Branch Office at - Vetrii IAS academy Office at Vetrii IAS Study Circle New No 1, 9 th stStreet, F Block , ... Mh;.Rg;gpukzpa d; n gaiu jkpof muR ghpe;Jiuj;J kj;jpa muRf;F jfty;

VETRII IAS STUDY CIRCLE

TNPSC

elg;G epfo;Tfs;

(CURRENT AFFAIRS)

mf;Nlhgh; - 2016

Main Office at

Vetrii IAS Study Circle

New No 1, 9th Street, F Block , 1st Avenue, Chinthamani, Anna Nagar(E),

Chennai – 102.

Phone: 044 – 26265326 / 9600124042 / 9840097666

Branch Office at:

Vetrii IAS Study Circle,

No:189/1, Meyanoor Road,

Near ARRS Multiplex,

Opp.Venkateshwara Complex,

Salem – 4

Phone: 0427 – 2330307 / 9442740307

Branch Office at:


15/1, Kahiresan Kovil road,

AEO office upstairs,

Kovilaptti - 628502

Cell: 9003790335.

Branch Office at:


243 Cauvery Nagar,

Opp. New Housing Unit,

Thanjavur- 05.

Cell: 7871169099.

www.vetriias.com

© VETRII IAS STUDY CIRCLE

First Edition - 2016

Pages : 64

Size :(140 x210)mm

Published by

VETRII IAS STUDY CIRCLE

F Block New No. 1, 9th Street,

1st Avenue main Road, Chinthamani,

Anna Nagar (E), Chennai – 102.

Phone: 044 – 26265326 / 9600124042 / 9840097666

www.vetriias.com

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

© All rights reserved with the publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the

publisher, will be responsible for the loss and may be punished for compensation under

copyright act.

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Vetrii's TNPSC

STUDY CIRCLE

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Vetrii's TNPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS

STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 1

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STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 2

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STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 3

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mf;Nlhgh; 4 - Njrpa kWrPuikg;G jpdk;


STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 4

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,th; fh;ehlf ghlfh;.


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9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 5

epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

Rg;gpukzpad; Rthkp> eNue;jpu ahjt;> et;N[hj; rpq; rpj;J> ebfh; RNu\; Nfhgp>

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nghjpif njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; ‘Fiwnahd;Wkpy;iy” vd;w njhlh;

xspgug;ghfp tUfpwJ.

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&gh fq;Fyp:-

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,th; xU ,e;jpa ebif

,th; nfhy;fj;jhit Nrh;e;jth;


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5 nkhopfspy; vk;.v];.Rg;Gyl;Rkp ghba ,iw tzf;fg;ghlYk; ,e;j epfo;r;rpapy;

,lk;ngWk;.

v];.Mh;.ehjdpd; Gfio gug;g Ntz;Lk;

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vd;w Nfh\j;ij Kd;itj;J mth; Nghiu topelj;jpdhh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

gpwe;j Mz;L - 16 nrg;lk;gh; 1916

,th; fh;ehlf ,ir ghlfpahthh;

1998 - ghuj uj;dh tpUJ

,th; If;fpa ehLfs; mitapYk; muq;Nfw;wj;ij epfo;j;jpAs;shh;.

kiwe;j Mz;L - brk;gh; 11, 2004.

gpwe;j Mz;L - 3 [Piy 1924

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rpq;fg;G+hpd; mjpguhf 12 Mz;L fhyk; gzpGhpe;jth;

,th; ,e;jpa tq;fhsp tk;rhtspia Nrh;e;jth;

gpwe;j Mz;L - mf;Nlhgh; 2, 1904

,th; ,e;jpahtpd; 2-tJ gpujkuhf gjtp tfpj;jhh; (1964)

,th; cj;jpu gpuNjr khepyj;ij Nrh;e;jth;

jh\;fz;by; $l;lg;gl;l cr;rp khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l NghJ fhykhdhh;

,we;j Mz;L - [dthp 11, 1966.


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cah; ePjpkd;w jiyikg; gjpthsh; epakdk;

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MfpNahh; cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfshf mz;ikapy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

,ijaLj;J> fhypahf ,Ue;j me;jg; gzpaplq;fSf;F gjpthsh;fis epakpj;J

cah;ePjpkd;w gjpTj;Jiw ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapy; ntspapl;ljhtJ :

jkpo;ehL khepy ePjpj;Jiw mfhlkpapd; ,af;Feuhf gzpahw;wp te;j vd;.rjP\;Fkhh;

cah; ePjpkd;w jiyikg; gjpthsuhf epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

,NjNghy> nrd;idapy; cs;s rpW tof;Ffis tprhhpf;Fk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjd;ik

ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;wp te;j gp.uh[khzpf;fk; cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpj;Jiw

gjpthsuhfTk;> jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;l Kjd;ik mkh;T ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;wp

te;j Mh;. G+h;zpkh cah;ePjpkd;w Coy; jLg;Gg; gphpT gjpthsuhfTk;

epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

aho;E}y; Mrphpah; tpGyhee;j mbfshh; Mtzg;glk;

aho;E}y; Mrphpah; tpGyhee;j mbfshh; Mtzg;glk; njhlf;f tpoh

kw;Wk; jpUf;Fws;> ,izak; fw;Nghk; Mfpa E}y;fs; ntspaPl;L

tpoh GJr;Nrhpapy; eilngw;wJ.

aho;E}y; Mrphpah; tpGyhee;j mbfshhpd; cUt glj;ij jpwe;J

itj;jJ. Mtzg;glj;Jf;fhd gzpia njhlq;fpdh;.

nrd;id cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; 15 Gjpa ePjpgjpfs; gjtpNaw;wdh;

nrd;id cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Gjpjhf epakpf;fg;gl;l 15 ePjpgjpfSk; gjtpNaw;wdh;.

mth;fSf;F jiyik ePjpgjp v];.Nf.fTy; gjtpg;gpukhzk; nra;J itj;jhh;.

kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfspd; 148tJ gpwe;j ehs; tpoh> ehL KOtJk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.

Article – 217d; gb cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp

epakpf;fpwhh;.


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,jd;%yk; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 39-y;

,Ue;J 54 Mf cah;e;Js;sJ.

nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nkhj;jk; cs;s ePjpgjpfs; gzpaplk;

75.

,jpy; jiyik ePjpgjp v];.Nf.fTYld; Nrh;j;J 39 ePjpgjpfs;

gzpapy; ,Ue;jdh;.

ePjpgjp Nf. re;JU jdJ gjtpNaw;gpd; NghJ nrhj;Jg;gl;bay; ntspapl;l Kjy;

ePjpgjp vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,e;jpad; Xth;rP]; tq;fpf;F Gjpa nray; ,af;Feh;

nghJj;Jiwiar; Nrh;e;j ,e;jpad; Xth;rP]; tq;fpapd; Gjpa nray; ,af;Feuhf Mh;.

Rg;ukzpa Fkhh; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

,th; jw;NghJ> ,e;jpad; tq;fpapd; nray; ,af;Feuhf cs;shh;. ,e;jpad; Xth;rP];

tq;fpapd; Gjpa nray; ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mh;. Rg;ukzpa Fkhh; tUk;

2019-Mk; Mz;L [dthp 21-Mk; Njjp tiuapy; me;jg; gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh; vd;Wk;

njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp rp.ehfg;gd;

cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpAk;> jkpofj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtUkhd rp.ehfg;gd; (65) gzpapy;

,Ue;J Xa;T ngw;whh;. jkpofj;jpd; f&h; khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ePjpgjp rp.ehfg;gd;>

1951> mf;Nlhgh; 4-Mk; Njjp gpwe;jhh;. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J> nrd;id rl;lf; fy;Y}hpapy;

1974-,y; rl;lg; gbg;Gk;> 1977-,y; rl;l Nky;gbg;igAk; gbj;jhh;. 1987-,y; khtl;l

ePjpgjp> 2000-,y; nrd;id cah; ePjpkd;wf; $Ljy; ePjpgjp> 2002-,y; epue;ju ePjpgjp

Mfpa gjtpfis tfpj;jhh;.

2013> gpg;uthp 27-,y; xb]h khepy cah; ePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpahfTk;> mNj

Mz;L nrg;lk;ghpy; cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahfTk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. cr;r

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jiyik ePjpgjp cs;gl nkhj;j ePjpgjpfspd; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l

vz;zpf;if 31.

,ijaLj;J> cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpfs; vz;zpf;if 26 Mff; FiwAk;.

,e;jpad; Xth;rP]; tq;fpf;F Gjpa nray; ,af;Feh;:-

3,700 fpisfis ,e;jpad; Xth; rP]; tq;fp nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,jpy; 1150 fpisfs; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;sJ.

,jd; fpisfs; rpq;fg;G+h;, `hq;fhq;, nfhOk;G, rpNahy;, Ngq;fhq;.


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tpUJfs; kw;Wk; khpahijfs;

mnkhpf;f ghlfh; ilyDf;F ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR

mnkhpf;fhitr; Nrh;e;j ghlfUk; ghlyhrphpaUkhd

ghg; ilyDf;F (75) ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR

mwptpf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.

fle;j 1941 Nk 24-k; Njjp mnkhpf;fhtpd;

kpd;dNrhl;lh khfhzk;> JYj; efiur; Nrh;e;j A+j

FLk;gj;jpy; ghg; ilyd; gpwe;jhh;.

mtuJ ,aw;ngah; uhgh;l; myd; [pk;kh;Nkd;. Muk;g fhy fl;lj;jpy; N`hl;ly;fspy;

ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fisg; ghb jdJ ,ir tho;itj; njhlq;fpdhh;. mg;NghJ mth;

jdJ ngaiu ghg; ilyd; vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;.

mnkhpf;fhtpd; uhf; kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapd; Kd;Ndhbahf Nghw;wg;gLk; mth;

ghlfh;> ghlyhrphpah;> vOj;jhsh;> Xtpah; vd gd;Kfq;fisf; nfhz;lth;.

NghUf;F vjpuhfTk; chpik kPwYf;F vjpuhfTk; jhNd ghly;fis vOjp

,iraikj;J ghbdhh;. mth; vOjpa> jp ilk;];> Nj Mh; V NrQ;rpq; (The times, they

are a changing’), gpNshapq; ,d; jp tpz;l; (Blowin’ in the Wind), iyf; Nuhypq;

];Nlhd; (Like a Rolling Stone) ghly;fs; cyfk; KOtJk; gpugyk; mile;jd.

mtuJ gpujhd gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLk; X nkh;]p (Oh Mercy), ilk; mTl; Mg;

ikz;l;” (Time out of mind), khlh;d; ilk;]; (Modern times) Mfpait mtiu

Gfopd; cr;rpf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wJ.

,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; ghpir ghlyhrphpah; Nehgy; ghpir ghlyhrphpah; ngWtJ

,JNt Kjy; KiwahFk;. ghg; ilyDf;F tpUJld; &.6.5 Nfhb ghpRj; njhifAk;

toq;fg;gl cs;sJ.

Nehgy; ghpR:-

My;gl; Nehgy; vd;w fz;Lgpbg;ghshpd; ngahpy; Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

gpwe;j Mz;L - 21 mf;Nlhgh; 1933 - RtPld; - ];lhf; N`hk;.

,th; 355 fz;Lgpbg;Gfis fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.

,jpy; xd;W jhd; iladNkl; ,J xU ntbnghUs;.

,tUila nrhj;jpypUe;J JiwfSf;F Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

,aw;gpay; Ntjpapay;, kUj;Jtk;, ,yf;fpak;, mikjp.

