BRIAN E. McCANDLESS

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BRIAN E. McCANDLESS

Institute of Energy Conversion

University of Delaware

Newark, DE 19716-3820

Tel: (302) 831-6240

Fax: (302) 831-6226

E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATION

B.S., Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, 1980.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

9/80-Present Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, Newark, DE

Associate Scientist, 3/00-Present

Research Associate III, 3/98-3/00

Research Associate II, 3/85-3/98

Research Associate I, 6/83-3/85

Research Technician, 9/80-6/83

1976-80 University of Maryland Astronomy Program, College Park, MD

Technician: Equivalent width analysis, 1978

Technical Photographer, 1976-1980

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Lead researcher on cutting-edge Research and Development (R&D) projects related to solid-state thin film

semiconductor devices and solar cells, photo-electrochemical cells, thin-film manufacturing diagnostics, and

structural characterization of crystalline, polycrystalline, nano-scale and amorphous materials.

Co-principal investigator for key contracts between the Institute of Energy Conversion (IEC) and US

Government, university and private institutions, including Ascent Solar, Inc., BP Solar, Corning Inc,

Defense Advanced Research Program Agency, General Electric, IBM, ISET. Inc., Japan New Energy and

Industrial Technology Development Organization, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, PrimeStar

Solar, Standard Oil Company of Ohio, Spire, Inc., University of Toledo.

Contributing researcher on advanced collaborative R&D with numerous groups worldwide.

Invited participant at innovative DOE SunShot workshops (2012-2013).

Principal manager of materials characterization labs at IEC (XRD, GIXRD, XPS, SEM, EDS, XRF, EL,

PL).

Co-advisor of graduate student research.

Advisor to and member of UD Radiation Safety Committee (2007-present).

Frequent briefer and invited speaker at expert conferences worldwide.

Inventor and co-inventor on six US patents.

Author and co-author of over 100 technical papers and co-author of two book chapters on CdTe solar cells.

Editor of 2004 special issue of Progress in Photovoltaics and 2002 co-editor of special issue of Thin Solid

Films.

Active participant in the National Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) R&D Team from inception in 1996 until end

of DOE/NREL’s Thin Film Partnership in 2005.

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BRIAN E. McCANDLESS

Related Skills

Inorganic chemical synthesis and thin film deposition

Spectroscopic analyses: AAS, EDS, XPS, UV-Vis, PL, EL

Diffraction analyses: XRD, GIXRD, Laue

Microscopy: Optical, SEI, BSI, AFM, EFM

Electronic analyses: JV, QE, Hall Effect, Hot Probe

Metallurgy: cross-section preparation, etching, analysis

Photolithography: positive and negative, developed monolithic tandem solar cell in 1985

Glass and quartz shaping and fabrication: lenses, mirrors

Gas and chemical handling

Machine shop: end mill, lathe, drill press

Programming in Basic, Excel, Fortran, Igor, Origin, MatLab

Technical writing: proposals, reports, papers, safe operating procedures, monographs

Technical reading proficiency in French and Russian

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BRIAN E. McCANDLESS

PRESENTATIONS

"Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zn3P2 Thin Films," Institute of Microelectronics, University of São Paulo,

Brazil, (1982).

"The Effects of Air Heat Treatments on Completed CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," 6th European Photovoltaic Solar

Energy Conference, (1985).

(Invited) "Astronomical Aspects of Megalithic Structures in Great Britain," to the Delaware Astronomical

Society Annual Dinner - Lecture, Wilmington, Delaware (1985).

"Celtic History through Music," with Dr. Steven McLain, DuPont, to the Center for Lifelong Learning,

University of Delaware, Wilcastle Center, Wilmington, Delaware, (1988).

"Optimization of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells for High Efficiency," 9th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy

Conference, Freiburg, Germany, (1989).

"A Treatment to Allow Contacting CdTe with Different Conductors," 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic

Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, (1994).

"Vapor Phase Treatment of CdTe/CdS Thin Films with CdCl2:O2," 25th IEEE PVSC, Crystal City, Virginia,

May 1996.

“CdTeS Absorber Layers for Thin-Film CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,” 26th IEEE PVSC, Anaheim, California, 1 Oct

1997.

“Characterizing Contacts to P-Type CdTe in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” 2nd World Conference on Photovoltaic

Energy Conversion, Vienna, Austria, 8 July 1998.

Diffusion in CdS/CdTe Thin Film Couples”, 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow,

Scotland, 3 May 2000.

(Invited) “Thermochemical and Kinetic Aspects of Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell Processing,” Mat. Res. Soc.

Spring Meeting, San Francisco, 17 April 2001.

“Role of Processing Chemistry and Stability on CdTe-based Solar Cell Performance,” NREL NCPV Solar

Review, Denver, Colorado, 25 Mar 2002.

“Vapor Transport Deposition of Cadmium Telluride Films,” 29th IEEE PVSC, New Orleans, Louisiana, 22

May 1996.

