setting  aside  the  temporary  restraining  order  and  directing  respondent  judge  to  cease  and  desist  from  enforcing  his  orders.  

There  are  2  stages  in  the  action  of  expropriation:  

1.  Determination  of  the  authority  of  the  plaintiff  to  exercise  the  power  of  eminent  domain  and  the  propriety  of  its  exercise  in  the  context  of  the  facts  involved  in  the  suit.  

2.  Eminent  domain  action  is  concerned  with  the  determination  by  the  Court  of  the  "just  compensation  for  the  property  sought  to  be  taken."  This  is  done  by  the  Court  with  the  assistance  of  not  more  than  three  (3)  commissioners  whose  findings  are  deemed  to  be  final.  

G.R.  No.  170945,  September  26,  2006NATIONAL  POWER  CORPORATION  vs.  MARIA  MENDOZA  SAN  PEDRO  

FACTS:  

The  National  Power  Corporation  (NPC)  is  a  government-­‐owned-­‐and-­‐controlled  corporation  created  to  undertake  the  development  of  hydro-­‐electric  generation  of  power  and  the  production  of  electricity  from  any  and  all  sources;  and  particularly  the  construction,  operation,  and  maintenance  of  power  plants,  auxiliary  plants,  dams,  reservoirs,  pipes,  mains,  transmission  lines,  power  stations  and  substations,  and  other  works  for  the  purpose  of  developing  hydraulic  power  from  any  river,  lake,  creek,  spring  and  waterfalls  in  the  Philippines  and  supplying  such  power  to  the  inhabitants  thereof.  Under  Republic  Act  No.6395,  as  amended,  the  NPC  is  authorized  to  enter  private  property  provided  that  the  owners  thereof  shall  be  indemnified  for  any  actual  damage  caused  thereby.  

For  the  construction  of  its  San  Manuel-­‐San  Jose  500  KV  Transmission  Line  and  Tower  No.SMJ-­‐389,  NPC  negotiated  with  Maria  Mendoza  San  Pedro,  then  represented  by  her  son,  Vicente,  for  an  easement  of  right  of  way  over  her  property,  Lot  No.  2076.  The  property,  which  was  partly  agricultural  and  partly  residential  land,  was  located  in  Barangay  Partida,  Norzagaray,  Bulacan  and  covered  by  Tax  Declaration  No.  00386.  On  June  19,  1997,  Maria  executed  a  Right  of  Way  Grant  in  favor  of  NPC  over  the  lot  for  P1,277,886.90.  The  NPC  paid  her  P524,635.50  for  the  damaged  improvements  thereon.  

The  payment  voucher  for  the  residential  portion  of  the  lot  valued  at  P6,000,000.00  (atP600.00  per  square  meter)  was  then  processed.  However,  the  NPC  Board  of  Directors  approved  Board  Resolution  No.  97-­‐246  stating  that  it  would  pay  only  P230.00  per  sq  m  for  the  residential  portion  and  P89.00  per  sq  m  for  the  agricultural  portion.  

On  July  12,  1999,  Atty.  Baltazar  and  Engr.  Cruz  submitted  their  report,  recommending  as  payment  for  just  compensation  P800.00  per  sq  m  for  the  residential  lot  and  P700.00  per  sq  m  for  the  agricultural  lot.  On  October  28,  1999,  the  RTC  rendered  judgment,  declaring  as  well-­‐grounded,  fair  and  reasonable  the  compensation  for  the  property  as  recommended  by  Atty.Baltazar  and  Engr.  Cruz.  

ISSUE:  Whether  or  not  the  just  compensation  was  achieved  with  regards  to  the  fair  market  value  of  the  residential  and  agricultural  property?  

HELD:  

The  trial  court  fixed  the  just  compensation  for  the  property  as  follows:  (1)  P499.00  per  sq  mon  the  17,195  sq  m  agricultural  portion  of  the  subject  land;  and  (2)  P800.00  per  sq  m  on  the6,565  sq  m  residential  portion  of  the  lot.  Noticeably,  the  trial  court  did  not  blindly  accept  the  recommendation  of  majority  of  the  commissioners  of  P800.00  per  sq  m  for  the  residential  lot  and  P700.00  per  sq  m  for  the  agricultural  lot.  Indeed,  the  trial  court  took  into  account  the  evidence  of  the  parties,  in  tandem  with  the  findings  and  recommendation  of  the  majority  of  the  commissioners.  Considering  that  such  valuation  of  the  trial  court  as  affirmed  by  the  CA  is  reasonable  as  it  is  and  supported  by  the  evidence  on  record,  we  find  no  compelling  reason  to  disturb  the  same.  

The  constant  loud  buzzing  and  exploding  sounds  emanating  from  the  towers  and  transmission  lines,  especially  on  rainy  days;  the  constant  fear  on  the  part  of  the  landowners  that  the  large  transmission  lines  looming  not  far  above  their  land  and  the  huge  tower  in  front  of  their  lot  will  affect  their  safety  and  health;  and  the  slim  chance  that  no  one  would  be  interested  to  buy  the  remaining  portions  on  each  side  of  the  residential  lot  affected  by  the  project,  to  the  damage  of  the  landowners,  both  as  to  future  actual  use  of  the  land  and  financial  gains  to  be  derived  therefrom,  makes  the  instant  case  fall  within  the  ambit  of  expropriation.