1901-ypUe;J Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

mikjp - ehh;Nt x];Nyhtpy; jug;gLfpwJ.

kw;w midj;J Nehgy; ghpRfSk; RtPld; Capital ];lhf; N`hykpy; jug;gLfpwJ.

(Royal Swedan academy) Njjp - brk;gh; 10 Njjp toq;fg;gLk;.

1968 - RtPld; Njrpa tq;fp 300 Mz;L tpohtpy; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd Nehgy; ghpR

toq;Ftjhf mwptpj;jJ.

ghpR njhif - 9,80,000 mnkhpf;f lhyh; MFk;.


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rh];j;uh - uhkhD[d; tpUJ

2016k; Mz;Lf;fhd =epthr uhkhD[d; tpUJ> gpd;yhe;J ehl;bd; Jh;f;

gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ifrhkNlhkfp> fdlh ehl;bd; nkf;fpy;

gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j khf;rpk;ul;];gpy; MfpNahUf;F gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,th;fspd; Gul;rpfukhd Ma;T fzpj cyif gpukpf;f itf;fpwJ. rpf;fyhd

Nfs;tpfSf;F jPHT nrhy;Yk; tifapy; ,th;fspd; Ma;T mikfpwJ. Vh;lh];

NtWghL> rt;yhtpd; ,izg;G Nghd;w fLikahd tpdhf;fSf;F tpilNjLk;

tifapy; ,th;fSila tpsf;fk; cs;sJ. 2005 Kjy; toq;fg;gLk; ,e;j tpUJ>

fzpj Nkij uhkhD[k; <Lgl;l Jiwapy; Mh;tk; fhl;Lk; ,sk; fzpjtpay;

mwpQh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; cs;s =epthr uhkhD[d; ikaj;jpy; tUk; vz;zpay; Nfhl;ghL

gw;wpa gd;dhl;Lf; fUj;juq;fpd; NghJ ,e;j tpUJ toq;fg;gLk; vd

njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

[g;ghd; tpQ;Qhdp X\{kpf;F kUj;Jtj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR

,e;j Mz;L kUj;Jtj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR> [g;ghd; tpQ;Qhdp Nah\pNehhp

X\{kpf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. My;gpul; Nehgy; ngahpy; fle;j 1905k; Mz;L Kjy;

Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. cyfpd; kpf cahpa tpUjhd Nehgy; ghpR

[g;ghd; tpQ;Qhdp Nah\p Nehhp X\{kp Njh;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

[g;ghdpd; Nlhf;fpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; X\{kp Muha;r;rp nra;J tUfpwhh;. kdpj

clypy; cs;s nry;fs; gw;wp (MklNlhNg[p) njhlh;e;J Muha;r;rp nra;J tUfpwhh;.

kdpj clypy; nry;fs; moptJ> Gjpa nry;fis jhNd cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tJ>

nry;fs; jk;ikj;jhNk vg;gb mopj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd Nghd;w gy Ma;Tfis elj;jp

gy cz;ikfis fz;lwpe;Js;shh;. ,e;j rhjidf;fhf Nehgy; ghpRf;F X\{kp

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. [g;ghdpd; GFNthfh efhpy; fle;j 1945-k; Mz;L

gpwe;jth; X\{kp.

,aw;gpaYf;fhd Nehgy; ghpRf;F gphpl;ld; tpQ;Qhdpfs; Njh;T

];tPld; ‘fNuhypd;];fh kUj;Jtg; gy;fiyf;fofk ;” Mz;LNjhWk; gy;NtW

Jiwfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; epGzh;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J Nehgy; ghpR toq;fp

fTutpj;J tUfpwJ.


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gphpl;ld; tpQ;Qhdpfs; Nltpl;

jTny];> ld;fd; `hy;Nld; kw;Wk;

ikf;Nfy; fh];lh;ypl;r; Mfpa %d;W

Ngh; ,e;j Mz;Lf;fhd ,aw;gpay;

Nehgy; ghpRf;fhf

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.

fz;Lgpbg;G: Nlhg;Nghyh[p vdg;gLk;

,ltpay; njhlh;ghd flj;jpfs;> nky;ypa fhe;jr; RUs;fs; Nghd;w mrhjhuz

tbtq;fs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;a etPd fzpj cj;jpfis ,th;fs; ifahz;Ls;sdh;.

,jd;%yk; ,j;Jiwapy; mwpag;glhj tp\aq;fis njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd fjit

,th;fs; jpwe;J tpl;Ls;sdh;. Fwpg;ghf tprpj;jpukhd tbtq;fspd; gz;Gfis

Muha;tjw;fhd topfis ,th;fs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;. vnyf;l;uhdpf;];

nghUl;fis Nkk;gLj;j ,th;fsJ fz;Lgpbg;G nghpJk; cjTk; vd $wg;gLfpwJ.

,ltpay; vd;gJ xU nghUSf;Fk;> ntw;wplj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cUtkpy;yh

rf;jpfspd; ,aw;gpay; Fzq;fis fz;lwptjhFk;.

3 ehl;L tpQ;QhdpfSf;F NtjpapaYf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR

,e;j Mz;bd; NtjpapYf;fhd Nehgy;

ghpR gpuhd;]; tpQ;Qhdp gpahNu rhNt[;.

gphpl;ldpd; N[.gpNurh; kw;Wk; nejh;yhe;jpd;

ngh;dhh;Lf;F toq;fg; gLfpwJ. ,th;fs;

,af;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tiuapyhd

%yf;$WfisAk;> cyfpd; kpf Ez;zpa

,ae;jpuq;fisAk; fz;Lgpbj;Js;shh;.

kdpj Kb msit tpl Mapuk; klq;F nky;ypa mstpy; me;j ,ae;jpuq;fs; cs;sd.

mjpy; Njitahd kUe;Jfis itj;J kdpj clypy; nrYj;jp> Gw;WNeha; cs;spl;l

caph; nfhy;yp Neha;fSf;F fhuzkhd nry;fspd; tsh;r;rpia jLj;J epWj;j KbAk;

vd;W Nehgy; ghpR Njh;T mikg;G njhptpj;Js;sJ.

nfhyk;gpa mjpgUf;F mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR

nfhyk;gpa mjpgh; Athd; khDNty; rhz;Nlh]{f;F

mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

rhjid : njd; mnkhpf;f ehlhd nfhyk;gpahtpy;>

fle;j 50 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf ,lJrhhpapdh;

(ghh;f; vdg;gLk; nfhyk;gpa Gul;rpfu MAjg;gil - kf;fs; gil) td;Kiwfspy;


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<Lgl;L te;jdh;. ,lJrhhp td;Kiwahsh;fSld; mikjp xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;j

nfhyk;gpa mjpgh; khDNty; rhz;Nlh]; jPtpu Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ehd;F

Mz;Lfs; njhlh;e;J ele;J te;j mikjp Ngr;Rthh;ijapd; gydhf fle;j thuk;

,lJrhhp jiyth; Nuhl;hpNfh yz;NlhNdhTf;Fk; mjpgh; khDNty;

rhz;Nlh]{f;Fk; ,ilapy; mikjp xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ.

nfhyk;gpahtpy; cs;ehl;L td;Kiwia KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jjw;fhf khDNty;

rhz;Nlh ]{f;F mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl cs;sJ.

lhf;lh; rQ;rPt nul;bf;F gp.rp.uha; tpUJ

Ngh&h; = uhkr;re;jpuh gy;fiy fUj;jhpg;Gj; Jiwapd; jiyth; vd;.rQ;rPt nul;b>

lhf;lh; gp.rp.uha; tpUJf;F Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;shh;. rpwe;j kUj;Jtf; fy;tpahsh;

vd;w gphptpy; 2015 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd ,e;j tpUij 2017-Mk; Mz;L eilngWk;

tpohtpy;> FbauRj; jiyth; toq;f cs;shh;. vk;.gp.gp.v];. gl;l Nkw;gbg;G rpwg;G

Mrphpauhf 31 Mz;Lfshf rQ;rPt nul;b gzpahw;wp tUfpwhh;.

rhujh NkdDf;F ‘md;id njurh” tpUJ

kdeyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; kWtho;Tf;fhf rpwg;ghf gzpahw;wpa gpugy kUj;Jth;

rhujh NkdDf;F ‘md;id njurh” tpUJ

toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gpugy kdey

kUj;Jth;fspy; xUth; lhf;lh; rhujh Nkdd;.

‘];fhh;g;” vd;w mikg;gpd; epWtduhd ,th;>

Vw;nfdNt gj;kG+\d; tpUJ> jkpof murpd;

mt;itahh; tpUJ cl;gl Vuhskhd

tpUJfisg; ngw;Ws;shh;.

,e;epiyapy; kdeyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspd;

kWtho;T;f;F rpwg;ghfg; gzpahw;wpajw;fhf lhf;lh; rhujh NkdDf;F> nrd;idapy;

cs;s ,e;jpad; nltyg;nkd;l; gTz;Nl\d; vd;w jd;dhh;tj; njhz;L epWtdk;

rhh;gpy; ‘md;id njurh” tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.

gp.rp.uha; tpUJ:-

gpjhd; re;jpuh uha; tpUJ - ,e;jpa kUj;Jt fofj;jhy; 1976-y; gpjhd; re;jpu uha;

epidthf epWtg;gl;l tpUjhFk;.

xt;nthU Mz;Lk; fPo;tUk; tifghLfspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpahtpy; kpfr; rpwg;G kpf;f murpay; eaj;jpwk; kUj;Jth;, rpwg;G kpf;f kUj;Jt

egh;, rpwg;G kpf;f fiyQh;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk;.

,e;j tpUjpid [Piy 1 Njrpa kUj;Jth; ehsd;W GJjpy;ypapy; FbauR jiytuhy;

toq;fg;gLk;.


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,uhZt epfo;Tfs;

,e;jpah - u\;ah cwT

,e;jpah-u\;ah ,ilNa> Nghh;f;fg;gy;> v]; 400 VTfizfis thq;FtJ> $l;lhf

nt`ypfhg;lh;fs; jahhpg;gJ cl;gl 16 xg;ge;jq;fs; ifnaOj;jhfpAs;sd.

gpNurpy;> u\;ah> ,e;jpah> rPdh> njd;dhg;gphpf;fh Mfpa ehLfis cs;slf;fpa

gphpf;]; mikg;gpd; 2 ehs; cr;rp khehL Nfhth khepyk; ngdhypk; efhpy;

njhlq;fpaJ>

Kd;djhf ,jpy; gq;Nfw;gjw;fhf ,e;jpah te;Js;s u\;a mjpgh; tpshbkph; Gjpd;>

gpujkh; eNue;jpu Nkhb Mfpa ,UtUk; ,UehLfSf;fpilapyhd tUlhe;jpu cr;rp

khehl;by; gq;Nfw;wdh;.

gpd;dh; ,U ehLfSf;fpilNa ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw rhh;e;j 3 nkfh xg;ge;jq;fs; cl;gl

nkhj;jk; 16 xg;ge;jq;fs; ifnaOj;jhapd.

v];-400 VTfizfis u\;ahtplkpUe;J thq;FtJ..

VTfizfis VTk; trjp nfhz;l 4 etPd Nghh;f;fg;gy;fs; thq;FtJ kw;Wk;

fNkht; uf n`ypfhg;lh;fis $l;L Kaw;rpapy; jahhpg;gJ Mfpait kw;w 2 Kf;fpa

xg;ge;jq;fs; MFk;.