“Cadmium Zinc Telluride Films for Wide Band Gap Solar Cells,” 29th IEEE PVSC, New Orleans, Louisiana,

22 May 1996.

“Correlation of Surface Phases with Electrical Behavior in Thin-Film CdTe Devices,” E-Mat. Res. Soc. Spring

Meeting, Strasbourg, 19 Jun 2002

“Cadmium Zinc Telluride for Wide Band Gap Solar Cells,” High Performance PV Project Meeting, Denver,

Colorado, 15 July 2002.

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(Invited) “Thermochemical and Kinetic Aspects of Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cell Processing” at

Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 28 Oct 2002.

“Cadmium Zinc Telluride for Wide Band Gap Solar Cells,” High Performance PV Project Meeting, Denver,

Colorado, 20 Oct 2003.

“High Throughput Processing of Stable CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,” NREL Solar Review, Denver, Colorado, 26

Oct 2004.

(Invited) “Physical and Chemical Processes Controlling Composition and Band Gap in Polycrystalline II-VI

Thin-Film Alloys,”14th International Conference on Ternary and Multinary Compounds, Denver, Colorado, 27

Sept 2004.

(Invited) “Glancing Incidence X-ray Diffraction of Polycrystalline Thin Films,” Mat. Res. Soc. Spring Meeting,

San Francisco, 28 Mar 2005.

“CdZnTe Solar Cells,” High Performance PV Project Meeting, Newark, Delaware 5 Oct 2005.

“Thin CdTe Solar Cells with High Throughput Processing,” NREL Solar Review, Denver, Colorado, 8 Nov

2005.

“High Throughput Processing CdTe/CdS Solar Cells with Thin Absorber Layers,” B. E McCandless and W. A.

Buchanan, 33rd IEEE PVSC, Philadelphia, May, 2008.

“Cross-Section Potential Analysis of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy,” B. E.

McCandless and S. Rykov, 33rd IEEE PVSC, Philadelphia, May, 2008.

“CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells: Closing the Loop between Processing and Performance,” General Electric Global

Research Center, Nishakawa, New York, 2 May 2012.

“CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells and Modules,” Tutorial at 38th IEEE PVSC, Austin, Texas, 3 June 2012.

“Polycrystalline CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells and Modules,” Seminar for NSF RET Program, Newark,

Delaware, 29 June 2012.

(Invited) “CdTe Solar Cells: Processing Limits and Defect Chemistry Effects on Open Circuit Voltage,” MRS

May 2013.

(Invited) “CdTe Doping: From Crystals to Films,” DOE SunShot Workshop, Newark DE, May, 2014.

“Enhancing p-type Doping in Polycrystalline CdTe Films,” 44th IEEE PVSC, Washington, D.C. 27 June 2017.

(Invited) “Controlling CdTe Properties in Vapor Transport Deposited Polycrystalline Thin Films,” CdTe

Workshop Sponsored by CSU and FSLR November 2017.

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PUBLICATIONS

1. "Notes on the Cahokia Sun Circle," Archaeoastronomy Bulletin 2(4), (1979).

2. "The Effects of Air Heat Treatments on Completed CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, R.W.

Birkmire, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 6th EC PVSEC, 826 (1985).

3. "CdTe/CdS Devices for Tandem Solar Cells Based on CuInSe2," R.W. Birkmire, L.C. DiNetta, S.C.

Jackson, P.G. Lasswell, B.E. McCandless, J.D. Meakin, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 18th IEEE PVSC, 1413

(1985).

4. "Analysis of a Transparent Cu/ITO Contact and Heat Treatments on CdTe/CdS Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire,

S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips, and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 19th IEEE PVSC, 967 (1987).

5. "Fabrication of Monolithic a-Si:H - CuInSe2/CdS Tandem Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire,

W.A. Buchanan, J.E. Phillips, and R.E. Rocheleau, Proc. 20th IEEE PVSC, 381 (1988).

6. "Polycrystalline CdTe on CuInSe2 Cascaded Solar Cells," P.V. Meyers, C.H. Liu, L. Russell, V.

Ramanathan, R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 20th IEEE PVSC, 1448 (1988).

7. "Control of Deposition and Surface Properties of CuInSe2 Thin Films for Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless

and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 20th IEEE PVSC, 1510 (1988).

8. "Specular CuInSe2 Films for Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire and B.E. McCandless, Appl. Phys. Lett. 53(2),

140 (1988).

9. "CdTe/CdS Solar Cells with Transparent Contacts," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and W.N.

Shafarman, Solar Cells 23, 115 (1988).

10. "Approaches for High Efficiency CuInSe2 Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, W.N. Shafarman,

and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Proc. 9th EC PVSEC, 134 (1989).

11. "Post Processing Treatments and Contacts for Thin Film CdS/CdTe Devices," R.W. Birkmire, B.E.

McCandless, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. Polycrystalline Thin Film Program Meeting, 77 (1989).

12. "Reactor Analysis of Copper Indium Selenization," R.D. Varrin, Jr., S. Verma, R.W. Birkmire, B.E.

McCandless, and TWF Russell, Proc. 21st IEEE PVSC, 529 (1990).

13. "Analysis of Post Deposition Processing for CdTe/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless and R.W.

Birkmire, Solar Cells 31, 527 (1991).

14. "Advances in CuInSe2 and CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells," W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, D.A. Fardig,

B.E. McCandless, A. Mondal, J.E. Phillips, and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Solar Cells 30, 61 (1991).

