CHAPTER 25 NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Section 25.1 The Unification of Italy

Five main reasons Italy was not yet a nation1. Italy was broken into many

states.2. Apennine Mountains make

movement in the country difficult.

3. Po River makes movement in the country difficult.

4. Pope didn't want unification. 5. Other European countries didn't

want to see unification

What factors led to Italian Unification?Nationalismbirthplace of the Renaissancegood leadership

I. Nationalist in ItalyA. Nationalist-Risorgimento (resurgence)

1. Goals were liberation and unificationa. Many ideas come from Renaissance

2. Had to form secret societiesa. Carbonari- Giuseppe Mazzini- emotional leadership -

formed the Young Italy movement dedicated to spreading the ideas of a republic

b. 1848 revolts led to an overthrow of Austrian rule for a short time

c. Only Kingdom of Sardinia remained independent

B. Liberals and unification1. Camillo Benso di Cavour- political leadership-

Sardinian chief minister supported the goals of the liberals (only independents)

II. Sardinia, France, and AustriaA. Cavour’s Sardinia

1. Strengthened army, established banks, factories, and railroads, and improved trade

2. Increased Sardinia’s political influence with good politics3. Saw Austria as barrier to Italian unification

B. Napoleon III1. Thought that if Austria was driven from Italy France might

dominate the Italian states2. Cavour hoped that other Italian states would join Sardinia in an

alliance against both Austria and France3. Cavour developed a secret plan for Austria to declare war on

Sardinia

C. War with Austria1. French and Sardinian forces drive out Austria and other Italian

states unify2. France is afraid of bringing Prussia in so they sign a peace treaty3. Started revolt in other states and overthrew Austrian rulers and

unified under the Kingdom of Sardinia

III. Garibaldi and the ThousandA. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies now was

the target of nationalist 1. Giuseppe Garibaldi- military leadership-

recruited an armya. Crossed Italy’s mainland and unified the southb. Cavour sent an army from the north to annex

the papal states

2. 1860- Garibaldi and Emmanual II met in Naples

a. Promised to support the establishment of the kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanual as king and Garibaldi as governor of Naples

b. King refused

Unification LeadersMazzini- emotional leadership-

HEARTCavour- political leadership-

MINDGaribaldi- military leadership-

STRENGTH

IV. Unification and its problemsA. 1860 most of Italy held plebiscites

and voted for unity under king of Sardinia

B. By 1870 all of Italy was united with the capital in Rome

C. Problems1. Few experienced self-government2. Regions remained divided

a. Industrialized north and agricultural south

3. Standard of living was low