,J jtpu th;j;jfk;> KjyPL> i`l;Nuh fhh;gd;> tpz;ntsp> ];khh;l;rpl;b Mfpa

Jiwfspy; ,UehLfSf;fpilNa cs;s cwit gyg;gLj;jTk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd; filrp tPuh; Nldpay; fhNy fhykhdhh;

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiyth; Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]hy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa

Njrpa uhZtg; gilapy; nrayhw;wpa (I.vd;.V) filrp tPuuhf mwpag;gl;l Nldpay;

fhNy> kuzkile;jhh;. mtUf;F taJ 95.

kfhuh\;bu khepyk;> Nfhyhg;G+h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s gd;`hyh fpuhkj;jpy; 1920-Mk;

Mz;L gpwe;jth; Nldpay; fhNy.

gphpl;b\hhpd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuh; uh\;gp`hhp Ngh]hy;

1942-Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rq;fj;jpy; Nldpay; fhNy

,ize;jhh;.

mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhd gy Nghuhl;lq;fspy; mth; jPtpukhf

gq;Nfw;whh;.


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flw;gilapy; ,ize;jJ mZrf;jp ePh;%o;fp fg;gy;

cs;ehl;L njhopy;El;gj;jpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa flw;gilapd; KjyhtJ

mZrf;jp ePh;%o;fp fg;gy; Ivd;v]; mhpè;j; rj;jkpd;wp Nritapy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j fg;gy; mZ MAj VTfizfis tPRk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ. epyk;> thd;ntsp>

fly; vd 3 topfspYk; vjphpfspd; ,yf;Ffisf; Fwpitj;J mZ MAjq;fis

tPRk; ty;yik ngw;wJ.

,e;j fg;gypy; ,Ue;J xNu Neuj;jpy; 4 jpirfspYk; 12 VTfizfis Vt KbAk;.

,jpy; 700 fp.kP. njhiyT ghAk; Nf 15 ufj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 12 VTfizfSk; 3500 fp.kP.

rPwpg;ghAk; Nf 4 ufj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 4 VTfizfSk; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

mhpè;j; ePh;%o;fp fg;gy; vt;tpj mwptpg;Gk; ,d;wp flw;gil Nritapy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;whh;.

vr;.v];.vy;. fg;gy; fl;Lkhd jsj;jpy; mhpè;j; fg;gy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J

u\;ahtpd; mFyh-1 uf ePh;%o;fp fg;gy; tbtikg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

112 kPl;lh; ePsk;> 11 kPl;lh; mfyk;> 600 ld; vil nfhz;lJ.

flypy; Nkw;gug;gpy; 15 fly;iky; Ntfj;jpYk; flYf;F mbapy; 24 fly;iky;

Ntfj;jpYk; nry;yf;$baJ.

Ivd;v]; mhpè;ijtpl mjpf rf;jptha;e;j Ivd;v]; mhpj;khd; ePh;%o;fp fg;gy;

jw;NghJ tprhfg;gl;bdj;jpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,J 2018k; Mz;by;

flw;gilapy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jr; rq;fkhdJ Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]hy; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtkhf

cUkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh;> ,e;jpa - gh;kh (kpahdkh;) vy;iyapy;

fkhz;luhf Nldpay; fhNy gzpakh;j;jg;gl;lhh;.

1947-,y; ,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;j gpwF ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk;

fiyf;fg;gLtjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ> ,ijaLj;J> Nldpay; fhNy jdJ

nrhe;j fpuhkj;Jf;Nf jpUk;gp tptrhaj;jpy; <Lgl;L te;jhh;.


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J}j;Jf;Fb JiwKfj;Jf;F flw;gil gapw;rp fg;gy; tUif

,e;jpa flw;gilf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Ivd;v]; Bh; vd;w gapw;rp fg;gy; J}j;Jf;Fb tcrp

JiwKfj;Jf;F te;jJ.

,JFwpj;J flw;gil mjpfhhpfs; $Wifapy;> Ivd;v]; Bh; fg;gy; fle;j 1986-Mk;

Mz;L ,e;jpa flw;gilAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. 3200 ld; vilAk;> 105.85 kPl;lh;

ePsKk; nfhz;l ,e;j gapw;rp uf fg;gy;> flypy; kzpf;F 33 fp.kP. Ntfj;jpy; nry;yf;

$bajhFk;.

flw;gilapy; Gjpjhf NrUk; tPuh;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fNt ,e;jf; fg;gy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

`pz;ld; thd; rhfr epfo;r;rpapy; ‘Nj[];”

,e;jpa tpkhdg;gil> epWtd jpdj;ijnahl;b> cj;jug; gpuNjr khepyk;> fh[pahghj;

mUNfAs;s `pz;ld; tpkhd gil epiyaj;jpy; eilngw;w Nghh; tpkhdq;fs;>

uhZt n`ypfhg;lh;fspd; rhfr epfo;r;rpapy;> ,e;jpahtpNyNa jahhpf;fg;gl;l

‘Nj[];” tpkhd rhfrk; ghh;itahsh;fis ntFthf fth;e;jJ.

,e;jpa tpkhdg; gilapd; 84-MtJ epWtd jpdk;> nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.

mijnjhlh;e;J ‘#h;a fpuz;” tpkhdq;fs; tz;z Gifia ff;fpagb gwe;J thdpy;

th;z [hyk; epfo;j;jpd. rp-17 FNshg; kh];lh; uhZt tpkhdk;> kpf;-21 igrhd;> kpf;-

29> kpuh[; 2000 Nghh; tpkhdk; Mfpait rhfrk; epfo;j;jpd.

KOf;f KOf;f cs;ehl;bNyNa jahhpf;fg;gl;l ,yF uf Nj[]; Nghh; tpkhdk;>

thdpy; gwe;J rhfrk; epfo;j;jpaJ.

Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy; Gjpa uhZt jsk;

Nkw;F tq;f khepyj;jpy; Gjpjhf

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s uhZt jsj;ij FbauRj;

jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[p jpwe;J itj;jhh;.

Nkw;F tq;f khepyk;> gùk;G+h;

khtl;lj;jpypUe;J 25 fpNyhkPl;lh; njhiytpy;

cs;s etfpuhk; gFjpapy; ,e;j uhZtj;jsk;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

etPdj; njhopy;El;g trjpfSld; ,e;j uhZtj; jsk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


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tUk; 2018-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jg; gzpfs; KbtilAk; vd uhZt tl;lhuq;fs;

njhptpf;fpd;wd.

njw;fpy; nfhy;fj;jhTf;Fk;> tlf;Nf rpypFhpf;Fk; ,ilNa nghpa uhZtj; jskhf

,J tpsq;Fk; vd;whh;.

‘MgNu\d; [pQ;rh;”

fle;j 2011-k; Mz;bYk; ghfp];jhd; uhZt jhf;FjYf;Fg; gjpybahf me;j ehl;L

vy;iyf;Fs; GFe;j ,e;jpa tPuh;fs ; ‘MgNu\d; [pQ;rh;” jhf;Fjiy elj;jp cs;sdh;.

,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; mj;JkPwp Eioe;j ghfp];jhd; tPuh;fs; fhl;L kpuhz;bj;jdkhf

nray;gl;L 2 ,e;jpa tPuh;fspd; jiyiaf; nfha;J nrd;wdh;.

,jw;F gopf;Fg; gopahf ,e;jpa tPuh;fs; ghfp];jhd; vy;iyf;Fs; GFe;J 3 ghfp];jhd;

tPuh;fspd; jiyia ntl;b vLj;J te;jdh;.

tpilngw;wJ Ivd;v]; tpuhl;

cyfpd; goikahd tpkhdk; jhq;fp fg;gyhd Ivd;v]; tpuhl;Lf;F ,e;jpa flw;gil

tpil nfhLj;jJ.

filrpahf ,f;fg;gy; Kk;igapy; ,Ue;J nfhr;rpf;F gazpj;jJ.

flw;gilapy; ,Ue;J Xa;T nfhLj;j gpwF fg;giy Me;jpu murplk; xg;gilf;f

flw;gil Vw;nfdNt xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Me;jpu muR> tprhfg;gl;bdj;jpy; Rw;Wyhit Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; mjidg;

gad;gLj;j ,Uf;fpwJ.

Ivd;v]; tpuhl;:-

60 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,q;fpyhe;jpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L 1987-k; Mz;L ,e;jpah

te;jJ.

30 tUlk; ,e;jpahtpw;F jd; Nritia mspj;jJ.

,f;fg;gy; 30,000 ld; vil nfhz;lJ.

gl;l ngah; - Grand old Lady.

Mz;LNjhWk; mf;Nlhgh; 21Mk; Njjp NghyP]; epidT jpdk; mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.


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mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;

fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;f n[h;kd; mikg;Gld; xg;ge;jk;

,e;jpa fw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpahsh; $l;likg;G (Ilgps;A+bvk;V) n[h;kdpapd; nkrp

`{fk; mikg;Gld; Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;Ls;sJ. kuGrhuh kpd;

cw;gj;jp jpl;lq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,e;j ,uz;L mikg;GfSk; ,ize;J

,e;Njh - n[h;kd; Nkk;ghl;L fTd;rpy; cjtpAld; ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpy;

ifnaOj;jpl;Ls;sd. kuG rhuh vhprf;jpia Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ,U

ehLfspd; ,yf;if vl;lTk; ,J gad;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpy; 60 [pfh thl; fhw;whiy

kpd; cw;gj;jpf;fhd ,yf;F itj;Jk; 28 nkfhthl; msTjhd; fhw;whiy kpd;

cw;gj;jp elf;fpwJ. Rkhh; 300 [pfhthl; msT cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; msTf;fhd

njhopy;El;g jpwikia ,e;jpahtpy;; itj;Js;Nshk;. ,jdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; fhw;whiy

kpd;Dw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;fr; nra;a KbAk; vd;wdh;.

,e;jpah - u\;ah ,ilNa vhpthA Foha;

cyfpNyNa mjpf nghUl;nrytpy; ,aw;if vhpthA Foha; gjpf;f ,e;jpahTk;>

u\;ahTk;> xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sd. irgPhpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah tiu vhpthA Foha;

mikf;fg;glTs;sJ. u\;ahtpd; vhpthA epWtdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah tiu Rkhh;

4>500 fp.kP Kjy; 6>000 fp.kP tiu ,e;jf; Foha; gjpg;G mikf;fg;glTs;sjhf

njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. u\;ahtpd; irgPhpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahTf;F Foha; gjpf;f

,kakiy ghij jhd; FWfpa J}uk; nfhz;l topahf fzf;fplg;gl;lJ. njhopy;El;g

rthy;fisr; re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jjhy;> ,e;j top iftplg;gl;lJ.

<uhd;> ghfp];jhd; topahf kj;jpa Mrpa ehLfisf; fle;J ,e;jpahTf;Fs; Foha;

gjpf;f KbT vLf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpf nryT nfhz;ljhf fUjg;;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ,e;j

jpl;lKk; iftplg;gl;lJ. filrpahf u\;ahtpy; ,Ue;J rPdh> kpahd;kh; tiu Foha;

gjpj;J mq;fpUe;J tq;fNjrj;ijf; fle;J tlfpof;F khepyq;fs; topahf

,e;jpahTf;Fs; nfhz;L tu KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; ghijf;fhd Muk;gf;fl;l

nryT fzf;fplg;gl;lij mLj;J u\;ahtpd; vhpthA epWtdkhd f];GNuhKld;

xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ. Nfhthtpy; gphpf;]; khehl;Lf;F ,ilNa ele;j ,e;jpa>

u\;a tUlhe;jpu cr;rp khehl;bd; NghJ ,J njhlh;ghd Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk;

ifnaOj;jhdJ.

nraw;iff;Nfhspy; Ruq;fq;fs; fz;fhzpg;G!

ehL KOtJk; cs;s fdpk Ruq;fq;fis nraw;iff;Nfhspy; fz;fhzpf;Fk;

Kiwia kj;jpa vhprf;jp> Ruq;fj;Jiw mikr;rh; gpA+\; Nfhay; njhlf;fpitj;jhh;.