15. "Influence of CdS Window Layers on Thin Film CdS/CdTe Solar Cell Performance," B.E. McCandless and

S.S. Hegedus, Proc. 22nd IEEE PVSC, 967 (1992).

16. "A New Method for Forming ZnTe Contacts for CdTe Cells," A. Mondal, R.W. Birkmire, and B.E.

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McCandless, Proc. 22nd IEEE PVSC, 1126 (1992).

17. "Electrochemical Deposition of Thin ZnTe Films as a Contact for CdTe Solar Cells," A. Mondal, B.E.

McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells 26, 181 (1992).

18. "Reaction Pathways to CuInSe2 Formation by Selenization," S. Verma, S. Yamanaka, R.W. Birkmire, B.E.

McCandless, and TWF Russell, Proc. 11th EC PVSEC, 807 (1992).

19. “Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells: Device Perspective,” J.E. Phillips, W.N. Shafarman, R.W.

Birkmire, S.S. Hegedus, and B.E. McCandless, AIP Conf. Proc. 268, 206 (1992).

20. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells: Processing Perspective," R.W. Birkmire, S.S. Hegedus, B.E.

McCandless, J.E. Phillips, TWF Russell, W.N. Shafarman, S. Verma, and S. Yamanaka, AIP Conf.

Proceedings 268, 212 (1992).

21. "Effects of Processing on CdTe/CdS Materials and Devices," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless and S.S.

Hegedus, Int. J. Solar Energy 12, 145 (1992).

22. "Reaction Chemistry of CuInSe2 Formation by Selenization Using Elemental Se," S. Yamanaka, B.E.

McCandless, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 23rd IEEE PVSC, 607 (1993).

23. "A Treatment to Allow Contacting CdTe with Different Conductors," B. E. McCandless, Y. Qu, and R. W.

Birkmire, 1994 IEEE First WCPEC (24th IEEE PVSC), 107 (1994).

24. "Galvanic Deposition of Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films," B.E. McCandless, A. Mondal, and R.W. Birkmire,

Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells 36, 369 (1995).

25. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Device Perspective," J.E. Phillips, R.W. Birkmire, B.E.

McCandless, P.V. Meyers, and W.N. Shafarman, phys. stat. sol.(b) 194, 31 (1996).

26. "Thin-film Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride Alloys," D.G. Jensen, B.E. McCandless, and R.W.

Birkmire, Proc. MAT. RES. SOC. Symposium on Thin Films for Photovoltaic and Related Device

Applications 426, 325 (1996).

27. "Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells with High Ga Content," W.N. Shafarman, R. Klenk, & B.E.

McCandless, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 763 (1996).

28. "Thin Film Cadmium Telluride-Cadmium Sulfide Alloys and Devices, " D.G. Jensen, B.E. McCandless, &

R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 773 (1996).

29. "Vapor Phase Treatment of CdTe/CdS Thin Films with CdCl2:O2," B.E. McCandless, H. Hichri, G. Hanket,

& R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 781 (1996).

30. "HCl Vapor Post-Deposition Heat Treatment of CdTe/CdS Films," Y. Qu, P.V. Meyers, & B.E.

McCandless, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 1013 (1996).

31. "Device and Material Characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells with Increasing Bandgap," W.N.

Shafarman, R. Klenk, and B.E. McCandless, J. Appl. Phys. 79(9), 7324 (1996).

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32. "Processing and Analysis of Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cells Made from Uniform Single Phase

Materials," R.W. Birkmire, H. Hichri, R. Klenk, M. Marudachalam, B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips, J.M.

Schultz, and W.N. Shafarman, AIP Conf. Proc. 353, 420 (1996).

33. "Processing Issues for Thin Film CdTe/CdS Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire, D.G. Jensen,

J.E. Phillips, & I. Youm, 14th NREL PV Program Review Meetting, (1996).

34. "Fabrication and Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells with Absorber Bandgap from 1.0 to 1.5 eV,"

W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, M. Marudachalam, B.E. McCandless, and J.M. Schultz,14th NREL PV

Project Review Meeting, (1996).

35. “Recrystallization and Sulfur Diffusion in CdCl2-Treated CdTe/CdS Thin Films,” B.E. McCandless, L.V.

Moulton, and R.W. Birkmire, Progress in Photovoltaics 5, 249 (1997).

36. “CdTe1-xSx Absorber Layers for Thin-Film CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire,

Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 307 (1997).

37. “Electrodeposited CdS Thin Films and Their Application in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” F. Kadirgen, D. Mao,

A. Balcioglu, B.E. McCandless, W. Song, T.R. Ohno, and J.U. Trefny, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 443 (1997).

38. "Characterizing Contacts to P-Type CdTe in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips and J.

Titus, Proc. 2nd World Conf. on PV Solar Energy, 448 (1998).

39. “Monolithically Integrated X-ray Detector Arrays for Computed Tomography,” R. Sudharsanan, M.

Yoganathan, G. Vakerlis, C.S. Ferekides, B. McCandless, R. Birkmire, R. Deych, and R. Luhta, Proc. Mat.

