CHAPTER 7 (PRACTICAL NATIONALISM IN DAPITAN) (KYNA B. DAVID, CYRILLE AGNES A. TARROJA).pptx

CHAPTER VII: PRACTICAL NATIONALISM IN DAPITAN

KYNA B. DAVID

CYRILLE AGNES A. TARROJA

Rizal was exiled in Dapitan after his summons to Malacanang Palace. In the four

years that he stayed in Dapitan, he demonstrated practical nationalism and his fellow Filipinos living there to do the same.

When Dr. Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, he was in the prime of life and was already a famous man, having (to use Captain Ricardo Carnicero’s words) “ attained a certain level of popularity in Philippines.”

He had passed only 31 summers; had obtained the best education here and abroad; had earned a reputation as a great poet, essayist, and novelist; had become a skilled physician and ophthalmologist; had proven himself an accomplished painter and sculptor; and had even been admitted into a number of elite societies in Europe.

In short, it would not be incorrect to say that he had become a “complete man” and a citizen of the world. Rizal varied accomplishments would serve him well during his sojourn in Dapitan

RIZAL BOARDS WITH THE COMMANDANT

In Dapitan, Rizal was given two choices of residency: with the parish priest in the Jesuit mission house or with politico-military commander of the district in the Case Real.

“Casa Real”


Fr. Antonio Obach, S.J., the parish priest, imposed certain conditions before before extending hospitality to Rizal: that he should “ make a public retraction of his religious errors, issue statements that were unmistakably pro-Spanish, undergo the spiritual exercises of St. Ignatius, and make general confession.”

Fr. Antonio Obach, S.J.


As Rizal considered many of such conditions unacceptable and was thus unwilling to satisfy them, he chose to board with Governor Carnicero for about eight months. The governor was also a physician, a bachelor, and a free thinker, like Rizal.

Don Ricardo Carcinero

INDEPENDENT LIFE IN TALISAY

In the following month, Rizal won P6,200.00 in the lottery, which he joined together with Captain Carcinero. He sent a third of this amount to his mother, and with the remaining amount, he bought 16 hectares of land from the different owners who had abandoned them.

Three (3) pesetas – amount Rizal allotted for lottery tickets

every month.


• P20,000.00 – lottery prize.• P6,200.00 of it was given to

Rizal.• P2,000.00 of his share he

gave to his father and mother.

• P200.00 to his friend in Basa in Hong Kong.

• The rest he invested thru purchasing agricultural lands from the coast of Talisay about kilometer away from Dapitan

Butuan – mail boat which brought the news about Rizal’s

winning in the lottery


“This was his only vice.”

– Wenceslao E. Retana (His first Spanish biographer and former enemy)

Rizal was a lottery addict


He built his own house; planted coffee and cacao; established a hospital and a school for bright boys; collected botanical and zoological specimens for some museums in Europe; gathered more than 200 species of seashells, tilled the soil; and embarked on the business of buying and selling abaca, copra, etc.

A TYPICAL DAY FOR RIZAL IN DAPITAN

Rizal fortunately recounted in writing a graphic account of his typical day in Talisay and in the poblacion. Such account was found in his letter to Blumentritt on December 19, 1893

A TYPICAL DAY FOR RIZAL IN DAPITAN

“From my house I can hear the murmur of a crystalline rivulet that drops from high rocks, and I can see the shore, the sea where I have two small boats – canoes or barotos, as they are called here. I have many fruit trees: mangoes, lanzones, guayabanos, batuno, nanca, etc. I have rabbits, dogs, cats, etc. I get up early, at five o’clock, inspect my fields, feed the chickens, and wake up my workers and get them to work. At half past seven, we breakfast on tea, pastries, cheese, sweets, etc., then I examine and treat my poor patients who come to see me, after which I dress up and go to town in my baroto to visit my patients there. I return at noon and have my luncheon, which will have been made ready for me. Afterwards, I teach my boys until four o’clock and spend the rest of the afternoon in the fields. At night, I read and study.”