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ehl;by; 3>843 Ruq;fq;fSf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpy; nray;ghl;by;

cs;s 1>710 Ruq;fq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit kpd;dZ Kiwapy; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. nray;ghl;by; ,y;yhj 2>133 Ruq;fq;fis kpd;dD Kiwapy;

gjpT nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; khepy muRfs; thapyhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. ,e;jg; gzp 3 khjq;fSf;F KbtilAk;.

jkpofj;jpy; cs;s 540 Ruq;fq;fspy; 292 Ruq;fq;fs; nray;gl;L nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

Kf;fpakhd 80 Ruq;fq;fs; ,d;Dk; b[pl;ly; kakhf;fg;glhky; ,Ug;gjhy; mtw;iw

nraw;ifNfhs; fz;fhzpg;gpy; nfhz;Ltu Kbatpy;iy. khepy muR xj;Jiog;G

je;jhy; ,d;Dk; xNu thuj;jpy; nraw;iff;Nfhs; fz;fhzpg;gpy; nfhz;Ltu KbAk;.

jw;NghJ Nfhit> Nryk;> jpUney;Ntypapy; cs;s Ruq;fq;fs; b[pl;ly;

kakhf;Ftjw;fhd gzp njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rPdhtpy; ‘fly; mhprp” cw;gj;jp nra;a Muha;r;rp

rPdhtpy; ‘fly; mhprp” vd;Dk; xUtif mhprpia mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;a

Muha;r;rp eilngw;W tUfpwJ. ,J njhlh;ghf me;ehl;L muR nra;jp epWtdkhd

[pd; `{th njhptpj;jpUg;gjhtJ. rPdhtpy; ‘fyg;gpd mhprp tiffspd; je;ij”

vd;W mwpag;gLk; tpQ;Qhdp Athd; yhq;gpq; jiyikapy; Gjpa ‘fly; mhprp”

tifia cUthf;f Muha;r;rp eilngw;W tUfpwJ.

flypy; ejpfs; rq;fkk; MFk; gFjpfspy; ,aw;ifahf fly; mhprp vd;Dk; mhprp

tif jhdhf tsh;fpwJ. flNyhug; gFjpapYs;s cg;G ePh; ,jid ghjpg;gjpy;iy.

cg;G ePhpNyNa ,J tpisfpwJ. ve;j tpjg; G+r;rpj; jhf;Fjy;> Neha;j; jhf;FjYf;Fk;

,e;j fly; mhprp Mshtjpy;iy. NkYk; ,jid tpistpf;f cuk; Njitapy;iy.

,e;j tif mhprpia mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;a Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L

tUfpwJ.

[pNahNth tisFlh gFjpianahl;ba epyg; gFjpapy; 2 n`f;Nlh; gug;gpyhd

epyj;jpy; Gjpa tif fly; mhprpia fly; ePiug; gad;gLj;jp Ntshz;ik

tpQ;Qhdpfs; cUthf;f ,Uf;fpwhh;. \hd;Nlhq; khfhzk;> fpq;lhNthtpy;

mike;Js;s Ma;T ikaj;jpy; fly; mhprp cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;G njhlh;ghd Muha;r;rp

eilngWk;.

rPdhtpy; 65 rjtPj kf;fSf;F mhprp Kf;fpa czthf cs;sJ.

3 tPuh;fSld; NrhA]; gazk;

u\;ahtpd; uh];fh];kh]; tpz;ntsp tPuh;fshd nrh;fp iu]pNfht; kw;Wk; Mz;l;Nu

nghhpnrd;Nfh> mnkhpf;fhtpd; ehrh tpz;ntsp tPuuhd N\d; fpk;g;Nuh Mfpa 3


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NgUk;> f[f];jhdpy; cs;s igfhD}h; VTjsj;jpy; ,Ue;J> NrhA]; vk;.v];-02

tpz;fYk; %yk; Gwg;gl;ldh;. fpk;g;Nuh> iu]pNfht; kw;Wk; nghhpnrd;Nfh Mfpa 3

tPuh;fSk;> 4 khjq;fs; tpz;ntsp epiyaj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;J gzpfis

Nkw;nfhs;thh;fs;.

rdp fpuf epytpy; jz;zPh;

rdpfpufj;jpd; ilNahd; epytpYk; epyj;jbf;F fPNo gy fpNyh kPl;lh; Moj;jpy; fly;

XLtij tpQ;Qhdpfs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;. rdpf;fpufj;ij Rw;Wk; ill;ld;>

vd;ryl]; Mfpa ,U epyTfSk; gdpf;fl;bf;F mbapy; fliy kiwj;J

itj;jpUg;gjhf VwnfdNt elj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpy; njhpa te;jJ. ,e;epiyapy;

kw;nwhU epythd ilNahdpYk; fly; ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

ngy;[paj;jpd; uhay; Ma;tf tpQ;Qhdpfs; ,jid fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;. ilNahd;

epytpd; epyj;jbf;F fPNo 100 fp.kP. Moj;jpy; me;jf; fly; ,Ug;gjhf mth;fs;

njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. me;j fliyr; Rw;wp kpfg;nghpa ghiw gbkq;fs;

mike;jpUg;gjhfTk; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,jd;%yk; ePz;l MAs;nfhz;l Ez;Zaph;fs;

mq;F tho;tjw;fhd rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; ,Uf;fyhk; vd njhpate;Js;sJ.

V.bNf. Md;lu]; uhf;nfl;

mnkhpf;fhtpd; tph;[pdpah khfhzk;> thyg;]; VTjsj;jpy; tpz;zpy; gwf;fj;

jahuhFk; V.bNf. Md;lu]; uhf;nfl; tpz;ntspapy; gwe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; rh;tNjr

tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;Jf;F Ma;Tg; nghUs;fis Vw;wpr; nry;fpwJ.

NrhA]; MS-02:- cw;gj;jpahsh; - vdh;[pah cUthdehL - u\;ah Mg;Nul;lh; - u\pad; kj;jpa tpz;ntsp Vn[d;rp Njjp - 19 mf;Nlhgh; 2016

rdpf;Nfhs;:-

rdpf;Nfhs; Kjd; Kjypy; nrg;lk;gh; 1979-y; gadph; 11 tpz;fyk; %yk; Ma;T

nra;ag;gl;lJ. etk;gh; 1980-y; thNa[h;, ill;lid mile;jJ. kw;Wk; mjd; tspkz;lyk; gw;wp epiwa

jfty;fs; fpilj;jJ. [Piy, 2004-y; fhrpdp `{th[d;]; rdp Rw;W ghijapy; Eioe;jJ. brk;gh; 25, 2004 `pnrd;]; ill;ld; Nkw;gug;gpy; Eioe;J NkYk; ill;ldpd; tlf;F

JUtj;jpy; mUNf i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; Vhp mike;Js;sJ vd 2006-y; ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

rdpNfhis Rw;wp 61 epyTfs; Roy;fpd;wd. ,jpy; nghpa epyT ill;ld;.

rdpf;Nfhspy; jz;zPh; cs;sjhf vd tpQ;Qhdpfs; Ma;T nra;J tUfpd;wdh;.

,e;epiyapy; n[h;kdpia Nrh;e;j thdpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs; ghy; `hh;lhf; jiyikapy; Ma;T

nfhz;ld. rdp fpufj;jpy; jz;zPh; ,Ug;gij fz;lwpe;jdh;.

mf;fpufj;jpd; Nky;gFjpapy; 6-tJ kpfg;nghpa re;jpud; cs;sJ. mJ KOtJk;

gdpfl;bdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jdhy; mq;F jz;zPh; ,Ug;gjw;F tha;g;G mjpfk; cs;sJ vd ep&gpj;Js;sd.


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[prhl;-18 nraw;iff;Nfhs; ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; gha;e;jJ

,e;jpahtpy; jfty; njhlh;G Nritf;fhf Vw;nfdNt 14 nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis

,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T epWtdk; (,];Nuh) tpz;zpy; Vtp cs;sJ. ,e;epiyapy;>

njhiyf;fhl;rp> uhZtk;> tprhl;> kpd;dZ nraw;iff;Nfhs; nra;jp Nrfhpg;G> jfty;

njhlh;G Nritfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy;> [prhl;-18 vd;w nraw;iff;Nfhis

tpQ;Qhdpfs; cUthf;fpdh;. Rkhh; 3>404 fpNyh vilAs;s ,e;j nraw;iff;Nfhspy;

nkhj;jk; 48 buhd;];ghz;lh;fs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s gpnuQ;r; fahdhtpy; ,Ue;J Vhpahd; ];Ng]; uhf;nfl;

%yk; [prhl; nraw;iff;Nfhis tpz;zpy; VtpaJ. [prhl;-18 nraw;iff;Nfhs;

tpz;zpy; ntw;wpfukhf Vtg;gl;lJ. ,e;j nraw;iff;Nfhs; tpz;zpy; 15

Mz;LfSf;F Nrit toq;Fk;.

Kjy; Kiwahf 4 ld; nraw;iff; Nfhis Rke;J nry;Yk; uhf;nfl; 2017-,y; Vtg;gLk;

Kjy;Kiwahf 4 ld; vil nfhz;l nraw;iff; Nfhis Rke;J nry;Yk; [pv];vy;tp

vk;Nf 2 uhf;nfl; tUk; 2017-Mk; Mz;L Vtg;glTs;sJ vd> ,];Nuh tshf

,af;Feh; v];.uhNf\; $wpdhh;. tptrhak;> Rw;Wr;#oy;> gUtepiy khw;wk;

Mfpatw;iw kl;LNk mwpa gad;gl;l nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; jw;NghJ

njhiyj;njhlh;gpy; Gjpa Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,e;jpah rhh;gpy; ,Jtiu 34

nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mjpy; 12 nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; njhiyj;

njhlh;Gf;fhditahFk;. ,Jtiu mjpfgl;rk; 2 ld; vilAs;s nraw;iff;

Nfhs;fis kl;LNk nrYj;jpte;j epiyapy;> tUk; 2017-Mk; Mz;L Kjy;Kiwahf

4 ld; vilAs;s nraw;iff; Nfhis Rke;J nry;Yk; [pv];vy;tp vk;Nf vDk;

uhf;nfl;il nrYj;jTs;Nshk;. tpahod; fpufj;ij Muha re;jpuhad; 2 tpz;fyj;ij

nrYj;j cs;s epiyapy; #hpaid Muha Mjpj;ah tpz;fyj;ij jahh;gLj;jp

tUfpNwhk;.

[prhl;-18:

uhf;nfl; - Ariane 5 ECA. jfty; njhlh;Gf;fhf tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;l ehs; - 5.10.16.

