By Margaret Morgan, Grace Forster, Catherine Colbran, and Becca

Cashion

COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY

People moved from the country to the cityPopulation and economy grew rapidly

Factory workers- worked in dangerous conditionsClass no longer derived from birth

Gap of wealth between factory workers and owners grew

Factory Acts(1803)- Solved the worst problems and raised the worker’s pay

Fredriech Engles- fought against work conditions and the exploitation of workers

THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION-

BRITAIN

Karl Marx- believed that only a revolution would create a more humane society and a close collaborator with Engles

Industrial revolution- fueled by technology and private capital

New transportation encouraged migration and tradeInitial effects were a polluted, unsanitary, crowded cities

Growth in middle class prosperityGuarded their inventors by making it illegal for them to

leave the country by 1850 Britain no longer monopolized industrial textile

production, coal mining or railroad building

BRITAIN CON.

Late 18th century- English goods entered marketFrance restricted English trade until the Eden Treaty

in 1786English cloth swamped French market

France had coal and iron minesConcentration on luxury items-silk, fine carpets etc.

Before 1850- industrialization concentrated in Alsace1842- government planned major railroad constructionHonore Le Blance-French gunsmith-pioneered the use

of interchangeable partsPrecision manufacture of identical parts so that if the original part breaks or wears out, it can be

replaced

FRANCE

Industrialization in Europe began after the Napoleonic wars in 1815

Belgium was the first region to industrialize-focused on textiles

European guilds-actively opposed industrializationToo poor to provide a market for mass produced

goods

EUROPE

• Industry grew on coal mines•August Borsig-set up a machine shop in 1837 that would become the

car factory in Europe• Werner Siemens- inventor who established a factory in Berlin in

1847 that was a major electrical goods manufacturer. •Most Germans still lived in the country-less than 10% lived in cities

larger than 20,000• German Customs Union (1834)- free-trade area dominated by Prussia and important in Prussian unification of Germany 1871. • Proletariat- an industrial worker who owns nothing but their job

•Capitalists- people whose money came from capital-wealth in money rather than land

•Tariffs- taxes charged on imported goods that raise consumer costs and add to government revenues

GERMANY

•Occurred during the second half of the 19th century

•After 1870

•Very optimistic era•Used a lot of steel and electricity•Industrial advances

•Increase in pay

•Decrease in working hours

•Science threatened religious beliefs

THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

First water power and coal driven steam engines invented

Steel was invented and mass produced

This allowed teller buildings faster

aka skyscraper

The elevator was invented

New ideas in weaponry were thought up

Explosives now used ammonia the gas

Cheep dyes were found

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

• Telegraph was invented allowing news to travel instantly

Used in armies and eventually every day houses

• Printing

Linotype machine mechanized typesetting

Lithography allowed for pictures to

be in papers

CONTINUED

• Started using natural gas (cheaper)

• Steam ships used petroleum

Kerosine, gasoline

• Electricity

Transmits power over long distance

Allowed plants and things to be located far away from civilization

FORMS OF ENERGY

-

application of Scientific Method to human behavior anthropology, psychology, sociology

-Theory of Evolution

-Struck at the heart of religion

-Religious leaders attacked new science

-Sociology= “science of society,” belief that human society could be studied, quantified, and understood like any other part of the natural world

THE SCIENCE OF SOCIETY

Auguste Comte= proposed the law of three stages, which explained history as the steady progress of humanity’s understanding of the world through rational observation

1. Theological- people explained the world with

reference to God

2. Metaphysical- belief in ideas as reality

3. Positive (positivism)- world would be explained be veritable scientific data and method, and all branches of human knowledge would come together in a unified scientific system

LAW OF THREE STAGES

Emile Durkheim= French sociologist influenced by positivism who used empirical methods and statistics to study society

empiricism= belief that all knowledge can be derived from scientific observation

Thought division of labor had positive effects on society (like separate organs working together for the good of the whole body)

Max Weber= German sociologist who studied the inner workings of authority and obedience; considered religious belief, charisma, and bureaucracy central influences on political and social life

Charisma successful political leaders

SCIENCE OF SOCIETY

Charles Darwin= English scientist who formulated the theory of natural selection

Traveled the world in the HMS Beagle, sketched and gathered samples of thousands of exotic species

NOT evolution (scientists before him came up with this)

Critics called him the “monkey man”

natural selection= theory that better-adapted species survive (and reproduce) while others are eliminated

Random mutations that enhanced survival played a key role in evolution

INFLUENCE OF CHARLES DARWIN

Gregor Mendel= Austrian monk credited with the discovery of the theory of genetic heredity

social Darwinists= theorists who applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human society

Herbert Spencer coined “survival of the fittest”

Society’s health depended on the strongest elements being allowed to develop themselves freely

Poor were blamed for their own poverty

INFLUENCE OF CHARLES DARWIN

eugenics= pseudoscience aiming to improve humanity be encouraging those with “desirable traits” (strong, intelligent, etc.) to reproduce; now discredited as racist

“racial superiority”

Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia= Russian ethnographer who studied Russian peasant life

INFLUENCE OF CHARLES DARWIN

• Dmitri Mendeleev came up with the periodic table

-Classified elements according to atomic weight and recurring properties

-Allowed chemists to predict characteristics of unknown elements

• Scientific advancements:

Electricity electric light bulb, phonograph

Radio waves radio

X-rays healthcare

CHEMISTRY AND THE NEW PHYSICS

Albert Einstein= German physicist most famous for his theory of relativity; reformulated physicists’ understanding of the universe

special theory of relativity= Einstein’s theory stating that as particles approach the speed of light, their speed cannot be predicted by

Newton’s laws of motion; rather that the speed of light is constant while distance and time are relative to the observer

Max Planck= German physicist and author of quantum theory (explained behavior of energy in an atom) who won a Nobel Prize in

Physics in 1918

Einstein and Planck showed that there was still so much to learn about time and space

CHEMISTRY AND THE NEW PHYSICS