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The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace StudiesUniversity of Notre Dame

Issue No. 9, Spring 2006

Notes from thefield experiencePioneering peace students return

Peace Service proposalgains momentum — pg. 9

Along with trials,Iraq needs truth — pg. 11

— pg. 4

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| c o n t e n t s |

3 Column: The cost of living

4 Field experience wrap-up

7 Children and conflict

9 UN peace force

11 Iraq commentary

12 Class of ’07

13 Distinguished alumna

15 Alumni news

18 Kroc Institute news

22 RIREC books

23 Publications

27 Column: Fighting words

Kids and conflict Faculty Fellow Mark Cummings isprincipal investigator for a four-yearproject in which researchers will exam-ine the impacts of political, communi-ty, and family conflict on children.Their laboratory is Northern Ireland. — page 4

Alumni in the Middle EastJosh Vander Velde (’04) co-led an“Encounter Tour” of more than 50rabbinical students and Jewish educa-tors to Bethlehem, where they met withPalestinian peace activists, includingZoughbi Zoughbi (’89) and Yousef Al-Herimi (’92). — page 14

Post-accord analysis Scholars in the institute’s ResearchInitiative on the Resolution of EthnicConflict (RIREC) set out to under-stand why many peace accords havenot been successfully implemented.They report their findings in three newbooks from Notre Dame Press. — page 22

Editor: Julie Titone

Designer: Marty Schalm

Printer: Apollo Printing

On the cover: Elizabeth Serafin of Mexico (MA ’06), center, connects with students at Al-Quds Universityin Palestine. She was in the Middle East to participate in the Kroc field experience. Story, page 4.

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Hal CulbertsonAssociate Director

ow does the cost of living in South Bend compare with, say, Kampala, Uganda?

Such a comparison might not even arise in a course on global economics. But

with the expansion of the Kroc Institute, questions like this have become daily fare for

administrators.

Thanks to the generosity of Joan Kroc, the institute has been able to grow in

many ways. It has enrolled more students, hired additional faculty and staff, and added a second year of

study to its M.A. program. Perhaps the most ambitious component of this new endeavor is the incorpora-

tion of a five- to six-month field experience for graduate students.

The class of 2006 was the first to complete international field experiences. Associate Director

Martha Merritt, who oversees field site development, debriefed the students upon their return. In this

edition of Peace Colloquy, she gives a glimpse of what students accomplished during their internships,

and what we at the institute learned about a program designed to test classroom peacebuilding knowl-

edge on the ground.

As budget administrator, I have focused my attention on our stewardship of Joan Kroc’s gift to

the institute. What is the price tag on these field experiences? Estimating the cost of relocating 15 stu-

dents around the globe and providing basic support for five months has its share of uncertainty.

Given the great diversity of field sites, we estimated the likely support costs for each location,

based largely on input from our field site coordinators and internship hosts. This led to discussions only

a budget administrator could love: How often will a student based in Cambodia commute to her office in

Phnom Penh? How much would a student in Jakarta spend on food? Do students living in big cities have

to eat out more?

Our students in South Bend receive a stipend of $1,000 per month to cover living expenses.

(The institute pays separately for their health insurance.) As I pored over internship program expenses,

an interesting fact emerged. Seven students went to field sites with support costs lower than South

Bend, while seven went to sites where it cost more to live. In other words, South Bend ended up right at

the median of our world of field sites.

So where did Kampala fall? In fact, South Bend and Kampala had fairly similar support costs for

a student, but Kampala came in slightly lower. The main difference: lower heating bills.

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Tallying the cost of an above-average experience

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Rwanda border, using her French language skills tointerview refugees. From South Africa, Diana Batchelordocumented reconciliation initiatives in four EastAfrican countries for a book being produced by herhost organization, the Institute for Justice andReconciliation. To assist future interns and other schol-ars, Diana also compiled collections of resources on tra-ditional reconciliation systems in Sudan, Mozambique,Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, andUganda.

Part of the Kroc Institute’s goal in having studentsenter or reenter the world of work is to stimulate theirability to integrate peace studies and pressing real-worldproblems. They learn how to gather information andcraft solutions from what can be a hodgepodge ofresources.

Few felt that tension more keenly than BurcuMünyas, who interned with Catholic Relief Services(CRS) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Shortly after herarrival, a partner organization needed to know what

Notes from the field experiencePioneering peace students return to Notre Dame

M A R T H A M E R R I T TA S S O C I A T E D I R E C T O R

Brimming with stories and new understanding, 15M.A. students in peace studies returned in Januaryfrom their five-month field experiences in Africa, theMiddle East, Southeast Asia, and the United States.Their activities ranged from interviewing refugees tostudying reconciliation practices and testifying beforeparliament. Based on the students’ reports, we are fine-tuning the field experience with the goal of bringing theinsights of peace studies closer to the “field” of practice.

The institute’s field experience differs in significantways from those of other graduate programs. We intendfor future students to return to the same locations andorganizations in order to build a sustained Kroc pres-ence and to gain deep familiarity with particular con-flicts. The idea is that each group will bring greaterexpertise to their host organizations as they add to ourcollective knowledge. In integrating their first year ofacademic study with practice, students should come tosee approaches to peacebuilding as an important part of navigating a new culture. Finally, in their last semes-ter, students are responsible for a master’s project incorporating research and revelation from their fieldexperiences.

Our hope is that students will not only learn newcultures, but also how to learn new cultures. Hostorganizations accept students eight months in advance,which gives students the spring semester at Notre Dameto prepare for the field experience. Students study histo-ry, politics, culture and language as their interests andopportunities allow. We want them to construct person-al “tool kits” that will be lifelong resources for informedand respectful entry into other cultures.

During their 2005 field experiences, students cov-ered even more terrain than we anticipated. ZamiraYusufjonova interned at the Carter Center in Atlanta,Georgia, and was invited to be a member of an observa-tion team for the November elections in Liberia.Within two weeks of Sarah Park’s arrival at the RefugeeLaw Project in Kampala, she was at the Uganda-

Zamira Yusufjonova in Liberia, where she helped monitorelections as part of her internship with the Atlanta-basedCarter Center.

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youth in Cambodia — 69 percent of the populationafter the genocide of the 1970s — had learned abouttheir country’s traumas. Burcu taught herself question-naire design from the Internet and a hastily sent copy ofDavid Gray’s book Doing Research in the Real World.She and her Cambodian partners surveyed or ran focusgroups with a total of 202 young people in fiveprovinces. Burcu thrived in managing the project andremarked that she “felt liberated to be conducting myown research outside of the university environment.”The paper that resulted, “Genocide in the Mind of theCambodian Youth,” has been well-received by theCambodian peacebuilding community and by promi-nent scholars. Burcu’s findings also led to the design ofa workshop for young people on genocide education.

In Indonesia, the tsunami that ravaged much ofSouth Asia had an impact on Sana Farid’s work withCRS in Jakarta. During her internship, Sana’s homelandof Pakistan also suffered a devastating earthquake, soher personal concerns converged with the challenges shefaced as a peacebuilder. Sana emerged from both experi-ences with newfound confidence in her ability to adaptand to be a proactive peacebuilder. In the Middle East,Elizabeth Serafin found herself designing courses inconflict resolution and Spanish — an important lan-guage for communication with the Palestinian diaspora— as she matched her skills to evolving needs atWi’am, an NGO in Bethlehem dedicated to buildingcordial relationships in the Palestinian community.

Interns’ assignments often reflected a growing recog-nition among peacebuilders that advocacy is a necessarypart of successful practice. One of our staunchestregional partners, Myla Leguro of the Philippines, isamong those convinced that grassroots peacebuildingmust be paired with advocacy in order to addressinequality and other forms of structural violence. Krocstudent Sammy Mwiti Mbuthia joined Myla and herpeacebuilding team just in time for a meeting of theCatholic Peacebuilding Network (CPN), held in DavaoCity last July. Mwiti has a strong journalism back-ground, and within days of his arrival was coordinatingmedia coverage of the meeting and serving as the kindof advocate the CRS program had long desired. Heclosed out his internship as editor-in-chief and writerfor the newsletter Mindanao PeaceLens. Calling the issue“Charting New Frontiers in Mindanao Peacebuilding,”Mwiti addressed many of the themes raised at the CPNmeeting.

Mica Cayton, an attorney, brought her legal experi-ence to the Foundation for Human Rights Initiative inKampala at a time when the Ugandan president wascampaigning for a constitutionally prohibited thirdterm in office. Mica testified before the UgandanParliament, among other advocacy work; she found her-self reflecting on Nobel laureate Amartya Sen’s sugges-

tion that government should be measured by the capa-bilities of its citizens. Xiaomao Min worked for the AsiaSociety in New York City, where among other dutiesshe helped to host Sri Lanka’s president in cooperationwith the United Nations. Xiaomao was impressed whenPresident Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga saidthat, though she had been unable to resist the lure ofpolitics, she envies those with more opportunity forintellectual reflection.

Jonathan Smith, who before coming to Kroc spenttwo years in Palestine teaching conflict resolution,moved to an advocacy environment at the CatholicParliamentary Liaison Office in Cape Town, SouthAfrica. For his master’s project, Jonathan met with keyreligious figures and members of the African NationalCongress, as well as human rights advocates, in CapeTown, Pretoria, and Johannesburg. One of his researchpapers, on right relations between religious groups andthe state in promoting peace and social justice, was fea-tured on the front page of the South African Catholicweekly, Southern Cross.Jonathan summed up hisexperience by saying hegained important inter-viewing skills and abroader perspective onpromoting change.