[pv];vy;tp vk;Nf 2:

cauk; - 49 m tpl;lk; - 2.8 kP epiw - 4,14,000 fpNyhfpuhk;

vhpnghUs;:

Kjy; epiy - il ieburd; nll;uhf;irL (N2o4) ,uz;lhk; epiy - il ieburd; nll;uhf;irL (N2o4) %d;whk; epiy - jput Mf;]p[d;, jput i`l;u[d; (LOX/LH2)


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tpisahl;L epfo;Tfs;

nfhr;rpapy; gpghA+-17 cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J

17 taJf;F cl;gl;NlhUf;fhd gpgh cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;Jg; Nghl;b

elj;Jtjw;fhd ,lq;fspy; xd;whf> ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd;Kiwahf Nfus

khepyj;jpd; nfhr;rp efuk; Njh;thfpAs;sJ.

gpgh mikg;igr; Nrh;e;j epGzh;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xUq;fpizg;Gf; FOitr;

Nrh;e;jth;fs; vd 23 Ngh; mlq;fpa cah; kl;lf; FO nfhr;rpapy; cs;s [th`h;yhy;

NeU tpisahl;L muq;fj;ij Ma;T nra;j gpwF mq;F Nghl;bia elj;Jtjw;fhd

xg;Gjiy toq;fpAs;sJ. ,jd;gb> nfhr;rp [th`h;yhy; NeU rh;tNjr tpisahl;L

muq;fj;ij> 17 taJf;F cl;gl;NlhUf;fhd gpgh cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J

Nghl;bfis elj;Jk; ,lq;fspy; xd;whf Njh;T nra;Js;Nshk;.

Mz;L eilngw;w ,lk; Kjy; ,lk; ,uz;lhk; ,lk;

2011 nkf;]pNfh ie[Phpah nkf;rpNfh

2013 mnkhpf;fh ie[Phpah nkf;rpNfh

2015 rpyp ie[Phpah khyp

2017 ,e;jpah (nfhr;rp) ___ ___

U - 17 gpghA+ cyf Nfhg;igapy; mjpf Kiw gl;lk; ntd;w ehL ie[phpah.

xypk;gpf; jlfs fkp\d; cWg;gpduhdhh; rha;dh

,e;jpa ghl;kpz;ld; el;rj;jpu tPuhq;fidahd rha;dh nethy;> rh;tNjr xypk;gpf;

fkpl;bapd; jlfs fkp\dpd; cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

jlfs fkp\dpd; rhh;gpy; rha;dhTf;F mDg;gg;gl;Ls;s me;j fbjj;jpy;> ‘cq;fs;

Ntl;GkDit> hpNah xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapd; NghJ eilngw;w rh;tNjr xypk;gpf;

fkpl;bapd; jlfs fkp\dpd; Njh;jypy; ghprPyid cWg;gpduhf epakdk; nra;tjpy;

ngUik milfpNwhk;” vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. xypk;gpf; fkpl;bapd; jlfs fkp\d;

mikg;ghdJ mq;NfyhUf;nfa;Nuh jiyikapy; 9 Jiz jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; 10

cWg;gpdh;fSld; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,J jw;NghJ rha;dhTf;F fpilj;Js;sJ

rh;tNjr mstpy; ,e;jpahTf;F ngUik Nrh;j;Js;sJ.

rha;dh Nethy;:

2012 - yz;ldpy; eilngw;w xypk;gpf;fpy; ghl;kpl;ldpy; ntz;fy gjf;fk; ntd;w

Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz;.

2009-y; ,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; eilngw;w ,sepiy ghl;kpl;ld; kw;Wk; R+g;gh; rPhp]py;

rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;w Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz;.

tpUJ:

mh;[Pdh tpUJ - 2009 uh[Pt; fhe;jp - 2010

Nfy; uj;dh tpUJ - 2010 gj;k G+\d; tpUJ - 2016


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Irprp juthpirg; gl;baypy; Kjyplk; gpbj;jhh; m];tpd;

nl];l; Nghl;bfspy; rpwe;j ge;J tPr;rhsh;fSf;fhd juthpirg; gl;baypy; ,e;jpa

tPuh; m];tpd; Kjyplj;ijg; gpbj;Js;shh;. ,e;jpa Row;ge;J tPr;rhsh; m];tpd;

nkhj;jk; 27 tpf;nfl;fis tPo;j;jpdhh;.

,jw;fhf njhlh; ehafd; tpUijAk; ntd;whh;. ,e;j njhlhpy; rpwg;ghf ge;J Irprp

ntspapl;Ls;s juthpirg; gl;baypy; 900 Gs;spfSld; mth; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;shh;.

mtUf;F mLj;j ,lj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;J ge;JtPr;rhsh; N[k;]; Mz;lh;frd;> njd;

Mg;gphpf;f ge;JtPr;rhsh; Nly; ];nlapd; MfpNahh; css;dh;.

m];tpd; Vw;nfdNt 2015-k; Mz;by; ge;JtPr;rhsh;fs; gl;baypy; Kjyplj;ijg;

gpbj;jpUe;jhh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. nl];l; Nghl;bfSf;fhd Ngl;];Nkd;fs;

thpirapy; ,e;jpa tPuh; u`hNd 11tJ ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 6tJ ,lj;Jf;F

Kd;NdwpAs;shh;. kw;w ,e;jpa tPuh;fshd rl;B];th; G[huh 14tJ ,lj;jpYk;> tpuhl;

Nfhyp 17tJ ,lj;jpYk; cs;sdh;. My;uTz;lh;fSf;fhd juthpirg; gl;baypy;

,e;jpa tPuh; utPe;jpu INl[h 3tJ ,lj;Jf;F Kd;NdwpAs;shh;.

Row;ge;J tPr;rhsh;

Nuq;f; ngah; ehLfs;

1. m];tpd; ,e;jpah

2. [Nl[h ,e;jpah

3. N[hR Mrpy;Tl; M];jpNuypah

4. Nùj; ,yq;if

5. Nly;];nla;d; njd;dhg;gphpf;fh

jpy;yp khuj;jhdp;y; xypk;gpf; rhk;gpad; gq;Nfw;fpwhh;

jpy;ypapy; miu khuj;jhdpy; hpNah xypk;gpf; khuhj;jhdpy; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;w

nfd;ahtpy; ,y;A+j; fpg;NfhNf gq;Nfw;fpwhh;. hpNah xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; jq;fk;

ntd;w gpwF fpg;NfhNf gq;Nfw;fTs;s Kjy; Nghl;b ,Jjhd;.

2015f;Fg; gpwF Kjy;Kiwahf miu khuj;jhdpy; gq;Nfw;fpwhh;. fpg;NfhNf.

jpy;ypapy; 2010 ,y; eilngw;w fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;bapy; 5000 kP. Xl;lj;jpy; nts;sp

ntd;Nwd;> 6 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; jpy;ypapy; eilngWk; Nghl;bapy;

gq;Nfw;fpNwd;.

hpNah xypk;gpf; 5000kP Xl;lk;

Nuq;f; ngah; ehLfs; Neuk;

1. ,y;A+j; fpg;NfhNf nfd;ah 00 : 59 : 44

2. ,f;fuk; jpkpyh\; vj;jpNahg;gpah 00 : 59 : 48

3. mf];bd; Nfhfp nfd;ah 01 : 00 : 01

4. nudhy;L fpU nfd;ah 01 : 01 : 43


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A-18 Mrpa Nfhg;ig `hf;fp ,e;jpah rhk;gpad;

gjpndl;L taJf;Fs;gl;NlhUf;fhd (A-18) Mrpa Nfhg;ig `hf;fpg; Nghl;bapy;

,e;jpa mzp rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;wJ.

tq;fNjr jiyefh; lhf;fhtpy; eilngw;w ,Wjp Ml;lj;jpy; ,e;jpah tq;fNjr

mzpiaj; Njhw;fbj;jJ.

,e;jpa tPuh; `hh;jpf; rpq; Ml;lehafdhfTk;> gq;f[; Fkhh; rpwe;j Nfhy; fPg;guhfTk;

Njh;T nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

kNyrpa fpuhz;l;g;hP

2016 rPrd; ghh;Kyh 1 fhh; ge;jaj;jpd; 16-MtJ Rw;W kNyrpa fpuhz;l;g;hP vd;w

ngahpy; kNyrpa jiyefh; Nfhyhyk;G+hpy; eilngw;wJ.

12>776 tpehbfspy; ,yf;if vl;b Kjyplj;ijg; gpbj;j nul;Gy; biuth; Nldpay;

hpr;rpahh;Nlh.

epiy ngah; fhh;

1. Nldpay; hpr;rpah;Nlh nul; Gy; Nurpq; `{ah;

2. Nkf;];nth;l;];lhgd; nul; Gy; Nurpq; `{ah;

3. epf;Nfh Nuh]; gh;f; nkh;rpnl];

4. fpkp uha;f;Nfhndd; ngh;uhp

[g;ghd; Xgd; nld;dp]; epf; fph;fpNah]; gl;lk; ntd;whh;

[g;ghd; Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapy; M];jpNuypa tPuh; epf; fph;fpNah]; rhk;gpad;

gl;lk; ntd;whh;.

[g;ghdpy; cs;s Nlhf;fpNah efhpy; [g;ghd; Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bfs; eilngw;wd.

,jpy; ,Wjpg; Nghl;bapy; juthpirapy; 15-tJ ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; M];jpNuypa tPuh;

epf; fph;fpNah];> ngy;[pak; tPuh; Nltpl; Nfhgpid vjph;j;J Mbdhh;.

[g;ghd; Xgd; nld;dp];:

,g;Nghl;b Nlhf;fpNahtpy; eilngw;wJ.

Mz;L Kjy; ,lk; ,uz;lhk; ,lk;

2016 epf; fph;fpNah]; (M];jpNuypah) Nltpl; Nfh (ngy;[pak;)

2015 tht;hpq;fh (Rtpl;rh;yhe;J) ngdha;l; Nghhp (gpuhd;];)

2014 fP eprpNfhhp ([g;ghd;) kpyh]; iuNahdpf; (fdlh)

2013 nly; Nghl;Nuh (mh;n[d;Bdh) ikyh]; iu Nahdpf; (fdlh)


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rPd Xgd; : Kh;Nu> mf;dP];fh rhk;gpad;

rPd Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapd; Mlth; xw;iwah; gphptpy; gphpl;ldpd; Md;b

Kh;NuTk;> kfsph; xw;iwah; gphptpy; Nghyj;jpd; mf;dP];fh uj;td;];fhTk; rhk;gapd;

gl;lk; ntd;wdh;.

rPd jiyefh; nga;[pq;fpy; eilngw;w Mlth; xw;iwah; ,Wjpr;Rw;wpy; Md;b Kh;Nu

gy;Nfhpahtpd; fphpNfhh; bkpl;Nuhit Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

,jd;%yk; rPd Xgdpy; Kjy; rhk;gpad; gl;lj;ij ntd;whh; Kh;Nu.

,e;j Mz;by; 5-MtJ rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;wpUf;Fk; Kh;Nu> juthpirapy;

Kjyplj;ijg; gpbf;Fk; tha;g;ig neUq;fpAs;shh;.

xl;L nkhj;jj;jpy; Kh;Nu ntd;w 40-MtJ rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ,J.

3-MtJ ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;j mf;dP];fhuj;td;];fh gphpl;ldpd; N[h`d;dh

Nfhd;lhit Njhw;fbj;J rhk;gpad; Mdhh;.

mth; ntd;w 20-MtJ rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ,J.