RIZAL’S ACTIVITIES IN DAPITAN

AS A PHYSICIAN

As there were hardly physicians in Dapitan, Rizal practiced his profession in the town and rendered professional services to all who needed it, without charging the poor.


AS A PHYSICIAN…

During his last two years in Talisay, his fame as a doctor was such that numerous patients from Bohol, Panay, Cebu, Luzon, Siquijor, Negros, Mindanao, and even from outside the country made trips to Dapitan for medical treatment


AS A PHYSICIAN…

Among the persons he treated were his mother, the alferez, and an Englishman who paid him P500, George Taufer.


AS A PHYSICIAN…

Dona Teodora and Maria lived with Rizal for a year and a half. It is here when Rizal operated his mother’s right eye. Though the operation was successful, his mother had a wound infection after ignoring Rizal’s instruction of not removing the bandages. However, the infection was immediately treated


AS A PHYSICIAN…• He gave free medicine• Rich patients who paid him

for his surgical skill.• He operated his mother’s

eye.• Don Ignacio Tumarong,

Rizal’s patient who was able to see again after his operation and paid him Php3,000.


AS A PHYSICIAN…• An Englishman paid him

Php500.• Don Florencio Azcarraga, a

rich hacendero of Aklan who was cured of eye ailment and paid him a cargo of sugar.

• Became interested in the local medicine.

• Rizal prescribed medicinal plants to his poor patients.


AS A PHYSICIAN…

“Now I understand very well why a physician should not treat the members of his family.”


AS A FARMER

In the early months of 1893, Rizal informed his mother that his plantation had “more than 50 lanzones trees, balanos, and 18 mangosteens”. He also planted some 1,400 coffee and 200 cacao seedlings. He was confident that this property alone would yield him a net profit of P2,000 annually.


AS A FARMER…• Rizal acquired total land holdings of 70 hectares

where 6,000 hemp plants, 1,000 coconut trees and numerous fruit trees, sugarcane, corn, coffee and cacao were planted.

• He planned to establish an agricultural colony in Sitio Ponot because it was ideal for raising cacao, coffee, coconuts and cattle. However, this did not materialize due to lack of support from the government


AS A FARMER…• He imported agricultural machinery from the

United States• “We will establish a new Kalamba”


AS A BUSINESSMAN

Rizal entered into a partnership with a male Dapitan native and with a number of Spaniard who were in the business of buying and selling abaca, copra, and fish. He taught the local natives and the governor to unite for trading purposes and so that they would become independent and free themselves from the Chinese. Fortunately, they made a little profit and became actively in trading, and very satisfied.


AS A BUSINESSMAN…• In partnership with Ramon

Carreon, a Dapitan Merchant• “Cooperative Association of

Dapitan Farmers” - to improve the farm products, obtain better outlets for them, collect funds for their purchases, and help the producers and workers by establishing a store wherein they can buy prime commodities at moderate prices

Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan Merchant


AS A BUSINESSMAN…• Ramon Carreon, Rizal’s

business partner in Dapitan Rizal made profitable business ventures in fishing, copra and hemp industries.

• Hemp industry, Rizal’s most profitable business

• Once he shipped 150 bales of hemp to Manila. He purchased hemp in Dapitan at P7 and 4 reales per picul and he sold it to Manila at P10 and 4 reales.



AS A BUSINESSMAN…• Rizal also engaged in lime

manufacturing. Their lime burner had a monthly capacity of more than 400 bags of lime

• He organized the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break Chinese monopoly.



AS A TEACHER

Rizal opened a sort of community school, which he operated from January 1894 to the end of July 1896. At most, he had 23 pupils, some staying relatively longer but most for only a few months. He also taught some of his nephews who stayed with him in Talisay Spanish, English, arithmetic, gymnastics, swimming, etc.


AS A TEACHER…

These fortunate lads were Emilio (son of Narcisa), Teodosio and Estanislao (sons of Lucia), and Mauricio (son of Maria). He also taught the poor but intelligent boys reading, Spanish, English, Mathematics, and geometry and values, including a better way of earning a living.