Interns were encour-aged to integrate past andpresent experience intheir field journals. Herein South Bend, NicholasMambule Bisase ofUganda interned atRefugee and ImmigrationServices and could com-pare our city’s programswith his previous work inKampala for the UgandaHuman RightsCommission. IsaacLappia, who for six yearswas director of AmnestyInternational in SierraLeone, worked at the Africa Peace Forum in Nairobi.He moved comfortably among diplomats and otherprominent figures as he drew on his background inWest Africa to analyze security challenges in East Africa.What he found uncomfortable, and surprising, was thelack of personal security for the homeless in Nairobi.Taras Mazyar, working at the US-Ukraine Foundationin Washington, D.C., found strong support for hisresearch focus on democratization in his native Ukraine.

Deciding how to represent the field experience wasin some ways as challenging as the living of it. Tom

Sammy Mwiti Mbuthia’s journal-ism background was valuableduring his Catholic ReliefServices internship, which includ-ed producing a newsletter. Here,he interviews Filipino environmen-tal activist Marciano Ibanez.

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Arendshorst, an ophthalmologist who interned withNairobi Peace Initiative, launched a second career as awriter with his “Kroc o’ Peace” journal entries. A widee-mail audience received 55 detailed accounts of workand other adventures as Tom and his wife Sharon grewto know and love East Africa. Damon Lynch main-tained a photographic record of his geographic and spir-itual journey wherever he went in Israel and Palestine.His pictures feature everything from a Jewish settler’swedding to contested water sites, the latter relating tohis Jerusalem-based internship with the Israel-PalestineCenter for Research and Information. (You can view hisphotos at http://pbase.com/dflynch.)

Both the success of the field experience and themaintenance of a Kroc presence depend heavily onteamwork. The program’s field site coordinators for2005 — Bob Dowd, Alan Dowty, Tom McDermott,Rashied Omar, and John Paul Lederach — gave aweek’s on-site orientation and a great deal more. Tomwas in residence in Kampala for the entire term andhad a way of materializing on doorsteps in Uganda andKenya when needed. Another who shared his time andenergy was Kroc Faculty Fellow David Burrell inJerusalem, who drew upon his decades of experience inthe Middle East. From the Kroc Institute side, JustinShelton, graduate program coordinator, offered logisti-cal support and comfort that was particularly importantduring the early months for this first group in the field.Bill Hoye has been a steady partner in providing coun-sel from Notre Dame’s legal office.

Life did not stop, of course, while the students wereaway from Notre Dame. Damon learned at the end ofhis internship that his mother’s cancer had returned andflew directly from Tel Aviv to New Zealand to be withher. We plan to welcome Damon back in spring 2007.Mica and her husband, Kroc alumnus Marco Garrido,will have their first child this summer. Convenientlydue after Mica’s graduation in May, the baby will havean outstanding peacebuilding pedigree and, we hope,benefit from the collective wisdom of Mica and herclassmates.

What will we do differently in future field experi-ences? Jaleh Dashti-Gibson, director of academic pro-grams, has already drawn upon the first round to designa semester-long program to prepare students for thefield experience. It incorporates research design, region-al expertise, and health and safety issues. Jaleh andLarissa Fast, who teaches Kroc’s capstone seminar inwhich students complete their master’s projects, refinedthe writing assignments from the field to focus on howthe internships capture challenges for peacebuilders. We

Capstone course tops off graduate studies

L A R I S S A F A S T

As part of the expanded M.A. program, students inthe class of 2006 are participating in a new capstonecourse during their fourth and final semester. Titled“Effective Peacebuilding,” this intensive seminar —designed with input from the entire Kroc faculty, andtaught by me — has two primary goals. One is to syn-thesize the students’ first-year coursework and theirfall-semester field internships; the other is to produceindividual master’s projects. The capstone courseexplores the connections and gaps between theoryand practice, and attempts to bridge the gaps usingreflective scholarship and practice.

What does it mean to be a reflective scholar-practi-tioner? In the first few weeks of class, we exploredthat question through readings from various discipli-nary perspectives and through processing of students’experiences “in the field.” As a way of engaging inreflective practice, students gave presentations inwhich they ruminated on the themes, questions, puz-zles, issues, or lessons in peacebuilding that theyfound particularly enlightening or challenging. Amongcommon themes that emerged were the challenges ofleadership, of transition, and of accountability in con-ducting research. We engaged in lively discussionabout the uniqueness of, and similarities among,assignments in such disparate places as Jerusalem,Nairobi, and Atlanta.

The second half of the course will focus on reflec-tive scholarship. Guest speakers and scholarlyresources will help students make sense of the issueshighlighted in the students’ field presentations. As Iwrite this, a month into the class, the students arealready working on their masters projects, many ofwhich build upon original research they conducted dur-ing their internships. Most of the projects will take theform of a traditional research article. During the finalweeks of the course, students will complete and thenpresent their research to the Kroc community.

also have decided to tighten the program’s geographicfocus. This first time we monitored 11 different loca-tions, four in the United States alone. In 2006, the sec-ond group of students will bring back their stories andinsights from six field sites: Kampala, Cape Town,Jerusalem/Bethlehem, Davao City, Phnom Penh, andWashington, DC.

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What’s ‘normal,’ what’s not Major study looks at interaction

of family conflict, ethnic strife

J U L I E T I T O N E

A 12-year-old boy walks from asegregated school past hate-filledgraffiti and clusters of teenagersspoiling for a fight. Does the pres-ence of social conflict in this child’slife make him more likely to landin prison or the unemploymentline? Does his future successdepend on whether he is goinghome to comfort and cookies, or toparents who are arguing?

Kroc Institute Faculty Fellow E.Mark Cummings is poised toanswer those questions. He is prin-cipal investigator for a $1.4 mil-lion, four-year project in which ateam of researchers will examinethe impact of political, community,and family conflict. Their laborato-ry is Northern Ireland. Their studygroup will include 700 mothers,each of whom will be asked abouther 10- to 15-year-old child. Thechildren will also be interviewed.

The researchers want to know why some childrenstruggle greatly in the presence of political violence, andothers thrive.

“Children don’t just live in a vacuum,” noted co-investigator Ed Cairns of the University of Ulster.“Normal life goes on, parents still have rows, there’sprobably still gang warfare going on. We need to notonly sort those factors out, but to look at the interac-tion between them.”

Together, Cairns and Cummings sought federalfunding for the major study, “Children and PoliticalViolence in Northern Ireland.” Cummings holds theNotre Dame Chair in Psychology, and is known inter-

nationally for his research onfamily dynamics. His recentresearch has delved into suchsubjects as the effects of maritalconflict on children’s function-ing and adjustment, emotionalsecurity as a general theoreticalmodel for children’s develop-ment, and research-based pre-vention and parent-educationprograms.

Cummings compares chil-dren’s difficulties to an iceberg:“You don’t know what’s goingon underneath.” The NorthernIreland study marks a changeof direction for him, because itexpands his study of conflictand families to include con-texts of ethnic conflict, contin-

uing a line of research beyond theUnited States, and allows him tostep beyond the family threshold

to look at social influences on behavior. The project isalso a significant change from the norm in conflictresearch. “Most research on conflict resolution is doneat the political level. Then there’s a fair amount ofresearch on domestic/family conflict, the psychologicallevel,” Cummings said. “Our goal is to bring togetherthe social ecology of political violence.”

“I think the findings will be generalizable to othercultures,” said John Darby, a former University ofUlster professor who has provided advice and contactsfor Cummings. “This makes it all the more surprisingthat a major study of this sort has not been carried outbefore.”

Ethnic conflict shadows the lives of childrenin Northern Ireland.

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Darby is now a professor ofcomparative ethnic studies atthe Kroc Institute, where hedirects the Research Initiativeon the Resolution of EthnicConflict. One of the initiative’sareas of interest is young peo-ple, particularly their roles aspeacemakers or troublemakers.

Darby is a co-investigatorfor the Northern Ireland proj-ect, as are Scott Maxwell ofNotre Dame, Matthew A.Fitzsimon Chair in Psychology,and psychology professorMarcie Goeke-Morey of the

Catholic University of America. The project’s first year is being spent designing the

best survey, which includes carrying out a series of focusgroups involving some 60 mothers in different areas ofBelfast. The researchers are reviewing research literatureto find the best ways to measure marital conflict,parental experience with alcohol, childhood adjust-ments, and the like. They intend for their survey meth-ods to be adaptable for use in other conflict areas.Cummings and Cairns may seek funding for a projectin Israel.

Over the next two years, the research data will becollected in two sets of interviews — one primary, onefollow-up — conducted by professional surveyors in thesubjects’ homes.

The project is a good example of the Kroc Institute’srole in bringing together researchers from different dis-ciplines. The research opportunity presented itself toCummings in the context of his undergraduate teachingand mentoring. He became acquainted with ErinLovell, a political science major with a concentration inpeace studies, when she took his psychology course onconflict in families. After a year abroad in the Dublinprogram, she was interested in the impact of politicalconflict on families, particularly in Northern Ireland,where, in a long and often violent conflict known as“the Troubles,” Catholics have sought, and sometimesfought for, jobs and educational opportunities enjoyedby the majority Protestants.