Res. Soc. Symp., 573 (1998).

40. “Deposition and Analysis of CdTe1-xSx/CdS Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips and J. Titus,

presented at National CdTe Team Meeting, (1998).

41. “Influence of Processing Conditions on Performance and Stability in Polycrystalline Thin-Film CdTe-Based

Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. NCPV Photovoltaics Program Review, 182

(1998).

42. “Optimization of Vapor Post-Deposition Processing for Evaporated CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” B.E.

McCandless, I. Youm, and R.W. Birkmire, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 7(1), 21 (1999).

43. “Effect and Optimization of CdS/CdTe Interdiffusion on CdTe Electrical Properties and CdS/CdTe Cell

Performance,” W. Song, D. Mao, V. Kaydanov, T.R. Ohno, J.U. Trefney, R.K. Ahrenkiel, D.H. Levi, S.

Johnston, B.E. McCandless, AIP Conf. Proc. 462, 194 (1999).

44. “Diffusion in CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Couples,” B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 16th EC PVSEC,

351 (2000).

45. “Influence of Window and Absorber Layer Processing on Device Operation in Superstrate Thin Film CdTe

Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 491 (2000).

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46. “Analysis of Stress-Induced Degradation in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless and

R.W. Birkmire, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, (2000) and Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 535

(2000).

47. “Properties of Electrodeposited CdS Films for Photovoltaic Devices with Comparison to CdS Films

Prepared by Other Methods,” F. Kadirgean, D. Mao, W. Song, T. Ohno, B. McCandless, Turkish Journal of

Chemistry, 24(1) 2000 21-34.

48. “Interdiffusion of CdS/CdTe Thin Films: Modeling X-ray Diffraction Line Profiles,” B.E. McCandless,

M.G. Engelmann and R.W. Birkmire, J. Appl. Phys. 87(2), 988 (2001).

49. “Initial and Stressed Performance of CdTe Solar Cells: Effect of Contact Processing,” S.S. Hegedus, B.E.

McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, (2001).

50. “Wide Band Gap CuInSe2 and CdTe-based Thin Films for Tandem Solar Cells,” W. Shafarman, M. Gossla

and B. McCandless, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, (2001).

51. "Optical, Structural and Transport Properties of Reactively Sputtered ZnTe:N," J Drayton, C Taylor, A

Gupta, RG Bohn, G Rich, AD Compaan, BE McCandless, D Rose, NCPV Prog. Rev. Mtg., 243 (2001).

52. “Thermochemical and Kinetic Aspects of Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell Processing,” B.E. McCandless,

Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 668, H1.6.1 (2001).

53. “Formation and Analysis of Graded CuIn(Se1-ySy)2 Films,” M. Engelmann, B.E. McCandless and R.W.

Birkmire, Thin Solid Films 387, 14 (2001).

54. “Phase Behavior in the CdTe-CdS Pseudobinary System,” B.E. McCandless, G.M. Hanket, D.G. Jensen and

R.W. Birkmire, J. Vac. Sc. Technol. A 20(4), 1462 (2002).

55. “Cadmium Zinc Telluride Films for Wide Band Gap Solar Cells,” Brian E. McCandless, Proc. 29th IEEE

PVSC, 519 (2002).

56. "Properties of Reactively Sputtering ZnTe:N and Its Use in Recombination Junctions," J Drayton, C Taylor,

A Gupta, RG Bohn, G Rich, AD Compaan, BE McCandless, D Rose, Proc. 29th IEEE PVS, 539 (2002).

57. Vapor Transport Deposition of Cadmium Telluride Films," BE McCandless, RW Birkmire, W A Buchanan,

S Fields, GM Hanket, Proc. 29th IEEE PVSC, 547 (2002).

58. "Correlation of Surface Phases with Electrical Behavior in Thin-Film CdTe Devices," BE McCandless, SS

Hegedus, RW Birkmire, D Cunningham, Thin Solid Films 431, 249 (2002).

59. “CuxS Back Contact for CdTe Solar Cells,” Donghwan Kim, Brian E. McCandless, Steven S. Hegedus, and

Robert W. Birkmire, Proc. WCPEC-3, (2003).

60. "Role of Process Chemistry and Stability on CdTe-Based Solar Cell Performance," B.E. McCandless, K.D.

Dobson, S.S. Hegedus, P.D. Paulson, Proc. NCPV Rev. Mtg., 401 (2003).

61. "The Dynamics of Cadmium Telluride Etching," KD Dobson, PD Paulson, BE McCandless, RW Birkmire,

Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 763, 107 (2003).

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62. "Sputtered ZnTe:N and ZnO:Al for Solar Cell Electrodes and Recombination Junctions," J Drayton, V

Parikh, G Rich, A Gupta, T Osborn, RG Bohn, AD Compaan, BE McCandless, PD Paulson, Proc. Mat. Res.

Soc. Symp. 763, 353 (2003).

63. "Photoconductive CdS: How Does It Affect CdTe/CdS Solar Cell Performance?" S Hegedus, D Ryan, K

Dobson, BE McCandless, D Desai, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp.763, 447 (2003).