AS A TEACHER…

In Rizal’s students, “the dignity of labor was practically inculcated by requiring everyone to make himself useful” (Craig, 1909). Further, the school that Rizal put up in Dapitan “was really the first school of its type, combining the use of English, nature study, and industrial instruction”.


AS A TEACHER…• Rizal established in Dapitan a

school. It began with 3 pupils who increased to 16 and eventually 21.

• 16 of his pupils did not pay tuition. Instead of charging them fees, Rizal made them work in his gardens and construction projects.

• Formal classes were between 2:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. He also applied the “emperor” system like that of Ateneo.


AS A TEACHER…• During recess, pupils built

fires to drive awayinsects, pruned fruit trees and manured the soil.

• Outside class hours, students had gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, stone-throwing, swimming, arnis and boating


AS A SCIENTIST

The late Dr. Jose P. Bantug, in his brochure entitled Rizal: Scholar and Scientist (1946), briefly discussed Rizal’s achievements as a horticulturist, farmer, botanist, pharmacologist, zoologist, entomologist, conchologist, ichthyologist, anthropologist, ethnologist, cartographer, archeologist, sanitary engineer, and physician-specialist.


AS A SCIENTIST…• He had built up a rich

collection of concology (consisting of 346 shells of 203 species)

• He discovered rare specimens like:– Draco rizali(a flying

dragon)– Apogonia rizali(a small

beetle)– Rhacophorus rizali(a rare

frog)


AS A SCIENTIST…• He conducted

anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological and geographical studies.


AS A SCIENTIST…

The Three Rare Species


AS A SCIENTIST…

Fishes Caught in Dapitan


AS A SCIENTIST…

As Rizal found Dapitan and its environs teeming with flora and fauna specimens, he was able to send valuable collections of reptiles, birds, crustaceans, coleopteran, seashells, butterflies, etc. to Ateneo and some selected European museums.

Dresden Museum


AS A SCIENTIST…

For these remittances, his European friends compensated him by way of books on science, philosophy, and literature, and with such surgical instruments as he could use in his field of specialization.

Dresden Museum


AS A SCIENTIST…

• Rizal sent specimens he found to the museum of Europe especially the Dresden Museum. In turn, he received scientific books and surgical instruments.

Dresden Museum


AS A SCIENTIST…

Among the other scientific achievements of Rizal in Dapitan were the invention of a machine that could produce 6,000 bricks a day, the discovery of a formula for making bakhaw paste, the making (with the aid of Fr. Sanchez) of a huge relief map of Mindanao, which he displayed in the town plaza, and the extension of assistance in providing the people of Dapitan with potable water.


AS A SCHOLAR AND WRITER…

In spite of his various activities in Dapitan, Rizal still found time for literary and linguistic pursuits. He studied the Bisayan and Malayan languages. In February 1893, he reported to Blumentritt, “I … am learning Bisayo, and I am beginning to speak a little with inhabitants here.” Rizal also contributed to the fields of philology and etymology.



In some of his letters to Blumentritt, he explained to him the meaning and derivation of certain terms, such as Magingadaw, Lanaw, Dapitan, Bathala, catalonan, and babailan. Rizal’s other writings during his deportation include four poems—“To Don Ricardo Carnicero,” “ My Retreat,” “Hymn to Talisay,” and “Song of the Traveler”; four letters to Rev. Pablo Pastels, S.J. on philosophy and religion; translations from German into Spanish of Prof. Blumentritt’s Ethonographia de la Isla de Maguindanao and Ampliacion a Mi Mapa; fragments of three novel, two of which are entitled Dapitan and Makamisa; the constitution and by-laws of the Society of Dapitan Argriculturists; and the genealogy of the Rizal family.



• “Hymn to Talisay”, a poem Rizal wrote in honor of Talisay which he made his pupils sing. Rizal conducted his school in a Talisay.

Talisay



• “My Retreat”, upon restoring her eyesight, Dona Teodora returned to Manila. Seeing how busy Rizal is, she regretted neglecting her muses. She requested Rizal to write poetry. As a response, Rizal wrote “Mi Retiro” relating his serene life as an exile in Dapitan.