Cummings served as mentor for Lovell’s UniversityHonors Thesis on this topic. In 2001, he and Lovell co-authored a Kroc occasional paper titled Conflict,

Conflict Resolution and the Children of Northern Ireland:Towards Understanding the Impact on Children andFamilies (No. 21: OP 1). In it, they argued for multi-disciplinary research on the subject.

The paper is posted on the institute’s web site,where it caught Cairns’s attention. The Northern Irishpsychologist has devoted his career to studying theimpact of political violence, and is author of Caught inCrossfire: Children and the Northern Ireland Conflict(Appletree Press, 1987). He has been frustrated by thenumber of “academic tourists” who visit his countrywithout seeing the big picture of children’s lives in thatculture. Too often researchers from other parts of theworld are only interested in the conflict and forget thatchildren in Northern Ireland have to face the samedevelopmental hurdles that face all children: siblingrivalries, making friends, adjusting to new schools, mar-ital breakups.

After hearing Cummings speak at the Kroc Institute,Cairns rendezvoused with him at an international con-ference and they agreed to collaborate on a researchproject, bringing together their common interests inchild development, conflict process, and violence.Before and after that meeting, Cummings made threegroundwork-laying trips to Northern Ireland. The ini-tial trip was made possible through support from theKroc Institute and Notre Dame’s Keough Institute forIrish Studies.

Coincidentally, Cummings and Cairns becameaware on the same day that the National Institute ofChild Health and Human Development was calling forproposals to study children exposed to violence. Afterapplying twice, they beat long odds and were awarded agrant in June 2005.

The research findings will be released as theybecome available, in journal articles and conferencepapers. Cummings expects the ultimate product will bea book.

“We’re hoping for the widest possible impact, reach-ing people at the political level, sociologists, peopleinterested in the well-being of children in war-tornareas,” he said. “I want to take the next step and makethis useful.”

Armed with solid, research-based information,counselors, educators, and politicians may be better able to ensure that the Irish school child has the sup-port system necessary to thrive despite the legacy of the Troubles.

Professor Mark Cummings

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Senior Fellow Robert Johansen envisions a UN EmergencyPeace Service

Emergency Peace Service proposalgains momentum

J U L I E T I T O N E

Robert Johansen is known for coming up with ideasthat are ahead of their time: proposals having to dowith world order, international ethics, global gover-nance, and the maintenance of peace and security.Thirty years ago, for example, he described the need fora United Nations rapid reaction force that could stopgenocide and other crimes against humanity — an ideanow getting traction on the world’s political landscape.

Johansen, a Kroc Institute senior fellow, is chiefwriter for a coalition of academic experts, former offi-cials, and representatives of human rights organizationswho are working to establish a United NationsEmergency Peace Service. This service, dubbed UNEPS,would be a permanent agency able to set off for anemergency zone within 24 hours after UN authoriza-tion. Because members of the service would be individ-ually recruited among volunteers from many countries,Johansen notes, it would not face the usual reluctanceof UN members to deploy their own national units.Because it would be an integrated service, includingconflict-transformation specialists, civilian police, andjudicial and military personnel, it would not suffer fromlack of essential components or from confusion aboutthe chain of command.

Such a law enforcement service could have stoppedgenocide in Rwanda in 1994, and is undeniably neededin places such as Sudan’s Darfur region, Johansen con-tends. “Everyone knows that at times innocent peopleare ruthlessly killed simply because of their national,ethnic, racial, or religious identities. We also know thatsuch killings and other crimes against humanity areprohibited by existing international law,” says Johansen,a professor of political science and peace research. “Theinternational community could prevent many of thesecrimes if it would act quickly and send a professionalsecurity force to enforce the law.”

If a peace service had been established years ago, heargues, it could have curtailed some of the atrocitiesthat have killed hundreds of thousands of civilians,forced millions from their homes, destroyed entire

economies, and wasted hundreds of billions of dollars. In recent years, concerned governments, several UnitedNations study groups, the UN secretary-general, andmany independent experts have all stressed the need formore effective rapid-reaction capability. Yet, govern-ments are not taking the lead.

To fill the leadership void, Johansen helped to createthe independent Working Group for a United NationsEmergency Peace Service. As its rapporteur, Johansenauthored “A United Nations Emergency Peace Serviceto Prevent Genocide and Crimes against Humanity,” astatement that grew from the coalition's first meeting,in 2003, in Santa Barbara, California. Following a sec-ond meeting of experts in Cuenca, Spain, in 2005, plusmany international conference calls, Johansen wroteanother report that details the principles on which par-ticipants agreed. Titled “Discussion of the Proposal fora United Nations Emergency Peace Service: TheCuenca Report,” it also identifies questions for furtherresearch, including: How can the legitimate interests of

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both the Global South and the North be advanced byUNEPS? How might UNEPS be authorized for deploy-ment if the Security Council is deadlocked during a cri-sis? How might UNEPS and the International CriminalCourt work together to implement human rights law?Should UNEPS address terrorist violence?

The Ford Foundation, which helped pay for theCuenca conference, made a second grant in November2005 in support of future study, with Johansen asresearch director. The Working Group will meet againin June 2006 in Vancouver, with financial help from theFord Foundation and Simons Foundation, to discussmembers’ research and strategy for building worldwidesupport for the initiative.

Organizations that have shaped the UNEPS propos-al and support it in principle include Human RightsWatch and the Union of Concerned Scientists. JuanMendez, the UN secretary-general’s special representa-tive for genocide (and a former Kroc Institute facultyfellow), has endorsed the idea. So have individual legis-lators in national parliaments and congresses around theworld.

The working group includes former CanadianForeign Minister Lloyd Axworthy; Sir Bryan Urquhart,the former UN under-secretary-general for special polit-ical affairs, who has worked on UN peace operationswith five different UN secretaries-general; Lt. GeneralSatish Nambiar of the Indian Armed Forces, who com-manded UN peacekeeping operations in Bosnia;Professor Hussein Solomon, director of the Centre forInternational Political Studies, University of Pretoria,South Africa; and Professor Alcides Costa Vaz,University of Brasilia, security expert and consultant tothe Brazilian government. Some members, particularlyWilliam Pace, the convener of the Coalition for anInternational Criminal Court are drawing on experi-ences gained in the worldwide effort that succeeded inestablishing the court.

In mid-1990s, when the discussions for the courtbegan in earnest, no one would have predicted that thetreaty for an international court could have been com-pleted by 1998 and that it would be a reality by 2002,Johansen points out. With appropriate research, discus-sion, and coalition building, he believes that the UnitedNations Emergency Peace Service can be established inthe foreseeable future.

Links to Johansen’s papers on this subject are availableon his faculty web page, found at http://kroc.nd.edu.

‘No emergency telephonenumber to call’

The following text is excerpted from a resolutionintroduced on March 17, 2005 to the U.S. House ofRepresentatives by Albert Wynn, D-Maryland, in sup-port of a U.N. Emergency Peace Service. The resolu-tion was also introduced by Jim Leach, R-Iowa, andco-sponsored by eight other congressmen. It wasreferred to the House Committee on InternationalRelations.

Mr. Speaker, most Americans have the comfort ofknowing that in the event of an emergency, police, fire,and emergency services are just a phone call away.Unfortunately, in too much of the world today, there isno emergency telephone number to call in the event ofa humanitarian crisis.

Today, Congressman Leach and I are introducing aresolution to encourage the creation of an internation-al emergency service for the world community — TheUnited Nations Emergency Peace Service (UNEPS).The service would consist of 15,000 expertly trainedand equipped professionals, ready to respond immedi-ately in the early stages of a crisis, be it caused byviolent conflict or natural disaster. The EmergencyPeace Service ranks would be made up of militarypeacekeepers, civilian police, military, humanitarianand judicial professionals, and other emergencyresponse and relief personnel. ... They could respondto crises within days or weeks, rather than months,thereby saving lives around the globe.

Mr. Speaker, despite this administration’s currentfocus on Iraq and terrorism, the U.S. cannot solve oursecurity problems alone. Increasingly, being safe athome means making others feel secure in theirhomes.

Failing states quickly become failed states. Theyprovide breeding grounds for terrorism and internation-al crime. It is, therefore, in the United States’ securityinterests to prevent destabilizing events from causingthe collapse of states.

The creation of an Emergency Peace Service isalso in our financial interest. The fact is: It is muchcheaper to prevent an emergency by intervening earlyin its development than it is to respond after an emer-gency has reached its tipping point. According to theCarnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict,the international community could have saved nearly$130 billion of the $200 billion it spent on managingconflicts in the 1990’s by focusing on preventionrather than reconstruction…

Rwanda, Haiti, Sierra Leone, Bosnia and Kosovo,Liberia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and nowDarfur; these are just a few of the places where theU.N. and its member states should have respondedmore rapidly and robustly. As a result, more peopledied, and more people suffer. The world can do better.

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Along with trials, Iraq needs truthD A N I E L P H I L P O T T

Editor’s note: This commentary was first published in theBoston Globe on December 8, 2005.

The trial of Saddam Hussein will likely result in hisexecution. Thus satisfied will be the Greek goddess ofjustice. Blind, with scales in her hand, she balances evilwith justice, dollar for dollar, punishment equalingdebts. It was her signature principle, retributive justice,that animated the trials of Nazi war criminals atNuremberg, and trials following war, dictatorship, andgenocide in Yugoslavia, East Germany, Greece,Argentina, and Rwanda. Only retribution for theancient regime, claim the defenders of trials, can estab-lish the rule of law in Iraq under its new Constitution.