64. "Chemical Surface deposition of Ultra-Thin Cadmium Sulfide Films for High Performance and High

Cadmium Utilization," BE McCandless, WN Shafarman, Proc. PVSEC-3, 562 (2003).

65. "Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells," Ch14 in Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, BE

McCandless, J Sites, Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 617 (2003).

66. "Optical Properties of Cd1-xZnxTe Films in a Device Structure using Variable Angle Spectroscopic

Ellipsometry," P.D. Paulson, B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 6 (2004).

67. "Physical Characterization of Thin Film Solar Cells," K Durose, S Asher, W Jaegermann, D Levi, B

McCandless, W Metzger, H Moutinho, D Paulson, C Perkins, J Sites, G Teeter, M Terheggen, Prog.

Photovolt: Res. Appl. 12, 177 (2004).

68. "Thin Film Solar Cells,"Editorial: BE McCandless (Ed), Progress in Photovoltaics 12, 3 (2004).

69. “Processing Options for CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells,” B. McCandless, K.Dobson, Solar Energy 77, 839

(2004).

70. “Growth and Characterization of Cd1-xZn, Te and CuIn1-xGax(Se1-ySy)2 for Wide Bandgap Solar Cells,” W.N.

Shafarman and B.E. McCandless, presented at the Solar Program Review Meeting, (2004).

71. “Evolution of Thin Film Photovoltaics,” Robert W. Birkmire, Steven S. Hegedus and Brian E. McCandless,

paper submitted to World Renewable Energy Congress VIII and printed in Book of Abstracts, 324 (2004).

72. “Sputtered CdZnTe films for Top Junctions in Tandem Solar Cells,” S. H. Lee, A. Gupta, S. Wang, A. D.

Compaan, B. E. McCandless, Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells 86, 551 (2005).

73. “High Throughput Processing of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless, W. A. Buchanan, 31st IEEE

PVSC, 295 (2005).

74. “Transient Degradation and Recovery of CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” S.S. Hegedus, D. Desai, D. Ryan, B.

McCandless, 31st IEEE PVSC, 319 (2005).

75. “Single Bath Electrodeposition of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 for thin Film Photovoltaic Cells,” M.E.

Calixto, K.D.Dobson, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire. 31st IEEE PVSC, 378 (2005).

76. “Cd1-xZnxTe Solar Cells with 1.6 eV Bandgap,” B.E. McCandless, 31st IEEE PVSC, 398 (2005).

77. “CdTe Contacts for CdTe/CdS Solar Cells: Effect of Cu thickness, surface preparation and recontacting on

device performance and stability,” Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells 88, 75 (2005).

78. “Glancing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction of Polycrystalline Thin Films,” B. E. McCandless, Proc. Mat. Res.

Soc. Symp. 865, 75 (2005).

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79. “Understanding Aniline Surface Treatment of CdTe,” Kevin D. Dobson, Stephanie A. Einstein, Daniel D.

Sadowsky, Brian E. McCandless and Robert W. Birkmire, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 865, 293 (2005).

80. “Transparent ZnTe:Cu Contacts for Bifacial Characterization of CdTe Solar Cells,” Darshini Desai, Steven

Hegedus, Brian McCandless and Daniel Ryan, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 865, 405 (2005).

81. “Growth Mechanisms of Electrodeposited CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Determined by

Cyclic Voltammetry,” M. Estela Calixto, Kevin D. Dobson, Brian E. McCandless, and Robert W. Birkmire,

Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 865, 431 (2005).

82. “Development of a Wide Bandgap Cell for Thin Film Tandem Solar Cells,” William Shafarman, Shiro

Nishiwaki, and Brian McCandless, presented at the Solar Program Review Meeting, (2005).

83. “Controlling Growth Chemistry and Morphology of Single-bath Electrodeposited Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films

for Photovoltaic Application,” M. E. Calixto, K. D. Dobson, B. E. McCandless, R. W. Birkmire, J.

Electrochem. Soc. 153 (6), G521 (2006).

84. “How CdTe Solar Cells Operate: Determining Collection Using Bifacial Device Characterization,” D.

Desai, S. Hegedus, B. McCandless, R. Birkmire, K. Dobson, D. Ryan, Proc. 32nd IEEE PVSC and WCPEC-

4, 368 (2006).

85. “Thin Film CdZnTe Solar Cells,” B. E. McCandless, W. A. Buchanan, G. M. Hanket, Proc. 32nd IEEE

PVSC and WCPEC-4, 483 (2006).

86. “Contact Wetting Angle as a Characterization Technique for Processing CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” M.S.

Angelo, B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire, S.A. Rykov and J.G. Chen, Progress in Photovoltaics: Res. Appl.

(2006) 14: 1-19.

87. “Design of a Vapor Transport Deposition Process for Thin Film Materials,” G.M. Hanket, B.E. McCandless,

W.A. Buchanan, S. Fields, R.W. Birkmire, J. Vac. Sci. and Technology A., 24(5), 1695 (2006).

88. “Oxygen Pressure Dependence of Copper Ion Transport in SiO2 Dielectrics,” L. P. Shepherd, A. Mathew, B.