Dona Teodora



• “The Song of the Traveler”, upon receiving the acceptance of his offer to go to Europe then to Cuba to help in the curing of patients suffering yellow fever, he wrote a poem “El Canto del Viajero”. It was with this joyous thought of resuming his travels that he wrote his heart-warming poem.


AS A SCHOLAR AND WRITER…• In Dapitan, he learned Bisayan, Subanun and

Malay languages. He knew 22 languages, as follows:

TagalogIlokano Japanese Hebrew

Bisayan Subanun Portuguese Sanskrit

Spanish Latin Sweddish Dutch

Greek English Russian Catalan

French German Italian

Arabic Malay Chinese



Map of Mindanao made by Rizal and the company



Map of Mindanao made by Rizal and the company


AS AN ARTIST

While in Dapitan, Rizal did not neglect his talent in painting and sculpture. In fact, the picturesque scenery stimulated his artistic propensities. Among the statuettes that his deft hands produced were those of a wild boar, busts of Captain Carnicero and his his wife, a reclining figure of Josephine Bracken, St. Paul holding a cross, a Dapitan girl cutting grass, Mother’s Revenge (a mother dog biting a crocodile), and the head of a Dapitan girl.


AS AN ARTIST…• Contributed paintings to the Sisters of Charity who were

preparing the sanctuary of the Holy Virgin.• Made sketches of persons and things that attracted him in

Dapita.• Modeled a statuette called “The Mother’s Revenge” to

stress the moral of the incident where a puppy of his dog, Syria, was eaten by a crocodile.

• Constructed a statue of a girl called “The Dapitan Girl”, a woodcarving of Josephine Bracken (Rizal’s wife).

• Made a bust of St. Paul for Father Pastel.


AS AN ARTIST…

Bust of captain Carnicero Josephine Bracken


AS AN ARTIST…

Bust of St. Paul Dapitan girl cutting grass


AS AN ARTIST…

Bust of Fr. Guerrico Mother’s Revenge (a mother dog biting a crocodile)


AS A COMMUNITY LEADERAs a political prisoner, Rizal could have continued

lodging and boarding for free with the politico-military governor of the district as long as his deportation was in force. He was no ordinary man, though; he had a strong sense of dignity and self-respect. He wanted to show his enemies, the rulers, and also set a shining example of his countrymen, that he was the master of his own destiny, and that he could rise above misfortune and adversity. He also wanted to show them that he could be financially independent and could stand on his own feet.


AS A COMMUNITY LEADER...

Rizal also served as a community leader in Dapitan. He devoted much effort to improving the community and the conditions of the people there. Towards this end, he dedicated himself to a number of worthy enterprises: He tilled the soil and planted rice, corn, abaca, and many fruit trees on his plantations; constructed a number of residential and little hospital-houses; practiced his profession as a physician and an eye surgeon; engaged in the business of buying and selling abaca, copra, and other goods; operated a community school for the bright boys of the town; helped the people live in a more sanitary and healthful way; assisted in the beautification of the public square and provided lights in the streets at night; and above all, set himself as an example of an honest, law-abiding, and hardworking citizen.



• As a Perito Agrimensor (expert surveyor), Rizal applied his engineering knowledge by constructing a system of waterworks to furnish clean water to the town’s people.

Water System for Dapitan


AS A COMMUNITY LEADER…

Water System for Dapitan



• Mr. H.F. Cameron, American engineer who praised Rizal for his engineering ingenuity

Mr. H.F. Cameron



• Malaria is spread by the mosquitoes which thrive in swampy places

• Php500 was used for lighting system, using Coconut oil lamps

• Beautification of Dapitan• Beautified the town of

Dapitan by remodeling the town plaza and making a huge relief map of Mindanao out of earth, stones and grass. Dapitan Town

RIZAL DEBATES ON RELIGION

Throughout the four years that Rizal stayed in Dapitan, he sustained a lively discussion on religion via correspondence with Fr. Pablo Pastells, a Jesuit of Ateneo and a former teacher of his. In this he more than held his own. His letters on the topic of religion are most enlightening. Fr. Sanchez and another priest offered him a professorship in the University of Santo Thomas, a hundred thousand pesos, and a hacienda if he would retract what he had written in his novels about the friars in the Philippines, but all these were no avail.