But trials have their limitations. Politically, theyoften backfire. Erich Honecker, the deposed premier ofcommunist East Germany, arrived at his trial in thenewly unified Germany pumping his fist in the air,decrying victors’ justice — and became more popularfor it.

Trials rarely succeed in prosecuting more than afraction of major perpetrators, even when they arelengthy and expensive. The International CriminalTribunal for Rwanda has spent more than $1 billionover eight years to produce 20 convictions, out of125,000 alleged genocidaires awaiting trial. Politicalpressures frequently undermine verdicts. Due process,legal procedures, and adversarial incentives often hinderthe public revelation of the truth about past injustices.Under pressure for a speedy execution, Saddam’s prose-cutors may exclude from their case his colossal mas-sacres of Shiites and Kurds, thus inhibiting the publicexposure of these atrocities.

Most of all, trials will contribute little to the chiefU.S. foreign policy goal of a stable, democratic regime.The persistent hindrance is hatred. Historical woundsfester between Sunnis and Shiites, Kurds and Arabs,Islamists and secularists, and now Iraqis and Americans,breaking out in continual attack, revenge, and counter-revenge. Steps forward — elections, rebuilt institutions,and a new Constitution — seem constantly checked by

steps backward, including assassinations, detonations,and proliferating jihadi factions.

Trials are unlikely to assuage these wounds. In fact,news reports indicate that Saddam’s trial is already pit-ting his sympathizers against his avowed enemies, fos-tering yet another source of division.

What is needed is a dulcet voice in the din, a strongantidote to communal violence. Where might suchmedicine be found? One source of hope lies in a truthcommission, a body charged by a state to investigate itspast. Roughly 30 countries have turned to this solutionin dealing with their own troubled histories.

Arising from the rhetoric of truth commissions is anancient principle found in Jewish, Christian, andMuslim scriptures: reconciliation. Connoting therestoration of right relationship, reconciliation providesa blueprint for dealing with the past.

It begins by publicly acknowledging the suffering ofthousands of victims of political violence. One of theremarkable themes to emerge from truth commissionsin South Africa, Guatemala, El Salvador, and EastTimor was victims finding healing through public testi-mony. Interviews with ordinary Iraqis find them wel-coming just such an opportunity to speak publiclyabout the injustices that they and their loved ones havesuffered at the hands of the state and to discover thetruth about injustices that the state has hidden. Thesame exposure of deeds can foster accountability forperpetrators and assist trials.

Truth commissions even encourage apology and for-giveness. Following the publication of the final report ofChile’s truth commission, President Patricio Aylwincalled for nationwide repentance for injustices commit-ted during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.Enjoined by the Koran, apology and forgiveness mightalso be realized in Iraq.

For entire societies, truth commissions create a pub-lic historical record. The report of Argentina’s truthcommission, Nunca Mas (“Never Again”), became a

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bestseller on the streets. Perpetrators are thereby deniedthe lies through which they vindicate and re-empowerthemselves, and new regimes are founded on truth andaccountability.

To realist ears, reconciliation sounds remote fromthe necessities of sandbags, M-16s, and barbed wire.But to sound the principle is not to expect a utopianreconciliation of all with all. It is rather to urge a set ofpractices that can begin to heal the social divisions thatnow endanger a new regime. On this logic, many Iraqishave called for a truth commission, including a broadconsensus of Iraqi citizens interviewed for a report bythe International Center for Transitional Justice. As his-tory’s schisms roil on, the Iraqis’ plea emerges not mere-ly as an alternative concept of justice, but also as soundforeign policy.

Daniel Philpott, a Kroc Institute faculty member and associateprofessor of political science, is spending the 2005-06 academicyear as a faculty fellow at the Edmond J. Safra Foundation Centerfor Ethics at Harvard University. In 2006-07, he will be anAlexander von Humboldt Foundation fellow, in residence at theHertie School of Governance and the WissenschaftszentrumBerlin, both in Berlin.

During his sabbatical, Philpott is writing a book tentativelytitled Just and Unjust Peace: A Political Ethic of Reconciliation.Drawing upon Christian theology and political philosophy, it willdevelop a theory of reconciliation as a conception of justice forpolitical orders that are facing past evils.

Institute welcomes Class of ’07

A Colombian lawyer-teacher who set up conflict-resolution programs; an American who designed programs to assistwomen survivors of war; an Ethiopian project officer focusing on governance and human rights. They are among the16 peace studies graduate students enrolled in the fall of 2005. Members of the Class of 2007, whose biographies areposted on the Kroc web site (http://kroc.nd.edu), are:

Tania Alahendra of Sri Lanka

Yatman Cheng of China

Silke Denker of Germany

Mark Fetzko of the United States

John Filson of the United States

Hala Fleihan of Lebanon

Lison Joseph of India

Meedan Mekonnen of Ethiopia

Lisa Nafziger of Canada

Denis Okello of Uganda

Ramesh Prakashvelu of India

Tatyana Shin of Uzbekistan

Alicia Simoni of the United States

Patrick Tom of Zimbabwe

Said Yakhyoev of Tajikistan

María Lucía Zapata of Colombia

Iraq needs truth, continued

Members of the Class of ’07 will depart in summer 2006 for their field experiences.

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L I S O N J O S E P H

Even after working for a decade for the UnitedNations Office of the High Commissioner for HumanRights, Kroc Institute graduate Hannah Wu (’90) keepsasking herself: “Am I making any difference?”

Wu is a specialist in international human rightsstandards. Her long stint at the UN has dispelled anyillusions she had about implementing human rightsnorms such as the right to liberty, freedom from tor-ture, or protection from arbitrary arrest. Her work,which has taken her to some of the world’s most trou-bled places, is difficult and often frustrating. Yet she dis-agrees with those who consider universal human rightsto be a utopian notion.

The Kroc Institutehonored Wu withits 2005DistinguishedAlumni Award. Shereturned to theinstitute in Octoberto accept the award,and to address Krocfaculty and advisorycouncil membersand peace studiesstudents. In her lec-

ture, “A Journey to Human Rights,” and in an inter-view afterward, she talked about the challenges ofhuman rights work.

The human rights focus of the United Nations isshifting from formulating norms to putting them intopractice, Wu said. “A strategic plan of action chartingout the path for implementing human rights norms atthe national level was unveiled during the 2005 UNSummit.”

Wu does not depict the UN as flawless or efficient.It is one of the largest bureaucratic institutions on theinternational stage and its decision-making process canbe tiresome and painstaking, she said. “Once you areable to put that in the context of the ultimate objectivesof what you are doing — protection and empowermentof the most vulnerable sections of the population in dif-ferent parts of the world — you can overcome the frus-trations of dealing with the bureaucracy.”

Hannah Wu champions human rights

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To implement human rights checks and balanceseffectively, the UN depends on support from memberstates, she added. “The UN will only be what its mem-bers would let it be,” she said.

Wu has worked closely with civil society actors aswell as government representatives, and has been amongthe privileged few to brief the UN Security Council.

The luxury of her office, with a panoramic view ofLake Geneva, does not lessen her focus on the chal-lenges of human rights protection. In fact, the contrastbetween the comfort of life in Switzerland and the reali-ty of the human rights situation worldwide constantlyreminds her that there is a mission to be accomplishedand that there is no time to be lost.

Wu’s roots are a long way, in both distance andawareness, from Geneva. She still has trouble explainingthe complexity of her work to her family in Shenyang,in northern China. Wu left China to study atManchester College in Indiana, where she learnedabout the peace studies program at Notre Dame.

She recalled how her thought processes and beliefswere reshaped during her time at the Kroc Institute. Inaddition to a master’s degree, she took away “an invalu-able life experience.” She particularly appreciates anumber of her professors for instilling in her a vision ofa better world, in which human rights are respected.

After graduating from Notre Dame, Wu taught at ahigh school in Washington, D.C. In 1991 she took upa year-long internship with the Women’s InternationalLeague for Peace and Freedom in Geneva and NewYork, followed by more than a year with the UnitedNations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Sincejoining the UN Office of the High Commissioner forHuman Rights in 1994, her work has taken her tocountries around the world, including Cambodia,Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Tajikistan, Albania, andMacedonia.

For peace students interested in pursuing a UnitedNations career, Wu’s advice is to be realistic about therestraints placed upon those who work in an interna-tional, bureaucratic organization. “The question iswhether you have the patience and the perseverance tomake it happen, given all the limitations,” she said.“There is no lack of opportunities for those interestedin the UN.”

Lison Joseph, a journalist from Kerala, India, is amember of the Kroc Institute’s Master of Arts in PeaceStudies program, class of 2007.

Hannah Wu (MA ’90) specializes in inter-national human rights standards

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Joshua Vander Velde (MA ’04) looks on while Zoughbi Zoughbi(MA ’89) leads a tour of the Israeli-built Separation Wall thatsurrounds Bethlehem

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In November 2005, JoshVander Velde (’04) co-led an“Encounter Tour” of more than50 American, Canadian, andBritish rabbinical students andJewish educators to Bethlehem,where they met with Palestinianpeace activists, including Krocalumni Zoughbi Zoughbi (’89)and Yousef Al-Herimi (’92). Thetrip participants, most of whomare studying in Israel for the year,met with Zoughbi at Wi’am, thePalestinian Conflict ResolutionCenter, which he directs.Zoughbi, a Christian, engaged thegroup in difficult questions, sur-prising them by beginning hispresentation by asking what theword “Palestinian” brought up for them, getting stereo-types out on the table. He then took the group on atour of the Israeli-built wall that surrounds Bethlehem,emphasizing its impact on daily Palestinian life. TheIsraeli government has argued that the Wall is necessaryto prevent terrorist attacks. Palestinians and Israeli peaceactivists have countered that the Wall confiscates toomuch Palestinian land and makes Palestinian daily lifeimpossible.