E. McCandless, B. G. Willis, J. Vac, Science and Technology A., 24(3), 1297 (2006).

89. “Historical Links among Pastoral, Union and Uillean Bagpipes” Chanter: The Journal of the Bagpipe

Society, Summer (2006), 15-28.

90. “Incongruent Reaction of Cu-(InGa) Intermetallic Precursors in H2Se and H2S,” G.M. Hanket, W.N.

Shafarman, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, J. Appl. Phys. 102, 074823 (2007). URL:

http://link.aip.org/link/?JAP/102/074922

91. “High Throughput Processing CdTe/CdS Solar Cells with Thin Absorber Layers,” Brian McCandless and

Wayne Buchanan, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008).

92. “Cross-Section Potential Analysis of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy,” Brian

McCandless and Sergey Rykov, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008).

http://link.aip.org/link/?JAP/102/074922

11

93. “Characterization of 19.9%-Efficient CIGS Absorbers,” I. Repins, M. Contreras, M. Romero, Y. Yan, W.

Metzger, J. Li, S. Johnston, B. Egaas, C.DeHart, J. Scharf, NREL; B.E. McCandless, IEC; R. Noufi,

Solopower, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008), NREL/CP-520-42539.

94. “Structure and Optoelectronics of Electrodeposited Cadmium Ditelluride (CdTe2),” Jean Rousset, Par

Olsson, Brian McCandless and Daniel Lincot, American Chemical Society, 6550 (2008).

95. “In-situ Post-deposition Thermal Annealing of Co-evaporated Cu(InGa)Se2 Thin Films Deposited at Low

Temperatures,” James D. Wilson, Brian E. McCandless, Robert W. Birkmire, William N. Shafarman, Proc.

34th IEEE PVSC, Philadelphia, PA, June 8-12, 2009.

96. “A New Photoelectrochemical Test Cell and Its Use for a Combined Two-electrode and Three-electrode

Approach to Cell Testing,” Daniel V. Esposito, Ouloide Y. Goue, Kevin D. Dobson, Brian E. McCandless,

Jingguang G. Chen, and Robert W. Birkmire, Review of Scientific Instruments 80, 125107 (2009).

97. “Comparative Study of Tungsten Monocarbide and Platinum as counter Electrodes in Polysulfide-Based

Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells,” Daniel E. Esposito, Kevin D. Dobson, Brian E McCandless, Robert W.

Birkmire, Jinguang G. Chen, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 156 B962-B969 (2009).

98. “Low-cost hydrogen-evolution catalysts based on monolayer platinum on tungsten monocarbide substrates,”

Daniel Esposito, Sean T. Hunt, Alan L. Stottlemyer, Kevin D. Dobson, Brian E. McCandless, Robert W.

Birkmire, Jingguang G. Chen, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49, 9859-9862 (2010).

99. “CdTe thin film technology: Leading thin film PV into the future,” Robert W. Birkmire, Brian E.

McCandless, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 14, 139-142 (2010).

100. “Epsilon Aurigae Eclipse 2009 – Ingress,” Hopkins, Jeffrey L.; Stencel, Robert E.; Leadbeater, Robin;

Beckmann, Paul J.; Buil, Christian; Collins, Donald; Colombo, Tiziano; Garrel, Thierry; Gorodenski,

Stanley; Gudmundsson, Snaevarr; Karlsson, Mukund Kurtadikar; Lindberg, Hans-Goran; Loughney, Des;

Mauclaire, Benji; McCandless, Brian E.; Melillo, Frank J.; Miles, Richard; Pearson, Robert T.; Samolyk,

Gerard; Schanne, Lothar; Strikis, Iakovos Marios; Teyssier, François; Thizy, Olivier, Proceedings of Society

for Astronomical Sciences 29th Annual Symposium on Telescope Science (May 11-13, 2010, Big Bear

Lake, CA) 13-27 (2010).

101. “Atomic layer deposition of Pt on tungsten monocarbide (WC) for the oxygen reduction reaction,” Irene

J. Hsu, Danielle A. Hansgen, Brian E. McCandless, Brian G. Willis, Jingguang Chen, Journal of Physical

Chemistry 115, 3709-3715 (2011).

102. “Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells,” Brian E. McCandless and James R. Sites, Chapter 14 in Handbook of

Photovoltaic Science and Technology (Steven Hegedus and Antonio Luque, Editors), Wiley (2011).

103. “Structural characterization of the (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 thin film alloy system for solar cells,” Jonathan H.

Boyle, Brian E. McCandless, Gregory M. Hanket, William N. Shafarman, Thin Solid Films 519 7292-7295

(2011).

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104. “Photoelectrochemical Reforming of Glucose for Hydrogen Production using a WO3 -based Tandem

Cell Device,” Daniel V. Esposito · Robert V. Forest · Yuancheng Chang · Nicolas Gaillard · Brian E.

McCandless · Shuyu Hou · Kelvin H. Lee · Robert W. Birkmire · Jingguang G. Chen, Energy &

Environmental Science 10/2012; 5(10):9091-9099. DOI:10.1039/C2EE22560C.

105. “An investigation of the surface properties of (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 thin films”, H. Simchi, B.E.