,jd;%yk; juthpirapy; Kjy; 10 ,lq;fSf;F Kd;NdWtJ cWjpahfpAs;sJ.

gphpl;ld; tPuh; Md;b Kh;Nu 2-MtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;shh;. fzpdp juthpir

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF gphpl;lidr; Nrh;e;j xU tPuUk;> tPuhq;fidAk;

juthpirapy; xNu rkaj;jpy; lhg;-10-,y; ,lk;ngWtJ ,JNt Kjy;KiwahFk;.

rPd Xgd; nld;dp]; 2016

Mz;L ngz; xw;iwah; gphpT Mz; xw;iwah;

gphpT

Mz;fs;

,ul;ilah; gphpT

ngz;fs;

,ul;ilah; gphpT

2016 Mf;dP];fh uj;td;];

(Nghye;J)

Mz;bKh;Nu

(,q;fpyhe;J)

Mz;fs; :

elhy;/gg;Nyh

fhhpNdh g];lh

ngz;fs; :

ngj;jhdp

Nknlf;/Y}rp

ruNghth

u\pa Xgd; : Uj;tpfh rhk;gpad;

u\pa Xgd; fpuhz;l;g;hP ghl;kpz;ld; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpahtpd; Uj;tpfh rhk;gpad; gl;lk;

ntd;whh;.

u\pahtpd; tpshjpNth]; lhf; efhpy; eilngw;w kfsph; xw;iwah; ,Wjpr;Rw;wpy;

Uj;tpfh \pthdp u\ppahtpd; <t;n[dpahit Njhw;fbj;J rhk;gpad; Mdhh;.

fyg;G ,ul;ilah; ,Wjpr;Rw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpd; rpf;fpnul;b-gpuzt; Nrhg;uh u\pahtpd;

tpshjpkph; ,tNdht;-tNyhpah NrhNuhfpdhit Njhw;fbj;J rhk;gpad; MdJ.


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mNj Neuj;jpy; Mlth; xw;wiah; ,Wjpr;Rw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpd; rphpy; th;kh fpy;

kNyhrpahtpd; [y;ghl;ypaplk; Njhy;tp fz;lhh;.

u\;a Xgd; ghl;kpl;ld;

Mz;L Mz;fs;

xw;iwah; gphpT

ngz;fs;

xw;iwah; gphpT

,ul;ilah;

gphpT

fyg;G gphpT

2016 Uj;tpfh (,e;jpah) [{y; ghj;jp

[{y;fpg;yp

(kNyrpah)

Mz;fs;:

tpshjpkph;

,tdt; (u\;ah)

,thd;

Nrh[{dt;

ngz;fs;:

md];lhrpah

nkhNuhNrhth

(u\;ah)

gpudt; n[h;hp

Nrhg;uh

rpf;fp nul;b

(,e;jpah)

[g;ghd; fpuhz;l;g;hP

2016 rPrd; ghh;Kyh 1 fhh; ge;jaj;jpd; 17-MtJ Rw;W [g;ghd; fpuhz;l;g;hP vd;w

ngahpy; [g;ghdpd; R]{fhtpy; eilngw;wJ.

,yf;if vl;b Kjyplj;ijg; gpbj;j kfpo;r;rpapy; nkh;]pl]; biuth; epNfh

Nuh];ngh;f;. ,e;j ntw;wpapd; %yk; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; nty;Yk; tha;g;ig jf;fitj;Jf;

nfhz;Ls;shh; Nuh];ngh;f;.

fhty;Jiw bv];gpahdhh; ky;Aj;j tPuhq;fid fPjh Nghfj;

ky;Aj;j tPuhq;fid fPjh Nghfj;> `hpahzh khepy fhty;Jiwapy; Jiz

fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf (b.v];.gp) me;j khepy murhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

me;j khepy Kjy;th; kNdhfh; yhy;fl;lh; jiyikapy; eilngw;w mikr;ruitf;

$l;lj;jpd; NghJ ,e;j epakdk; njhlh;ghd khepy cs;Jiwapd; Kd;nkhopTf;F

xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

jpy;ypapy; 2010Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;bapy; fPjh Nghfj; jq;fg;

gjf;fk; ntd;whh;.

mNj Nghy; kiyNaw;w tPuh; uhk; yhiy tpisahl;L tPuh;fSf;fhd xJf;fPl;bd;

%yk; `hpahdh fhty;Jiwapd; cjtp Ma;thsuhf epakpf;Fk; Kd;nkhopTf;Fk;

mikr;ruitf; $l;lj;jpy; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.


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fPjh Nghfj;

Nghl;b gphpT Mz;L gjf;fk;

cyf ky;Aj;j Nghl;b 55 Kg 2012 ntz;fyk;

fhkd;nty;j; 55 Kg 2010 (jpy;yp) jq;fk;

“ “ 2009 ([ye;jh;) jq;fk;

“ “ 2011 (nky;gh;d;) jq;fk;

“ 59 Kg 2013 ([hnd];

ngh;f;)

nts;sp

Mrpa ky;Aj;jk; 55 Kg 2012 (Fkp) ntz;fyk;

“ 58 Kg 2015 (Njhfh) ntz;fyk;

Njrpa [_dpah; jlfsk;:

32-MtJ Njrpa [_dpah; jlfs rhk;gpad; \pg; Nghl;bfs; Nfhitapy; etk;gh;

njhlq;FfpwJ.

nkhj;jk; 5 ehs;fs; eilngwTs;sd. jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;J 200f;Fk; mjpfkhd tPuh;>

tpuhq;fidfs; gq;Nfw;fpd;wdh;.

mj;Jld; [_dpah; Mlth;fSf;fhd nlf;fj;yhd;> 18 taJf;F cl;gl;l

MltUf;fhd Mf;lj;yhd;> 16 taJf;F cl;gl;l MltUf;fhd ngd;lj;yhd;> 14

taJf;F cs;gl;l MltUf;fhd l;iuaj;yhd; Nghl;bfs; elj;jg;gl cs;sd.

mNjNghy;> 18 taJf;Fs;gl;l kfspUf;fhd n`g;lj; yhd;> 16 taJf;F

cs;gl;lth;fSf;fhd ngd;lj;yhd;> 14 taJf;Fs;gl;lth;fSf;fhd l;iuaj;yhd;

Nghl;bfSk; eilngw;wd.

cyff; Nfhg;ig fgbapy; gl;lk; ntd;w ,e;jpa mzpapy; ,lk; ngw;wjpy; ngUik

mfkjhghj;jpy; eilngw;w cyff; Nfhg;ig fgb Nghl;bapd; ,Wjpg; Nghl;bapy;

,e;jpa mzp <uhd; mzpia tPo;j;jp rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;wJ.

,e;jpa mzp njhlh;r;rpahf 3-tJ Kiwahf <uhid tPo;j;jp Nfhg;igia ntd;wJ.

,e;jpa mzp 2004 kw;Wk; 2007-k; Mz;L ,Nj mzpia tPo;j;jp kFlk; FbapUe;jJ

vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

cyff; Nfhg;igia ntd;w ,e;jpa fgb mzpapy; jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;J xNu tPuuhd

jh;kuh[; Nruyhjd; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jhh;.

1999-k; Mz;L fhj;kz;Ltpy; eilngw;w njw;fhrpa tpisahl;L Nghl;bapYk;> 2010-

k; Mz;L lhf;fhtpy; eilngw;w njw;fhrpa Nghl;bapYk; jq;fg;gjf;fk; ntd;w

,e;jpa mzpapy; jh;kNruyhjd; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jhh;.

2010-y; Xkdpy; eilngw;w Mrpa flw;fiu tpisahl;L Nghl;bapy; jq;fk; ntd;w

,e;jpa mzpf;F ehd; jiyik tfpj;Njd;.


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Mz;L eilngw;w ,lk; Kjyplk; ,uz;lhk; ,lk;

2016 ,e;jpah (mfkjhghj;) ,e;jpah <uhd;

2014 = Kf;jhh; rhfpg; ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;

2013 Y}jpahdh ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;

2012 Y}jpahdh ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;

2011 Y}jpahdh ,e;jpah fdlh

mnkhpf;f fpuhz;l;g;hP

2016 rPrd; ghh;Kyh 1 fhh; ge;jaj;jpd; 18-MtJ Rw;W mnkhpf;f fpuhz;l;g;hP vd;w

ngahpy; mnkhpf;fhtpd; M];bd; efhpy; eilngw;wJ.

Kjyplj;ijg; gpbj;j nkh;]pl]; biuth; yPtp]; `hkpy;ld;.

,jd; %yk; ,e;j rPrdpy; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; nty;Yk; tha;g;ig jf;f itj;Jf;

nfhz;lhh; `hkpy;ld;.

];lhf;N`hk; rhk;gpad;

];tPld; jiyefh; ];lhf;N`hkpy; eilngw;w ];lhf;N`hk; Xgd; nld;dp];

Nghl;bapy; rhk;gpad; gllk; ntd;w kfpo;r;rpapy; mh;n[d;Bdhtpd; [{thd; khh;l;bd;

nly; Nghl;Nuh.

mnkhpf;fhtpd; N[f; rhf;if Njhw;fbj;jhh;. Vwf;Fiwa %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fg;

gpwF Kjy; gl;lk; ntd;Ws;shh; nly; Nghl;Nuh.

];lhf;N`hk; rhk;gpad; (Mz;fs; xw;iwah; gphpT)

Mz;L Kjy; ,lk; ,uz;lhk; ,lk;

2016 nly; Nghl;uh [hf;rhf;

2015 jhk]; ngh;br; [hf;rhf;

2014 jhk]; ngh;br; fphp Nfhh; b kpl;Nuht;


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jkpo;ehL

jpUg;G+h; Fkudpd; 113-MtJ gpwe;j ehs; tpoh

jpUg;G+h; Fkudpd; 113-MtJ gpwe;j ehs; tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.

<NuhL khtl;lk;> nrd;dp kiy mUNf cs;s nr.Nkyg;ghisak; vd;w Chpy; 1904-

Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 4-Mk; Njjp ehr;rpKj;J> fUg;ghap jk;gjpf;F Kjy; kfdhfg;

gpwe;jth; jpUg;G+h; Fkud;.

jpUg;G+hpy; 1932-Mk; Mz;L [dthp 10-Mk; Njjp eilngw;w Rje;jpug;

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ> fhtyh;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;l Fkud; jiyapy; gyj;j fhakile;J

caphpoe;jhh;.

fhtyh;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;L fPNo tpOe;j NghJk;> Njrpaf; nfhbia fPNo tplhj

fhuzj;jhy; mth; nfhbfhj;j Fkud; vd;W miof;fg;gl;L tUfpwhh;.

,e;j epiyapy;> jpUg;G+h; khtl;l eph;thfk; rhh;gpy; uapy; epiyak; vjpNu cs;s jpUg;G+h;

Fkud; epidtfj;jpy; mtuJ 113-MtJ gpwe;j ehs; tpoh eilngw;wJ.

fhtphp gLifia Muha cah;epiy njhopy;El;gf; FO

fhtphp ejpahy; gadilAk; fh;ehlfh> jkpo;ehL> ghz;br;Nrhp> Nfush Mfpa ehd;F

khepyq;fspYk; fhtphpg;gLif kw;Wk; ghrdg; gFjpia Nehpy; Ma;T nra;J fs

epytuj;ij mwpa cah;epiy njhopy; El;gf; FOit muR mikj;Js;sJ.

cah;epiy njhopy;El;gf; FOit kj;jpa ePh;tsj; Jiw> ejp Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; fq;if

Gduikg;G mikr;rfk; mikj;Js;sJ.