Later in the day, Yousef, who is Muslim, spoke tothe group as part of a panel of Palestinian peace activistssharing their personal stories. He described how, evenafter the Israeli army demolished his house when he wasa young man, he continued on a path of religious toler-ance and dialogue. He emphasized how his personalrelationships with Jews (such as with his dentist whenhe was younger) have contributed to his advocacy forpeaceful coexistence.

Most of the trip participants chose to receivePalestinian home hospitality for the night, a first-timeexperience for virtually all of them. One rabbinical stu-dent commented, “The most powerful part of the tripwas staying overnight at a Palestinian family’s house...Here was a family that was removed from the rhetoric

and politics, just living their lives 20 minutes from myown life. I heard their thoughts on daily life, the diffi-culties and the joys (a recent wedding, a new grand-child). I found myself connecting to their struggle, onehuman being relating to another. Returning toJerusalem, I wondered: Is there any way to keep thisfamily in mind in my prayers? How can I pray the tra-ditional liturgy and think about a Palestinian familytrying to make a life for themselves in Bethlehem?”

One outcome of the trip is that Josh and six othertrip participants have begun studying Islam with Yousefonce a month in Bethlehem. Josh, who is studyingHebrew and Jewish religion in Jerusalem, is leadingsimilar groups of students to Bethlehem and Hebronthis spring. Zoughbi notes, “Dialogue between open-minded people is a timely response to the terrible thingshappening in the world. The dialogue of religions andcultures is replacing the dialogue of ignorance.”

US and Palestinian alumni work togetherin inter-religious education

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USA — Christine Matusik-Plas (’89) is executivedirector of HM Housing Development Corporation inLorain, Ohio, a non-profit organization offering sup-port to homeless single-parent families with specialneeds. She is active in several local volunteer organiza-tions providing advocacy and services for the homeless.E-mail:

CHILE — Alejandro Ferreiro (’90) was named one ofthe 2006 Young Global Leaders by the WorldEconomic Forum. This award identifies 200 peopleunder age 40, out of 3,500 nominated worldwide, whohave shown commitment and positive results in theeffort to improve the state of the world. Alejandro ischairman of the Securities and Insurance Commission,Chile’s national market regulator. He is a professor offinance at the Universidad del Desarrollo (DevelopmentUniversity) and teaches economic law at Andrés BelloUniversity and government and public administrationat the University of Chile. E-mail:

INDONESIA — Satoko Nakagawa (’91), from Japan,is reports officer for the Office of United NationsRecovery Coordinator for Aceh and Nias in BandaAceh, Indonesia. She previously was information man-ager for the ReliefWeb project at the UN Office for theCoordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OHCA) in NewYork. E-mail:

USA — Isis Nusair (’94), a Palestinian from Nazareth,Israel, has been appointed assistant professor of women’sstudies and international studies at Denison Universityin Ohio. She earned her PhD in women’s studies fromClark University in 2006 with a dissertation on thegendered politics of location of three generations ofPalestinian women in Israel, 1948-1998. Isis teachesabout feminism in the Middle East and North Africa,transnational feminism, nationalism, and militarism.She previously served as a researcher at Human RightsWatch and at the Euro-Mediterranean Human RightsNetwork. E-mail:

RUSSIA — Larissa Deriglazova (’95) has writtenConflicts in International Relations (2005), a textbookdesigned to introduce Russian students to the field ofconflict analysis. Larissa is associate professor of worldpolitics at Tomsk State University in Siberia, wheresince 1997 she has taught conflict analysis, internationalhumanitarian law, and sociology. She also coordinates

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the Siberian Network of European Union StudiesCenters, a Tempus/Tacis Project in which five Siberianand four European universities are cooperating. E-mail:

CANADA — Radoslav Dimitrov (’96), from Bulgaria,is the author of Science and International EnvironmentalPolicy: Regimes and Non-Regimes inGlobal Governance (Rowman andLittlefield, 2006). He is assistant pro-fessor of international relations at theUniversity of Western Ontario inLondon, Ontario. Rado earned a doc-toral degree from the University ofMinnesota in 2002, and participatesin environmental negotiations as ananalyst for the United Nations andother global institutions. His researchappears in International StudiesQuarterly, Global EnvironmentalPolitics, and The Journal of Environment andDevelopment. E-mail:

USA — Patti Lynn (’96) is campaigns director forCorporate Accountability International in Boston.“Corporate Accountability International is a member-ship organization that wages and wins campaigns chal-lenging irresponsible and dangerous corporate actionsaround the world,” she writes. “I’ve been here since1998, and played a lead role in ourwork toward a global tobacco treaty —the World Health OrganizationFramework Convention on TobaccoControl. It is the first global healthand corporate accountability treaty,and sets important precedents for chal-lenging actions of other dangerousindustries at the global level.” Pattilearned grassroots organizing fromGreen Corps, an environmental fieldschool, from which she graduated in1997. “Through my work I get totravel quite a bit — India, Finland, Portugal,Switzerland...It is exciting to combine grassroots organ-izing and corporate campaigning with working oninternational regulation of transnational corporations.”E-mail:

Radoslav Dimitrov

Patti Lynn

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ROMANIA — Oana Cristina Popa (’96) was appoint-ed Romanian ambassador to Croatia in July 2005. Shejoined the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in

2002, and served as deputy chief ofmission at the Romanian Embassy inZagreb for two years. Oana previous-ly directed the Bucharest office of theFulbright Commission for four yearsand earned a Ph.D. in history andinternational relations from Babes-Bolyai University. In 2001 she com-pleted the Partnership for Peacefellowship of the NATO DefenseCollege in Rome with research onregional cooperation in Southeast

Europe. E-mail:

AUSTRALIA — Bina D’Costa (’97), from Bangladesh,has been appointed a lecturer in security analysis withthe Faculty of Asian Studies, the Australian NationalUniversity (ANU), Canberra. She was previously the

post-doctoral research fellow onpoverty, inequality, and developmentin post-conflict states at theUniversity of Otago in Dunedin,New Zealand, and the John VincentFellow in the Department ofInternational Relations of theResearch School of Asian and PacificStudies at ANU, where she earnedher Ph.D. in 2003. Bina is workingwith NGOs in Bangladesh and Indiato develop strategies that civil society

can use to address historical injustices. This action-ori-ented research informs her forthcoming book ‘Burden’of the State: Gendering War Crimes and National IdentityPolitics in Postcolonial South Asia. In 2005 she co-authored an ANU working paper, “TransnationalFeminism: Political Strategies and TheoreticalResources.” E-mail:

CHINA — Jason Subler (’98), from the United States,is a correspondent for Reuters in Beijing, coveringChina’s economy. Jason has lived in China since 2000,during which time he has worked for various mediaoutlets as an editor and reporter. E-mail:

USA — Shiva Hari Dahal (’99) of Nepal writes that,after graduating from Notre Dame, “I returned home torealize that a violent conflict was waiting for an inter-vention by peace activists. In consultation with like-minded colleagues, we founded the National PeaceCampaign in 2000, and began our work for peace andconflict resolution in the country.” The campaign hasengaged senior political leaders in a cross-partyapproach to conflict resolution and democracy building,and has led trainings and workshops on conflict resolu-tion and peacebuilding for members of civil society inNepal. In the fall of 2005, Shiva began a PhD programat George Mason University’s Institute for ConflictAnalysis and Resolution. E-mail:

USA — Jennifer Stewart (’99)works in Washington, DC asdirector of business developmentfor Chemonics International(http://chemonics.com), a globalconsulting firm, where she isresponsible for democracy andgovernance initiatives in theMiddle East. She also directs a$30-million civil society programin West Bank and Gaza for theU.S. Agency for International Development.Chemonics works in more than 50 countries, offeringmanagement services, technical assistance, research,training, and special expertise. E-mail:

RUSSIA — Anastasia Kushleyko (’01) has been pro-moted to legal advisor to the Russian Federation’sregional delegation of the International Committee ofthe Red Cross in Moscow. She covers issues of interna-tional humanitarian law in Armenia, Azerbaijan,Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, the Russian Federation, andUkraine. Inspired by her work with Juan Méndez atNotre Dame, she earned a B.A. in law from theInstitute of International Law and Economics inMoscow in 2004, while working full time with the RedCross. E-mail:

Oana Cristina Popa

Bina D’Costa

Jennifer Stewart

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USA — Karana Dharma (Stanley Olivier) (’02) hasbeen appointed program officer for Africa at theNational Endowment for Democracy in Washington,DC. The NED, a publicly funded nonprofit, makeshundreds of grants each year to support groups inAfrica, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, LatinAmerica, the Middle East, and the former SovietUnion. Karana previously worked as a field supervisorwith CARE International in Ituri, Democratic Republicof Congo, where he coordinated a peacebuilding pro-gram in Eastern Congo. He also teaches a graduatecourse on post-conflict reconstruction and peacebuild-ing at Syracuse University. E-mail:

EAST TIMOR — Mica Barreto-Soares (’03) is work-ing for the United Nations Development Program inEast Timor, the only female national program officerand the only Timorese in the governance unit amongsix internationals. She also teaches sociology at DiliUniversity as part of an effort to contribute to nationbuilding. After Notre Dame, Mica worked for fivemonths as junior advisor to East Timor’s ambassador tothe United Nations in New York, where she attendedmeetings of the Security Council, General Assembly,Asian Group, and Non-Aligned Movement. E-mail:barreto_mica@hotmail.com

CZECH REPUBLIC — Oldrich Bures (’04) earned hisPh.D. in political science from Palacky University,Czech Republic, in December 2005, with a dissertationtitled “United Nations Peacekeeping in the 21stCentury: Bridging the Capabilities-Expectations Gap.”He is a senior lecturer in the Department of Politicsand European Studies at Palacky University and alsocontinues research with the Counter-TerrorismEvaluation Project of the Kroc Institute and the FourthFreedom Forum. Olda’s recent publications include“Private Military Companies: A Second-BestPeacekeeping Option?” in International Peacekeeping(Winter 2005) and “EU Counterterrorism Policy: APaper Tiger?” in Terrorism and Political Violence (Spring2006). E-mail:

SIERRA LEONE — Munah Hyde (’04) is a communi-ty development project officer with the GermanTechnical Cooperation, a partner of the United NationsHigh Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in SierraLeone. In 2005, UNHCR funded 297 communityempowerment projects, designed to resettle and reinte-grate returnees and refugee populations of war-ravagedcommunities in the south and eastern regions in SierraLeone. The projects address the construction and reha-bilitation of social infrastructure, agriculture, incomegeneration, the elimination of gender-based violence,and capacity-building. Munah writes, “My tasks includeproject management and implementation, supervisionand coaching of field staff, and management of theDevelopment Training Unit.” E-mail:

KENYA — Camlus Omogo (’04) is a researcher andtrainer in conflict transformation and small arms issueswith the Security Research and Information Centre inNairobi. He is also secretary to the 35-organizationKenya Action Network on Small Arms (KANSA).KANSA conducts a national campaign as part of theGlobal Week of Action Against Small Arms, which isusually marked in July. E-mail:

SRI LANKA — Mirak Raheem (’04) is a researcher inthe Conflict and Peace Analysis Unit of the Centre forPolicy Alternatives (CPA) in Colombo. He coordinatesa project, “Monitoring Factors Affecting the Sri LankanPeace Process,” which examines aspects of peace talks,politics, economics, relief and reconstruction, and socialperceptions of the process in order to inform donordecision-making. He also advocates for human rightsand Muslim inclusion in the peace process, and teachesa diploma course on conflict resolution for public ser-vants, military personnel, and politicians. At Mirak’sinvitation, Kroc Professor John Darby spoke at a July2005 conference Mirak organized in Colombo on the“International Dimensions of the Sri Lankan PeaceProcess.” E-mail:

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Experts at faith forum decry those with “all the answers”

Kroc Institute Director Scott Appleby chaired theorganizing committee for the first Notre Dame Forum,titled “Why God? Understanding Religion andEnacting Faith in a Plural World.” The forum, whichdrew 3,000 audience members to the Joyce Center onSeptember 22, was among events marking the inaugura-tion of Rev. John Jenkins, C.S.C., as president of theuniversity. The forum was moderated by former NBCNightly News anchor Tom Brokaw.

Panelists addressed a range of topics, including therole of women in religion and society, human rights,and economic development. But they spoke at greatestlength about extreme religious fundamentalism, whichall rejected.

“Fundamentalists think they have all the answers toall the questions, and that terrifies me, and it shouldterrify all of us,” said Naomi Chazan, a professor atHebrew University in Jerusalem and a former memberof the Israeli Knesset.

“The loudest religious voices today are the peoplewho advocate divisiveness and conflict,” said John C.Danforth, former U.S. senator, former U.S. ambassadorto the United Nations, and an Episcopal priest. “Thosewho advocate otherwise have been strangely quiet, andit’s time for them to speak out.”

Other panelists were Cardinal Oscar AndrésRodriguez Maradiaga, S.D.B., archbishop ofTegucigalpa, Honduras, and Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf,chief executive officer of the American Society forMuslim Advancement and imam of New York City’slargest mosque.

The second half of the forum featured four addi-tional panelists. They were Notre Dame faculty mem-bers Asma Afsaruddin, associate professor of Arabic andIslamic studies and a Kroc Institute faculty fellow, andLawrence E. Sullivan, professor of world religions in thetheology and anthropology departments; and studentsKathleen Fox, a junior theology and philosophy major,and Denis Okello, a Kroc Institute graduate student.

Afsaruddin discussed Western perceptions of Islamicwomen, which she believes too often focus on the wear-ing of headscarves. “In the West, we assume this knee-jerk reaction that the headscarf is a symbol ofoppression, whereas many Muslim women are adoptingthe headscarf of their own free will. Many women see itvery much as a symbol of liberation, and an expressionof their identity.”

Okello, a journalist from Uganda, said he believesthat reporters can take a more proactive role in promot-ing peace without losing their credibility. He notedDanforth’s comment that only the strident, extremistreligious voices are being heard, and wondered why thatwas so. As the final commenter, he ended the forumwith a question to focus further discussion: “What arethe most practical, concrete responses we can make toextremist religions?”

To view a video of the forum on the Internet, go tohttp://streaming.nd.edu/n&i/inaugural/forum.wmv.

Denis Okello (MA ’07) speaks at the Notre Dame Forum

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Is the doctrine of preemptive war that has been usedto justify the Iraq intervention compatible withCatholic social teaching? Does the global terrorist threatrequire a rethinking of the just war tradition? Thesewere among the topics discussed on November 11 atthe Colloquium on Ethics of War after 9/11 and Iraq,for which the Kroc Institute served as a principal organ-izer. It was held at Georgetown University inWashington, D.C.

The purpose of the colloquium “was not to rehearsepast debates, but rather to reflect on future moral chal-lenges in light of what we have learned from recentexperience,” explained Bishop John Ricard, the outgo-ing chairman of the Bishops’ International PolicyCommittee.

Taking part in the invitation-only event were thebishops and their staff, military and policy experts, lead-ers of Catholic organizations, and academics represent-ing a variety of perspectives. In addition to terrorismand preventive war, the colloquium had sessions onarms control, disarmament, and the proliferation ofweapons of mass destruction; preventive peace andalternatives to war; and the role of the Church inaddressing these issues.

Speaking to the role of the Church, CardinalTheodore McCarrick, Archbishop of Washington,noted the difficulties in bringing ethics into the debate:“There is frequently a risk that pragmatic or strategicconsiderations will eclipse moral ones, especially in thelife and death decisions of war and peace. Likewise, par-tisan and ideological agendas can overwhelm ethicalconsiderations.”

John Langan, S.J., a noted ethicist at Georgetown’sSchool of Foreign Service, argued that the “concept of awar on terrorism contributes to blurring the questionswhich moral analysts should be asking.” The right towage a “war on terrorists,” he maintained, “does notestablish a right to wage preventive or even preemptivewar against states.”

In addition to Cardinal McCarrick and Fr. Langan,speakers included Catherine Kelleher of the Naval WarCollege, Maryann Cusimano Love of the CatholicUniversity of America, Keith Pavlischek of the U.SMarine Corps Reserve, Albert C. Pierce of the U.S.Naval Academy, Douglas Roche of the Holy See’sDelegation to the UN General Assembly, DanielPhilpott of the Kroc Institute, and a number of otherprominent specialists.

The colloquium was sponsored by the Committeeon International Policy of the United States Conferenceof Catholic Bishops in conjunction with the KrocInstitute and Georgetown University’s Edmund A.Walsh School of Foreign Service, Mortara Center forInternational Studies, and Initiative on Religion,Politics and Peace.

While the discussions were off-the-record, the agen-da and written presentations of speakers can be foundunder “past events” at the Kroc Institute web site(http://kroc.nd.edu).

Kroc organizes bishops’ colloquium on ethics of war

Cardinal Theodore McCarrick speaks at the Georgetown colloquium

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Nearly 100 United Nations diplomats and staffmembers gathered on November 27 in New York tohear Research Fellow David Cortright explain how theUN can combat terrorism more effectively.

Cortright summarized the latest report of theSanctions and Security Project, a joint venture of theKroc Institute and Fourth Freedom Forum. SeniorFellow George A. Lopez, the other principal researcher,was also present at the UN meeting.

“What we conclude is simple, though perhaps noteasy: that member nations staffs and their computernetworks start communicating better, and that theyestablish a list of priorities,” Lopez said. “At the top ofthe list should be UN support for countries needing toimprove their ability to monitor terrorists within theirborders. There was much nodding of heads as Davidlaid out our ideas.”

The report, based on a nine-month study, was com-missioned by the Japanese government. Its primary rec-ommendations are that the UN’s Counter-TerrorismCommittee (CTC) find more creative ways to collect,

Researchers advise UN on counter-terrorism efforts

assess, and share information about the capacity ofmember nations to fight terrorism; and that the CTCfacilitate the provision of technical assistance by poten-tial donors in a timely and sustainable manner.