McCandless, K. Kim, J.H. Boyle, R.W. Birkmire, and W.N. Shafarman, , IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2

(2012) 519-523.

106. “Cadmium tin oxide thin films deposited by rf sputtering for photovoltaic applications,” Tiejun Meng,

Brian. E. McCandless, Wayne A. Buchanan, Evan L. Kimberly and Robert W. Birkmire, Journal of Alloys

and Compounds 556 (2013) 39-44.

107. “Electrophoretic Deposition of Aluminum Nitride from its Suspension in Acetylacetone using Iodine as

an Additive,” Bizuneh Workie, Brian E. McCandless, and Zewdu Gebeyehuc, Journal of Chemistry, (2013)

ID: 489734.

108. “Effect of rapid thermal processing on the structural and device properties of (AgCu)(InGa)Se2 thin film

solar cells, Hamed Simchi, Brian E. McCandless, Kihwan Kim, Jonathan H. Boyle, William N. Shafarman,

Thin Solid Films, 535 (2013) 102-106.

109. “Characterization of reactively sputtered MoO3 films for solar cell application”, H. Simchi, B.E.

McCandless, T. Meng, J.H. Boyle, and W.N. Shafarman, , Journal of Applied Physics, 114 (2013) 013503.

110. “Effect of rapid thermal processing on the structural and device properties of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 thin

film solar cells”, H. Simchi, B.E. McCandless, K. Kim, J.H. Boyle, and W.N. Shafarman, , Thin Solid Films,

535 (2013) 102-106.

111. “Effects of Growth Conditions on Secondary Phases in CZTSe Thin Films Deposited by Co-

evaporation,” D. M. Bishop, B. E. McCandless, T. C. Mangan, K. Dobson, R. Birkmire, Mater. Res. Symp.

Proc. Vol. 1538 (2013) DOI: 10.1557/opl.2013.1005.

112. “MoO3 back contact for CuInSe2-based thin film solar cells,” Hamed Simchi, Brian E. McCandless, T. J.

Meng, Jonathan H. Boyle, William N. Shafarman, MRS Proceedings, San Francisco, CA; 04/2013

113. “Structure and interface chemistry of MoO3 back contacts in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells”, H.

Simchi, B.E. McCandless, T. Meng, and W.N. Shafarman, Journal of Applied Physics, 115 (2014) 033514.

114. “Thin-film CdTe Photovoltaic Solar Cell Devices,” Timothy Gessert, Brian McCandless and Chris

Ferekides, Chapter 3 in Advanced Concepts in Photovoltaics, Royal Society of Chemistry (2014).

115. “Structural and optical properties of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 polycrystalline thin film alloys,” J. H. Boyle, B.

E. McCandless, W. N. Shafarman, R. W. Birkmire, Journal of Applied Physics, 115 (2014) 223504.

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116. “Understanding the Role of Oxygen in the Segregation of Sodium at the Surface of Molybdenum Coated

Soda-Lime Glass,” Robert V. Forest, Erten Eser, Brian E. McCandless, and Robert W. Birkmire, AICHE

Journal, June (2014) 60 (6) 2365-2372 DOI:10.1002/aic.14425

117. “Diffusion Mechanism of Na in Molybdenum Thin Films for Improving Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cell

Efficiency,” Robert V. Forest · Brian E. McCandless · Robert W. Birkmire · Jingguang G. Chen, 14 AIChE

Annual Meeting; 11/2014

118. Bülent M. Başol and B McCandless; "Brief review of cadmium telluride-based photovoltaic

technologies," J. Photon. Energy, 4(1), 040996 (2014). doi:10.1117/1.JPE.4.040996.

119. “Optical response of deep defects by transient photocapacitance and photocurrent spectroscopy in

CdTe/CdS solar cells,” J. W. Boucher, D. W. Miller, C. W. Warren, B. E. McCandless, J.T. Heath, M. C.

Lonergan, S. W. Boettcher, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells (2014), 129, 57-63

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.02.024.

120. “Structural, optical, and surface properties of WO3 thin films,” H. Simchi, B.E. McCandless, T. Meng,

and W.N. Shafarman, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 617, 609-615 (2014).

121. “Reversibility of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 electrical properties with the addition and removal of Na: Role of

grain boundaries”, Robert V. Forest · Erten Eser · Brian E. McCandless · Jingguang G. Chen · Robert W.

Birkmire, Journal of Applied Physics 03/2015; 117(11-11):115102. DOI:10.1063/1.4915334

122. “Fabrication and Electronic Properties of CZTSe Single Crystals,” Douglas M. Bishop, Brian E.

McCandless, Richard Haight, David B. Mitzi, Robert W. Birkmire, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 01/2015;

5(1):390-394. DOI:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2363552

123. “Thermochemical and kinetic aspects of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film growth by reacting Cu-Zn-Sn

precursors in H2S and H2Se,” Thomas C. Mangan, Brian E. McCandless, Kevin D. Dobson, and Robert W.

Birkmire, Journal of Applied Physics 118, 065303 (2015); DOI: 10.1063/1.4928161.