FOtpd; jiytuhf kj;jpa ePh; Miza jiyth; [p.v];.[h. epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

kj;jpa ePh; Miza cWg;gpdh; v]; k#j; `{ird;> fpU\;zh kw;Wk; Nfhjhthp

gLif mikg;G jiyikg; nghwpahsh; Mh;.Nf. Fg;jh> ehd;F khepy jiyikr;

nrayhsh;fs; my;yJ mth;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;> ehd;F khepyq;fspypUe;J jyh xU

jiyikg; nghwpahsh; ,f;FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sdh;.

jkpof gpujpepjpahf nghJg;gzpj; Jiw nrayh; gq;Nfw;G

fhtphpg; gLifapy; eilngwTs;s Ma;T njhlh;ghf ngq;f@hpy; elf;Fk; $l;lj;jpy;

jkpofj;jpd; gpujpepjpahf nghJg;gzpj; Jiw Kjd;ikr; nrayhsh; v];.Nf. gpughfh;

gq;Nfw;f cs;shh;.


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jkpof-fh;ehlf khepyq;fspy; cs;s fhtphp gLifg; gFjpfspy; Ma;tpid

Nkw;nfhz;L cr;r ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F mwpf;if mspf;f ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

GJr;Nrhpapd; gpujpepjpahf. . . .? fhtphpg; gLif Ma;T njhlh;ghf ngq;f@hpy;

$l;lj;jpy; GJr;Nrhpapd; gpujpepjpahf me;j khepyj;jpd; nghJg;gzpj; Jiw

jiyikg; nghwpahsh; gp.Rthkpehjd; fye;J nfhs;fpwhh;.

3k; cyfj;jkpoh; nghUshjhu khehL:

‘%d;whk; cyfj; jkpoh; nghUshjhu khehL 2016” nrd;idapy; eilngw;wJ.

,k;khehl;Lf;F cyfj; jkpoh; nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; jiyth; tp.Mh;v];.rk;gj;

jiyik tfpj;jhh;.

‘G+kp Gj;jpuh;fs;” jpl;lj;jhy; ekf;F nghpa ghjpg;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyfj; jkpoh; fy;tp Nkk;ghl;L ikak; mikf;f ,k;khehl;by; gq;Nfw;Ws;sth;fs;

MjuT ju Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;.

vz; ,lk; Mz;L

1st nrd;id 2009

2nd Jgha; 2011

3rd nrd;id 2016

mg;Jy; fyhkpw;F kzpkz;lgk; fl;Lk; gzp njhlf;fk;

kiwe;j Kddhs; FbauRj; jiyth; mg;Jy; fyhkpd; 85-tJ gpwe;j ehshd mf;.15

uhNkRtuj;jpy; cs;s Ngf;fUk;G epidtplj;jpy; kzpkz;lgk; fl;Lk; gzp njhlq;f

cs;sJ.Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; mg;Jy; fyhk; 2015-k; Mz;L [_iy 27k; Njjp

\py;yhq;fpy; khzth;fs; kj;jpapy; ciuahbf;nfhz;L ,Ue;j NghJ kuzkile;jhh;.

mtuJ cly; fyhkpd; nrhe;j Cuhd uhNkRtuj;Jf;F mUNf cs;s Ngf;fUk;G

vd;w ,lj;jpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,e;epiyapy; mg;Jy; fyhkpd; 85tJ gpwe;jehshd mf;.15 y; kzpkz;lgk; fl;Lk;

gzp njhlq;f cs;sJ.

V.gp.N[. mg;Jy;fyhk;:

,th; ,e;jpahtpd; 11-tJ FbauR jiyth;.


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ghJfhg;G Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L epWtdj;jpYk; (DRDO) ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp

Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jpYk; tpz;ntsp nghwpahsuhf gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,th; VTfiz

ehafd; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

Mz;Lfs; tpUJfs;

1997 ghuj uj;dh

1990 gj;k tpG+\d;

1981 gj;k tpG+\d;

Mye;J}h; - guq;fpkiy ,ilNa nkl;Nuh uapy; njhlf;fk;

Nfhak;NgL> Mye;J}h; ,ilNa nkl;Nuh uapy; Nrit 2015y; Nfhak;NgL> Gwefh;

NgUe;J epiyak; (rp.vk;.gp.b) mUk;ghf;fk;> tlgodp mNrhf;efh;> <f;fhl;Lj; jhq;fy;

Mye;J}h; Mfpa gFjpfis ,e;j nkl;Nuh uapy; Nrit ,izj;jJ.

2MtJ fl;lkhf rpd;dkiyapy; ,Ue;J tpkhd epiyak; tiu nkl;Nuh uapy; Nrit

njhlq;fpaJ.

Mye;J}hpy; ,Ue;J guq;fpkiy tiuapyhd 1.286 fp.kP. J}uj;Jf;F uapy; Nrit

njhlq;fpaJ.

From To Driver Nfhak;NgL Mye;J}h; gPhpj;jp

tpkhd epiyak; rpd;d kiy Xl;Leh; mk;rNtdp, espdp

$lq;Fsj;jpy; 3> 4-tJ mZ ciyfs;

$lq;Fsj;jpy; u\;a ehl;L cjtpAld; jyh Mapuk; nkfhthl; kpd; cw;gj;jpj;

jpwDs;s 2 mZ ciyfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjpy; KjyhtJ mZ ciyapy;

,Ue;J th;j;jf hPjpapyhd kpd; cw;gj;jp njhlq;fp cs;sJ.

,NjNghy; 2tJ mZ ciyapYk; kpd; cw;gj;jp njhlq;fp cs;sJ. ,e;j tshfj;jpy;

jyh Mapuk; nkfhthl; kpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;s NkYk; 2 mZ ciyfs;

mikg;gjw;F ,e;jpa mZrf;jp xOq;fikg;G thhpak; mDkjp mspj;jJ.

,ijaLj;J ,e;j mZ ciyfis mikg;gjw;fhd G+h;thq;fg; gzpfs;

njhlq;fpaJ.

gpujkh; eNue;jpu NkhbAk;> u\;a mjpgh; tpshbkph; GjpDk;> Nfhthtpy; eilngWk; 2

ehs; gphpf;]; khehl;by; gq;Nfw;fpd;wdh;. mq;F ,Ue;jgbNa gzpiaj;

njhlq;fpitf;f cs;sdh;.


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,e;j 2 mZ ciyfspYk; 2022k; Mz;L kpd; cw;gj;jp njhlq;Fk; vd;W

vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ntle;jhq;fy; gwitfs; ruzhyaj;Jf;F te;Js;s ntspehl;Lg; gwitfs;

kJuhe;jfj;ij mLj;j Ntle;jhq;fYf;F ntspehl;Lg; gwitfs; tuj;

njhlq;fpAs;sjhy;> rPrd; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;ghfNt ruzhyak; jpwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tlfpof;Fg; gUtkio fhuzkhf Ntle;jhq;fy; Vhpf;F ePh; te;jtz;zk; cs;sJ.

tof;ffkhf rPrd; fhyj;jpy; gwitfs; ,dg; ngUf;fj;Jf;fhf ,q;F te;J nry;Yk;.

tof;fkhf xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk; ruzhyak; nghJkf;fspd; ghh;itf;fhf jpwf;fg;gLk;.

Mdhy;> ,e;j Mz;L Vhpapy; ePh; tuj;J cs;sjhYk;> gwitfSk;

tuj;njhlq;fpajhYk; Rw;Wyhg; gzpfs; mtw;iw fz;Lfspf;Fk; tifapy;

Kd;$l;bNa ruzhyak; jpwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,J> Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspilNa kfpo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

jfty; chpikr; rl;l thu tpoh:

fle;j 2005-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah KOtJk; jfty; ngWk; chpikr; rl;lk;

eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,jid epidT $Wk; tifapy; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; jfty;

ngWk; chpikr; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd epfo;r;rpfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf> ,e;j Mz;L jfty; ngWk; chpikr; rl;l thu tpoh

nrd;idapy; nfhz;lhlg;gl ,Uf;fpwJ.

nrq;fy;gl;by; mikfpwJ ehl;bd; KjyhtJ kUj;Jt G+q;fh

ehl;bd; KjyhtJ kUj;Jt G+q;fhit (Medical Park) mikf;f kj;jpa

mikr;ruit xg;Gjy; mspj;Js;sJ.

,e;j kUj;Jt G+q;fh nrd;idia mLj;j nrq;fy;gl;by; mika cs;sJ. mjp cah;

kUj;Jt fUtpfis cs;ehl;bNyNa jahhpg;gjw;F Cf;fk; nfhLf;Fk; tpjkhf ,J

mikfpwJ.

,e;j kUj;Jt fUtpfs; jahhpg;G G+q;fhit nghJj;Jiw epWtdkhd n`r;vy;vy;

iyg;Nfh; epWtdk; 300 Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; mikf;f cs;sJ.

,e;j kUj;Jt G+q;fh> ehl;bd; kUj;Jt njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt fUtpfs;

jahhpg;G njhopiy Kiwg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhfTk; mikAk;.


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NkYk; Ntiytha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fk; tpjkhfTk;> ‘Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah” jpl;lj;jpw;F

Cf;fk; mspf;Fk; tpjkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

‘vd;hpr;b” ghiy mwpKfk; nra;jJ fphPk;iyd; nla;hp

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; nray;gl;L tUk; fphPk;iyd; nla;hp epWtdk; n[h;rp vd;Dk;

ngahpy; ghy; kw;Wk; ghy; rhh;e;j nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;J tUfpwJ.

,e;j epiyapy; Gjpa tif ‘vd;hpr;b” vd;Dk; ghy; tifapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ.

jw;Nghija tho;f;if #oypy; tpl;lkpd; b FiwghL mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ.

,e;j epiyapy; vd;hpr; b ghy; ,e;j Fiwghl;bid Nghf;Ftjw;F cjTk; vd

me;epWtdk; njhptpj;Js;sJ.

fle;j 2015-k; Mz;L brk;ghpy; Nfhj;nu[; mf;Nuhntl; epWtdk; fphPk;iyd; nla;hp

Guhlf;l;]; epWtdj;jpd; 51 rjtPj gq;Ffis thq;fpaJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

kPdth;fSf;fhd ‘ghd; ,e;jpah kPdt ez;gd;” ifg;Ngrp nrayp

flYf;Fr; nry;Yk; kPdth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mj;jpahtrpa jfty;fisj; jUk;

‘ghd; ,e;jpah kPdt ez;gd; ifg;Ngrp nrayp” Nritia mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ

vk;.v];.Rthkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;.

kPdth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mj;jpahtrpa jfty;fis clDf;Fld; toq;Fk; ‘kPdt

ez;gd; ifg;Ngrp” Nritia 2007-y; ,Ue;J toq;fp tUfpwJ.

,jd;gb> flypy; miyfspd; cauk;> Gay; cs;spl;l ,aw;if rPw;w mwpFwpfs;>

Mgj;J fhyq;fspy; njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; trjp> Mgj;jhd gFjpfis mwpTWj;Jjy;>

kPd; tsk; cs;s gFjpfis mwpjy;> Fwpg;gpl;l tif kPd;fs; fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fis

mwpjy;> rh;tNjr fly; vy;iyia czh;j;Jjy; cs;spl;l 13 mj;jpahtrpa Nritfs;

toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

‘2013-y; ‘Md;l;uha;L” top nrayp Nritia jkpofk;> GJr;Nrhp> Me;jpu

khepyq;fspy; Nrhjid Kaw;rpahf njhlq;fpa NghJ E}W kPdth;fSf;F ,ytrkhf

‘Md;l;uha;L” ifg;Ngrpfis toq;fp ,e;j Nritiag; gad;gLj;j itj;Js;sdh;.

Nritia gad;gLj;jpa kPdth;fs; je;j gpd;D}l;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Njitahd

jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L fle;j brk;ghpy; ,Ue;J ,k;%d;W khepyq;fspYk;

KOtPr;rpy; ,r;Nrit nray;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ.