Specific recommendations include prioritizing com-mittee tasks, conducting regional workshops, and devel-oping a more accessible and user-friendly assistancedatabase.

The report was well-received, Cortright agreed.“The response of the UN officials was very encourag-ing. They pointed to a number of continuing policychallenges that our research project will address in thecoming months.”

Besides Cortright and Lopez, co-authors on thereport were Alistair Millar, Jason Ipe, Tona Boyd, andLinda Gerber. “Recommendations for Improving theUnited Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee’sAssessment and Assistance Coordination Function” isavailable on the Sanctions project page at the KrocInstitute web site (http://kroc.nd.edu).

Research Fellow David Cortright, second from right, summarized the counter-terrorism report in November at theJapanese Mission to the United Nations. With him, from left, are Lauro L. Baja, permanent representative of theRepublic of the Philippines to the UN; Kenzo Oshima, permanent representative of Japan to the UN; John Hirsch, vicepresident of the International Peace Academy; and Ambassador Javier Ruperez, executive director of the Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate.

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Lebanese ballplayersnet lessons

at Notre Dame

“Basketball is to Lebanon what football is to NotreDame,” says Hala Fleihan, a peace studies graduate stu-dent who holds dual Lebanese-U.S. citizenship. As co-founder of the Center for Conflict Resolution andPeace-Building in Beirut, she sees the value of harness-ing the Lebanese passion for basketball and using it todefuse tension in a country where religious differencesoften lead to conflict. Before coming to Notre Dame tojoin the M.A. Class of ’07, Fleihan and center DirectorChristine Crumrine wrote a proposal to involveLebanon in the Unity Through Sport program. Knownas USPORT, the program is funded by the U.S. StateDepartment to promote healthy lifestyles, tolerance,and leadership among the youth in the Middle East.

As a result, twelve high school basketball players andtwo coaches from Lebanon came to the Kroc Instituteon November 9 for lessons in religious tolerance.Joining them as an observer from the JordanianBasketball Board was a coach who may proposeUSPORT participation for his country.

The November session wrapped up the athletes’three-week visit to the United States. The visit wasorganized by the Indiana Center for Cultural Exchange,a partnership that includes Notre Dame, IndianaUniversity, and Purdue University.

Rashied Omar, coordinator of Kroc’s Program onReligion, Conflict, and Peacebuilding, has been activein USPORT. Omar taught one of the November ses-sions for the basketball players and coaches. “What wasmost memorable about our discussions was the frank-ness and uninhibited manner in which the high schoolstudents spoke about the difficult challenge of religioustolerance in Lebanon,” he recalled.

The discussions continue in Lebanon, thanks to thecoaches who conduct training sessions to share withcolleagues and athletes what they learned from partici-pating in the exchange.

Student activist winsMarshall Scholarship

Peter Quaranto, a senior majoring in peace studiesand political science, is one of 43 U.S. scholars awardedMarshall Scholarships for graduate school at Britishuniversities in 2006. He will attend the University ofBradford for an M.A. in international politics and secu-rity studies.

After studying in Uganda in 2004-05, Quarantocofounded the Uganda Conflict Action Network, acampaign to end the two-decades-old war in that coun-try. He earlier spent time in Cambodia, where heorganized youth peacebuilding workshops. At NotreDame, he has been a leader in social justice campaigns,a Big Brother, and a political columnist for the studentnewspaper.

The Marshall Scholarship pro-gram was established by the Britishgovernment in gratitude forAmerican assistance in rebuildingEurope after World War II.Quaranto was chosen from among800 applicants this year, accordingto Roberta Jordan, University of Notre Dame fellowships coordinator.

“We are thrilled for Peter per-sonally — that he received thisrecognition for his work in and for Uganda; that he willreceive a phenomenal graduate education at Bradford;and that he will be introduced to and be a part of a net-work of other amazing people who are destined to dogreat things,” Jordan said. “We are also pleased for theND departments and centers that supported andinspired Peter.”

Quaranto gives special credit to the Kroc Institute.“My peace studies major has given me the tools,

insights, and confidence to actively engage the world,naming conflicts and eliciting peaceful solutions,” hesaid.

In April, the University of Notre Dame AlumniAssociation will honor Quaranto with its 25th annualDistinguished Student Award.

Peter Quaranto

Julie

Tito

ne

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RIREC book series explores post-accord peacebuilding

During the 1990s, a new type of peace processemerged, one primarily driven by internal negotiatorsand by optimism that international violence was indecline. In 1991 and 1992 the number of interstate andintrastate armed conflicts exceeded 50. This had dimin-ished to 30 or fewer in 2003 and 2004. In many ofthese cases, war was succeeded not by peace but by astalemate, harried by intermittent violence, economicstruggle, crime, persistent suspicion, and public dissatis-faction. Agreements signed in Israel-Palestine (1994),Colombia (1999), Eritrea-Ethiopia (2000) and else-where have collapsed into violent confrontation. Evenin South Africa, Guatemala and El Salvador, oftenregarded as among the most enduring peace agree-ments, post-war recovery has been undermined by highcrime and low economic growth, themselves partly theconsequences of the war.

This disappointing record of post-accord reconstruc-tion is the backdrop to the three books emerging fromthe Kroc Institute’s Research Initiative on theResolution of Ethnic Conflict (RIREC). Published byNotre Dame Press (www.undpress.nd.edu), the booksidentify and explore three aspects of the post-war land-scape: truth-telling, youth, and violence. The editors areJohn Darby, Kroc director of research and professor ofcomparative ethnic studies at Notre Dame; TristanAnne Borer, associate professor of government at

Connecticut College; and SiobhánMcEvoy-Levy, assistant professor ofpolitical science at Butler University.

Among the major findingsof the series:

If societies coming out ofperiods of violent conflict do notpublicly deal with their legacies ofviolence, history is likely to repeatitself — and the very act of uncov-ering the truth about the past candeter political violence in thefuture. So conclude contributors toBorer’s Telling the Truths: TruthTelling and Peace Building in Post-Conflict Societies. These experts fromthe fields of political science, law,anthropology, psychology, philoso-phy, and theology examine how

truth telling contributes to the elements needed for sus-tainable peace: reconciliation, human rights, genderequity, restorative justice, the rule of law, the mitigationof violence, and the healing of trauma.

Youth are the victims of violence as often as theyare the perpetrators, both during andafter wars. McEvoy-Levy’s book,Troublemakers or Peacemakers? Youth andPost-Accord Peace Building, explores theattitudes, needs, lived experiences, andsocial and political roles of young peoplein periods of transition in internal armedconflicts. Contributing authors developtheories and policy recommendationsbased on research in Sierra Leone,Rwanda, Guatemala, Colombia, Angola,Northern Ireland, Bosnia, andIsrael/Palestine. They conclude thatgreater and more imaginative involve-ment of youth through participatory,inclusive processes of reconstruction canreduce the effects of violence andenhance post-war stability.

Despite common preconceptions tothe contrary, post-war violence is moreoften strategic than spontaneous. Thatnecessitates a nuanced understanding ofthe motives and methods used by thestate and its opponents, if peace is to pre-vail. Darby’s book, Violence andReconstruction, adopts a four-part analy-sis, examining in turn violence emanatingfrom the state, from militants, fromdestabilized societies, and from the chal-lenge of implementing a range of policiesincluding demobilization, disarmament,and policing. Contributing scholars drawattention to the increased willingness ofthe state to turn to militias in order tocarry on violence by proxy; to the impor-tance of distinguishing between the statedaims and actions of different militantgroups; to a post-war rise in violent con-ventional crime; and to the importance ofthe restoration of civil society.

Violence andReconstruction,edited by John Darby

Contributors are John Darby,Kristine Höglund, I. WilliamZartman, Marie-Jöelle Zahar,Virginia Gamba, DominicMurray, Robert MacGinty,and Timothy D. Sisk.

Telling the Truths,edited by TristanAnne Borer

Contributors are TristanAnne Borer, Charles Villa-Vicencio, Jennifer J.Llewellyn, Juan E. Méndez,Debra L. DeLaet, Pablo DeGreiff, Brandon Hamber,David Becker, and ShariEppel.

Troublemakers orPeacemakers, editedby Siobhán McEvoy-Levy

Contributors are SiobhánMcEvoy-Levy, Michael Wessells,Davidson Jonah, VictoriaSanford, Marc Sommers,Carolyn Nordstrom, Ed Cairns,Frances McLernon, WendyMoore, Ilse Hakvoort, JacoCilliers, Jeff Helsing, NamikKirlic, Neil McMaster, NirSonnenschein, Sami Adwan,Dan Bar-On, Jessica Senehi,Sean Byrne, and JohanGaltung.

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| p u b l i c a t i o n s |

BooksFred Dallmayr, Small Wonder:Global Power and Its Discontents(Lanham, New Jersey and New York:Lexington Books, 2005).

As a corollary of globalization,human aspirations as well as humanfollies and vices are being magnifiedand globalized, leading to globalsuperpowers, mammoth accumula-tions of wealth, and huge military-industrial complexes. Unrestrainedby ethical and political barriers, thisdrive to bigness is accompanied bybig disasters, from holocausts to ter-ror wars. That the one should lead tothe other, Faculty Fellow FredDallmayr contends, is really unsur-prising and “small wonder” — inone of the senses this phrase is usedin the title. Against the big self-images or self-deceptions of our age,this book marshals an array of criticalintellectuals, from Theodor Adornoand Maurice Merleau-Ponty toEdward Said and Arundhati Roy.Their critiques reveal that todaygoodness and truth can only survivein smallness, in the “small wonder”of everyday life that cannot be co-opted by big power.