• The debate started when Pastells sent Rizal a book by Sarda along with an advice that Rizal should desist from his majaderas (foolishness) in viewing religion from the perspective of individual judgement and self-esteem.


• The debate can be read in four (4) letters.

• Rizal was bitter against the friars because they commit abuses under the cloak of religion.

• Father Pastells tried to bring back to Catholicism Rizal by telling him that human intelligence is limited, thus he needs the guidance of God

AN EXILE IN DAPITAN

Rizal’s work experiences in Dapitan enhanced his concept of practical nationalism. He was more than ever fully convinced that self-improvement and community development are the beginning of national governance.

REACTION TO KATIPUNAN AND TO ITS PLAN OF STAGING A REVOULUTION

On June 21, 1897, Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited Rizal in Dapitan together with a blind man. He wanted to inform him about the establishment of the Katipunan and to seek his support for the revolution that they were planning to stage against the Spaniards. Rizal did not accept the ideas of the Katipunero because he believed that an armed uprising against the Spaniards was premature then, for several reasons, among these his belief that the Filipino people were not ready for the revolution at that point, and insufficiency of funds and ammunition. Rizal gave Dr. Pio Valenzuela some advice, however, if they were intent in pushing though with their plan.


He advised him to seek the support of the elite and the influential people in Manila for the revolution so there would be unity among the people, which was important for the success of the revolution, and that Antonio Luna be made to lead the revolution.

Rizal was presented with many opportunities to escape from Dapitan and thereafter to head the revolution, but he did not take such opportunities as he considered escaping a cowardly act and insisted that he would rather not lead the revolution.


Pio Valenzuela, emissary to Dapitan in order to inform Rizal of the plan of Katipunan during the meeting at a little river called Bitukang Manok.

Pio Valenzuela


• Venus, steamer Valenzuela boarded to reach Dapitan• Raymundo Mata, blind man who came with

Valenzuela to camouflage his mission • Rizal objected Bonifacio’s project because:– The people are not ready for a revolution– Arms and funds must first be collected before

raising the cry of revolution.

RIZAL VOLUNTEER AS A MILITARY DOCTOR IN CUBA

August 1, 1896 was sad day for Dapitan for everybody in this little town had become Rizal’s friend, especially his students and neighbors. He bade them all a sad farewell as he left Dapitan’s shores, having volunteered to serve as a military physician in the revolution that was raging then in Cuba. He knew he was never going to see Dapitan and its people again. Several of his pupils accompanied him to Manila.


He proceeded to Spain aboard the boat Isla de Panay, but upon his arrival at Barcelona, he was thrown into a dungeon called Muntjuich. He was then ordered back to Manila, heavily guarded and in chains. On his way to Spain, he could have escaped to Singapore upon the instigation of some Filipinos there, but he refused to consider such a course


• When Cuba was under revolution and raging yellow fever epidemic, Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon Blanco offering his services as military doctor.

• Governor Blanco later notified Rizal of the acceptance of the offer. The notification came along with an instruction of acquiring first a pass for Manila from the politico-military commander of Dapitan.


Gen. Ramon Blanco


• España, steamer which brought Rizal to Manila from Dapitan

• Rizal was accompanied by Josephine, Narcisa, Angelica (Narcisa’s daughter), his three nephews and six pupils.

• As farewell, the town brass of Dapitan played the dolorous Funeral March of Chopin.

• He stayed in Dapitan for four years, thirteen days and a few hours.

THANK YOU…

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CHAPTER 7 (PRACTICAL NATIONALISM IN DAPITAN) (KYNA B. DAVID, CYRILLE AGNES A. TARROJA).pptx