124. “Gold-organic thin films from the reductive grafting of diazonium gold(III) salts,” Sabine N. Neal,

Bizuneh Workie, Brian E. McCandless, Ahmed A. Mohamed, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 757,

73-79, (2015); DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.09.017

125. “The impact of sodium on the sub-bandgap states in CZTSe and CZTS,” Talia Gershon, Yun Seog Lee,

Ravin Mankad, Oki Gunawan, Tayfun Gokmen, Doug Bishop, Brian McCandless, and Supratik Guha, Appl.

Phys. Lett., 106(12), (2015); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4916635.

126. “Two-Step Annealing Study of Cuprous Oxide for Photovoltaic Applications,” Michael A. Lloyd, Sin-

Cheng Siah, Riley E. Brandt, James Serdy, Steve W. Johnston, Jasmin Hofstetter, Yun Seog Lee, Brian

McCandless, and Tonio Buonassisi, Journal of Photovoltaics, 5(5), 1476-1481, (2015); DOI:

0.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2455332.

127. “Modification of Defects and Potential Fluctuations in Slow-cooled and Quenched Cu2ZnSnSe4 Single

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.02.024

http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4916635

14

Crystals,” Douglas M Bishop, Brian McCandless, Talia Gershon, Michael A. Lloyd, Richard Haight, Robert

Birkmire, Journal of Applied Physics,121, 065704 (2017).

128. “Diffusion of sodium in single crystal CuInSe2,” Robert V. Forest, Brian E. McCandless, Xiaoqing He,

Angus A. Rockett, Erten Eser, Kevin D. Dobson, Robert W. Birkmire, Journal of Applied Physics, 121,

245102 (2017).

129. “Zinc Selenide Surface Passivation for Single-Crystalline Cu2ZnSnSe4 Solar Cells,” M.L. Lloyd, D.

Bishop, B. E. McCandless, R. W. Birkmire, Conf. Rec. 44th IEEE PVSC (2017).

130. “Measurement of Carrier Dynamics in Photovoltaic CZTSe by Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy,”

S Li, MA Lloyd, AA Golembeski, BE McCandless, JB Baxter, Conf. Rec. 44th IEEE PVSC (2017).

131. “Relating Carrier Dynamics and Photovoltaic Device Performance of a CZTSe Single Crystal,”

Siming Li, Michael A. Lloyd, Hannes Hempel, Charles J. Hages, José Márquez, Thomas Unold, Rainer

Eichberger, Brian E. McCandless, Jason B. Baxter, Phys. Rev.: B (Accepted for publication, 2018)

132. “Direct Observation of High Densities of Antisite Defects in Ag2ZnSnSe4,” David Cherns, Ian J.

Griffiths, Lewys Jones, Douglas M. Bishop, Michael A. Lloyd, and Brian E. McCandless, ACS Applied

Energy Materials (2018)

133. “Overcoming Carrier Concentration Limits in Polycrystalline CdTe Thin Films with In Situ Doping,”

Brian E. McCandless, Wayne A. Buchanan, Christopher P. Thompson, Gowri Sriramagiri, Robert J.

Lovelett, Joel Duenow, David Albin, Søren Jensen, Eric Colegrove, John Moseley, Helio Moutinho, Steve

Harvey, Mowafak Al-Jassim, Wyatt K. Metzger, Nature: Scientific Reports, 8:14519 (2018). DOI:

10.1038/s41598-018-32746-y

134. “Enhancing p-type Doping in Polycrystalline CdTe Films,” Brian McCandless, Wayne Buchanan,

Gowri Sriramagiri, Christopher Thompson, Joel Duenow, David Albin, Soren Jensen, John Moseley, M. Al-

Jassim, Wyatt K. Metzger, Journal of Photovoltaics, (Accepted, 2018)

135. “Majority Carrier Properties of Single Crystal Cu2-xZnSnSe4 with Varying Copper Composition,” Brian

McCandless, Doug Bishop, Michael Lloyd, phys. stat. sol. (Submitted, 2018).

136. “Carrier Transport in Kesterites,” Thomas Unold, Charles Hages, Doug Bishop, Brian McCandless,

Maarja Grossberg, Journal of Physical Energy, in-preparation.

PATENTS

U. S. Patent no. 4,709,466 dated 12/1/87

"Process for Fabricating Thin Film Photovoltaic Solar Cells"

Inventors: Brian E. McCandless and Robert W. Birkmire


15

"Process for Leveling Film Surfaces and Products Thereof"

Inventors: Brian E. McCandless and Robert W. Birkmire

U. S. Patent no. 6,251,701 B1 dated 6/26/01

"All-Vapor Processing of P-Type Tellurium-Containing II-VI Semiconductor and Ohmic Contacts

Thereof"

Inventor: Brian E. McCandless


“Chemical Surface Deposition of Ultra-Thin Semiconductors”

Inventors: Brian E. McCandless and William N. Shafarman


"Method for Producing Thin Films"

Inventors: Robert W. Birkmire, Erten Eser, Gregory M. Hanket, Brian E. McCandless

U.S. Patent 2007/0151862 “Post Deposition Treatments of Electrodeposited CuInSe2-based Thin Films,”

Kevin D. Dobson, M. Estela Calixto, Brian E. McCandless and Robert W. Birkmire.

Documents

BRIAN E. McCANDLESS