Elie Podeh and Asher Kaufman,eds., Arab-Jewish Relations: FromConflict to Reconciliation? (Brighton,U.K.: Sussex Academic Press, 2005).

This book, co-edited by Kroc facultymember and Assistant Professor ofHistory Asher Kaufman, reviews theprotracted history of the Arab-Israeliconflict and the different attempts atreaching its peaceful resolution. Thecontributors illustrate the shades ofgray of the conflict by shedding light

not only on its territorial dimensionbut also on its emotional and psy-chological levels. Without addressingthose dimensions, they argue, nolasting resolution can be reached.

Scott Mainwaring and FrancesHagopian, eds., The Third Wave ofDemocratization in Latin America:Advances and Setbacks (Cambridge,U.K. and New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2005).

This volume, edited by two facultyfellows, offers an ambitious andcomprehensive overview of theunprecedented advances as well asthe setbacks in the post-1978 waveof democratization. It explains thesea change from a region dominatedby authoritarian regimes to one inwhich openly authoritarian regimesare the rare exception, and it analyzeswhy some countries have achievedstriking gains in democratizationwhile others have experienced ero-sions. The book presents general the-oretical arguments about what causesand sustains democracy and analyzesnine theoretically compelling coun-try cases.

Paul V. Kollman, The Evangelizationof Slaves And Catholic Origins inEastern Africa (Maryknoll, NewYork: Orbis Books, 2005).

This book by a Kroc faculty fellowdescribes the evangelization of slavesby the Congregation of the HolyGhost, a central feature of the mis-sionary strategy on the coast of east-ern Africa from 1860 until the late1880s. Close attention to archivalrecords shows how the today-bur-geoning Catholic Church began in

this region, anddiscloses theintricacies ofboth missionaryactions andAfrican responses.Kollman con-tends that, likethe Africans theyevangelized, theseCatholic missionaries differed fromtoday’s missionaries — and fromothers missionaries of the 19th cen-tury — in important ways oftenoverlooked. African responses didnot follow missionary expectations,and helped constitute the contempo-rary church.

Keir A. Lieber, War and theEngineers: The Primacy of Politics overTechnology (Ithaca, New York:Cornell University Press, 2005).

In War and the Engineers, the firstbook systematically to test the logicaland empirical validity of offense-defense theory, Faculty Fellow KeirA. Lieber examines the relationshipsamong politics, technology, and thecauses of war. Lieber’s cases explorethe military and political implica-tions of the spread of railroads, theemergence of rifled small arms andartillery, the introduction of battletanks, and the nuclear revolution.Incorporating thenew historiogra-phy of WorldWar I, whichdraws on archivalmaterials thatonly recentlyhave becomeavailable, Lieber

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challenges many common beliefsabout the conflict. His central con-clusion is that technology is neither acause of international conflict nor apanacea; instead, power politicsremains paramount.

Mary H. Moran, Liberia: TheViolence of Democracy, Ethnographyof Political Violence Series, CynthiaMahmood, ed. (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2005).

This book, the latest in a series edit-ed by Senior Fellow CynthiaMahmood, argues that democracy isnot a foreign import into Africa.Rather, author Mary Moran, associ-ate professor of anthropology atColgate University contends thatessential aspects of what people inthe West consider democratic valuesare part of the indigenous Africantraditions of legitimacy and politicalprocess. In Liberia, these democratictraditions include local, institutional-ized checks and balances that allowfor the voices of women and youngermen to be heard. Moran argues thatthe violence and state collapse thathave beset Liberia and other WestAfrican countries in recent decadescannot be attributed to ancient tribalhatreds or leaders who are modernversions of traditional chiefs. Rather,democracy and violence are intersect-ing themes in Liberian history thathave manifested themselves in manycontexts.

ChaptersR. Scott Appleby, “Global CivilSociety and the Catholic SocialTradition,” in John A. Coleman andWilliam F. Ryan, eds., Globalizationand Catholic Social Thought: PresentCrisis, Future Hope (Ottawa, Novalis,2005), pp. 130-40.

From theperspectiveof CatholicSocialTeaching, aglobalizedcivil societymust fosterthe thickweb of asso-ciational

ties shared by people rooted in a par-ticular place and time who areresponsible for that place and time,writes Kroc Institute Director andProfessor of History Scott Appleby.Place and time are precisely the con-ditions that globalization seeks toovercome or to render irrelevant; butthey are, Appleby argues, the bindingglue of civil society. In this chapter,he defines the conditions underwhich a global civil society mightflourish, and explores ways in whichCatholics are increasingly involved increating those conditions.

Asma Afsaruddin, “Patience isBeautiful: Qur’anic Ethics in SaidNursi’s Risale-i Nur,” in IanMarkham and Ibrahim Ozdemir,eds., Globalization, Ethics and Islam:The Case of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi(Aldershot, U.K.: AshgatePublishing, 2005), pp. 79-88.

Globalization has been criticized forpromoting uneven economic devel-opment and rank profiteering on thepart of transnational corporationswithout due regard for human rights

and alternate socioeconomic systems.Faculty Fellow Asma Afsaruddin sug-gests that the injection of traditionalreligious virtues such as humility andpatience into corporate cultures hasthe potential to humanize globaliza-tion. Conscious inculcation of suchvirtues may promote, for example, aconcern for the equitable sharing ofglobal resources as their humble cus-todians rather than as their rapaciousconsumers. The author draws on theQur’an as well as the exegetical andethical literature of Islam, includingthe writings of the Turkish Sufithinker Said Nursi, to exploreMuslim ethical responses to thesocial and economic consequences ofglobalization and modernity.

Fred Dallmayr, “Dialogue amongCivilizations,” in Hermann-Josef.Scheidgen, Norbert Hintersteinerand Yoshiro Nakamura, eds.,Philosophie, Gesellschaft und Bildungin Zeiten der Globalisierung(Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi,2005), pp. 68-84.

This essay argues in favor of intensi-fied cross-cultural interactions as anantidote to the “clash of civilizations”and unending terror wars.

Fred Dallmayr, “Empire orCosmopolis: Civilization at theCrossroads,” in Raul Fornet-Betancourt, ed., New Colonialisms inNorth-South Relations(Frankfurt/London: IKO Verlag fuerInterkulturelle Kommunikation,2005), pp. 45-70.

The author argues that modern civi-lization stands at a parting of theways: moving in the direction eitherof a global Leviathan or a peacefulcosmopolitan community.

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K. C. MacKinnon and AgustinFuentes, “Reassessing male aggres-sion and dominance: The evidencefrom primatology,” in SusanMcKinnon and Sydel Silverman,eds., Complexities: Beyond Natureand Nurture (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 2005), pp. 83-105.

The evidence for the diversity andcomplexity of nonhuman primatebehavior has complicated generaliza-tions from primate to human behav-ior. Yet, at the same time, certainreductionist accounts — stemmingprimarily from sociobiology and evo-lutionary psychology — have foundtheir way into popular narratives thatrely on analogies between primateand human behavior that have littlebasis in the evidence of primatology.This chapter, co-authored by FacultyFellow Agustin Fuentes, focuses onthe tension between these trends inthe uses of primatology, particularlyas they relate to discussions of maleaggression and male dominance. Theauthors examine the representationof sex roles and aggression in nonhu-man primate species and considerhow the resulting constructs intersectwith notions of gender behavior andaggression in humans.

Denis Goulet, “On Culture,Religion, and Development,” inReclaiming Democracy: The SocialJustice and Political Economy ofGregory Baum and Kari PolanyiLevitt, Marguerite Mendell, ed.(Montreal: McGill-Queen’sUniversity Press, 2005), pp. 21-32.

“Development” — an image ofsecure affluence and fulfilling livesfor all — is the most potent politicalmyth of the 20th century and thefirst years of the 21st, contendsFaculty Fellow Denis Goulet. Yet

despite its promise of secular salva-tion via technological rationality,development has not eliminated reli-gion. This essay explores the ques-tion, why not?

Articles Asma Afsaruddin, “Muslim Viewson Education: Parameters, Purview,and Possibilities,” Journal of CatholicLegal Studies, vol. 44 (2005): 143-178.

This essay is part of a paper sympo-sium titled “Religious Education andthe Liberal State,” in which FacultyFellow Asma Afsaruddin traces thedevelopment of Islamic educationalsystems from the medieval to thecontemporary. She calls for a revivalof the philosophy of classical Islamiceducation with its holistic emphasison the religious and secular disci-plines and its ethos inclusive ofwomen and religious minorities.Such a revival would serve as an anti-dote to the militancy that has afflict-ed a minority of reactionary religiousschools in South Asia, for example.Afsaruddin concludes by advocatinga healthy marriage between religiousvalues and universal liberal princi-ples, which could breathe new lifeinto faith-based schools in theIslamic heartlands and in diaspora.

Asma Afsaruddin, “Of Jihad,Terrorism, and Pacifism: ScriptingIslam in the Transnational Sphere,”Global Dialogue, vol. 7(Summer/Autumn 2005): 120-133

In this essay, the author considers thevarious ways in which Islam has beenscripted and staged after September11, bringing to the forefront keyconcepts such as jihad, terrorism,and pacifism that are often linked

with it by diverse commentator