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mLj;jjhf xbrh> Nfus khepyq;fspy; ,e;j Nrit ,g;NghJ Nrhjid Kaw;rpapy;

cs;sJ.

mLj;jfl;lkhf> Nkw;Ftq;fk;> F[uhj;> kfhuh\;buh> fh;ehlfh khepy muRfs;

jq;fsJ kPdth;fSf;Fk; ,r;Nritia mspf;Fk;gb Nfl;bUf;fpd;wd.

1000 Mz;Lfs; gioikahd fy;ntl;L fz;nlLg;G

Nryk; khtl;lk;> thog;ghbia

mLj;j Ng@hpy; 1000 Mz;Lfs;

gioikahd> mjhtJ fp.gp. 948-

Mk; Mz;L Nrhoh; fhy

fy;ntl;L xd;iw Nryk; khtl;l

tuyhw;Wj; Njly; FOtpdh;

fz;nlLj;Js;sdh;.

mg;NghJ> Ng@h; trp\;;l ejpf;fiuapYs;s mq;fhsk;kd; Nfhapypy; xU gFjp

rpije;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; xU fy;ntl;il itj;J me;jg; gFjp kf;fs; topgl;L

te;jJ njhpate;jJ.

me;j fy;ntl;il tuyhw;Wj; Njly; FOtpdh; Ma;T nra;jdh;. mjpy;> mJ Kjyhk;

guhe;jf Nrhod; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ vd;gJ njhpate;jJ.

10-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Ng@h; gFjpahdJ Nrhoh;fspd; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jij ,e;j

fy;ntl;L cWjp nra;fpwJ.

mJkl;Lkpd;wp> jw;NghJ Mj;J}h; eurpq;fGuj;jpy; cs;s xU NfhapYf;F

tpsf;nfhpf;f jhdk; nfhLj;jjhfTk; ,f;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Gdpj ejpahff; fUjg;gLk; trp\;l ejp fiuapy; gQ;r> G+j rptd; jpUj;jyq;fspy;

Kjy; jykhd jhd; Njhd;wP];tuh; Nfhapy; Ng@hpy; mike;Js;sJk;> Kjyhk;

guhe;jf NrhoDf;Fg; gpd; te;j Nrho kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; Mjpj;adpd; fp.gp. 959-Mk;

Mz;L fy;ntl;L xd;W me;jf; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

Ruq;fg; ghijapy; nkl;Nuh uapy; ntw;wpfukhf ,af;fk;

Nfhak;NgL - NeU G+q;fh ,ilNa 8 fp.kP. J}uj;Jf;F Ruq;fg;ghijapy; nkl;Nuh uapy;

ntw;wpfukhf ,af;fg;gl;lJ.

nrd;idapy; 2 topj;jlq;fspy; nkhj;jk; 45 fp.kP. J}uj;Jf;F nkl;Nuh uapy; gzpfs;

eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.


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,jpy;> 24 fp.kP. J}uj;Jf;F (19 uapy; epiyaq;fs;) Ruq;f topg;ghijapy; uapy;

,af;fg;glTs;sJ.

Nfhak;Ngl;by; ,Ue;J NeU G+q;fh tiuapy; nkhj;jk; 8 fp.kP. J}uj;Jf;F Ruq;fg;

ghijapy; nkl;Nuh uapy;fis ,af;f> Nrhjid Xl;lk; elj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

Nfhak;NgL nkl;Nuh uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J Gwg;gl;l nkl;Nuh uapiy vk;.fhh;j;jpif

nry;td; vd;gth; Xl;br; nrd;whh;.

5 ,lq;fspy; khw;Wg; ghij trjp

mtrufhyj;jpy; nkl;Nuh uapy;fis khw;Wg; ghij topahf ,af;f n\dha; efh;>

nrd;l;uy;> bvk;v];> rpd;dkiy> tpkhd epiyak; Mfpa 5 ,lq;fspy; trjp cs;sJ.

jw;NghJ ele;J tUk; xl;Lnkhj;j nkl;Nuh uapy; gzpfisAk; tUk; 2018 khh;r;rpy;

Kbf;fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kJiu fPob mfoha;tpy; tlnkhop vOj;Jfs;

rptfq;if khtl;lk; fPobapy;

kj;jpa njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tj;

Jiwapdh; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy;

tlnkhop vOj;J cs;s kz;ghid

XLfs; cs;spl;l 5>300 rq;f fhy

nghUs;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.

kJiu khefh; 4 Mapuk; Mz;Lfs;

goikahd efh; vd;W ,yf;fpak;>

njhy;ypay; Jiw rhh;e;j Ma;Tfs;

njhptpf;fpd;wd.

rptfq;if khtl;l vy;iyapy; cs;s fPobapy; 43 njhy;ypay; Fopfs; ,lg;gl;L

Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. Kjy; fl;l Ma;tpy; jkpofj;jpy; Kjd;Kiwahf rq;ffhy

efu ehfhPfj;Jld; $ba fl;ll mbj;jsk;> fhy;tha; mikg;GfSk; ,q;F

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.


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,e;jpa Jg;;ghf;fp RLjy; mzpapy; ,lk;gpbj;j kJiu fy;Y}hp khztp

kJiu tsh;efiu Nrh;e;j fy;Y}hp khztp [p.th;\h> Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;

tPuhq;fidahd ,th; fle;j 8 Mz;Lfspy; Njrpa> njd; ,e;jpa> jkpof mstpyhd

Nghl;bfspy; 35 jq;fk;> 25 nts;sp> 23 ntz;fyg; gjf;fq;fis ntd;Ws;shh;.

,e;j ntw;wpfshy; jw;NghJ th;\h 6 Ngh; nfhz;l ,e;jpa [{dpah; mzpapy; ,lk;

gpbj;Js;shh;.

nrd;idapy; 2008-y; eilngw;w Nghl;bapy; nts;spg; gjf;fk; ntd;whh; th;\h.

kJiu iugps; fpsg;gpy; eilngw;w njd; ,e;jpa mstpyhd 50 kPl;lh; g;Nuhd;> j;hP

ngh\prd; Jg;ghf;fp RLk; Nghl;bfspy; xU jq;fk;> 3 nts;spg; gjf;fq;fisAk;>

rhk;gpad; gl;lKk; ngw;Ws;shh;.

mLj;j xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah rhh;gpy;> gq;Nfw;W jq;fk; nty;tNj vdJ

,yf;F.

3>500 Mz;Lfs; gioikahd ghidf; FwpaPLfs; fz;nlLg;G

GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk;> fPukq;fyk; mUNf tpy;Ydp Mw;wq;fiuapy; vOj;Jfs;

Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;G cs;sd. Ke;ija gioikahd ghidf; FwpaPLfs;

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

tpy;Ydp Mw;wq;fiuapy;> uhkrhkpGu kq;fyehL Mfpa Ch;fspd; fpuhk vy;iyapy;

173 Vf;fhpy; ,j;jply; Kl;Gjh; fhlhf cs;sJ.

Rz;zhk;G $l;Lf; fyit nghUshyhd rpwg;G tha;e;j Nkl;Lg; gFjpfspy; jhop

Gijf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mq;fhq;Nf fUg;G rptg;G ghid XLfs; tputpf;fplf;fpd;wd.

,j;Jld; cNyhf cUf;Ff; fopTfSk;> cNyhf thh;g;G kz; cUisfSk;> fz;zhb

fw;fSk; xUrpy ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ghidf; FwpaPLfspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s jiyfPo; #yk; Nghd;w mikg;G Nghh;j;

jpwkpf;fth; Gijf;fg;gl;Ls;shh; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gJ vd;gNj fpNuf;f

njhy;ypayhsh;fs; fUj;J> ,e;jpa njhy;ypahsh;fs; gyh; ,e;jf; FwpaPl;il

kl;ghz;lk; nra;gthpd; milahsk; $Wfpd;wdh;.

,it 3>500 Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ijajhfNt fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. vd;wdh;.

njhy;ypay; Ma;thsh;fs;.


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Njrpa epfo;Tfs;

ghJfhg;G MNyhrid thhpak; khw;wpaikg;G

Njrpa ghJfhg;G MNyhrid thhpak; (vd;v];Vgp) fle;j 1998-k; Mz;L

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

ruz; vd;gth; jiyikapy; 14 cWg;gpdh;fSld; (NSAP) Njrpa ghJfhg;G

MNyhrid thhpak; nray;gl;lJ.

Njrpa [dehaf $l;lzp muR> vd;v];Vgpapd; cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;ifia jiyth;

cl;gl 4 Mf Fiwj;Jtpl;lJ.

,e;epiyapy;> Kd;dhs; ntspAwTj; Jiw nrayh; \pahk; ruz; jiyikapy; ,aq;fp

te;j Njrpa ghJfhg;G MNyhrid thhpaj;jpd; gjtpf; fhyk; fle;j 2015-k; Mz;L

Kbtile;Js;sJ.

mjw;Fg; gjpy; ,g;NghJ uhftd; jiyikapy; Gjpa thhpak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,th; u\;ahTf;fhd ,e;jpa J}juhf gzpahw;wpath;.

Njrpa ghJfhg;G MNyhrid thhpak; cs;ehL kw;Wk; ntspehl;L ghJfhg;G>

ntspAwT tptfhuq;fs;> uhZtk;> mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk;

nghUshjhu tpthfuq;fs; Fwpj;j muRf;F nfhs;if KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhd

ghpe;Jiufis mspf;Fk;.

me;j ghpe;Jiufs;> MNyhridfis Njrpa ghJfhg;G fTd;rpy; Muha;e;J ,Wjp

KbntLf;Fk;.

‘Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah” jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 30 Ngh; gazpf;ff; $ba Ngl;lhp g];

`pe;J[h FOkj;jpd; mq;fkhd mNrhf; Nyyz;l; epWtdk; ‘Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah”

jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; Ngl;lhpapy; XLk; g];i] jahhpj;J mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

,e;j g];]py; 30 Ngh; tiu gazpf;fyhk;. ,e;j Ngl;lhp g];i] xUKiw rhh;[;

nra;jhy; 120 fp.kP. tiu XLk;.

1st 1998 - 1999 v];. Rg;ukzpak;

6th 2006 - 2008 =. vk;. uh[;Nfhj;uh

=. Nf. v];. gh[;gha;

7th 2008 - 2010 =. Nf. v];. gh[;gha;

=. eNu\;, re;jpuh

8th 2010 - 2012 =. eNu\;, re;jpuh

9th 2013 - 2015 \pahk; ruz;


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epWtdj;jpd; eph;thf ,af;Feh; tpNdhj; Nf. jhrhp njhptpj;Js;shh;.

,e;j g];]pd; tpiy &.1.50 Nfhb Kjy; &. 3.50 Nfhb tiuahFk;.

jw;NghJ Ngl;lhp kl;Lk; mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLtjhf mth;

$wpdhh;.

,e;j g];]pd; mjpfgl;r Ntfk; kzpf;F 75 fpNyh kPl;luhFk;. ,e;j g];]py; jP czh;

fUtp cs;sJ. ,jpy; Nkk;gl;l nlypNkbf;]; trjp cs;sJ.

gazpfs; kw;Wk; thfdk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij vspjpy; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

g];]pDs; nry;Nghd; rhh;[; nra;Ak; trjpAk;> itig trjpAk; cs;sJ.

jpUg;gjp caphpay; G+q;fhtpy; 7 Fl;bfis <d;w Gypfs;

jpUg;gjp caphpay; G+q;fhtpy; cs;s 2 Gypfs;> 7 Fl;bfis <d;wd.

jpUg;gjp mypgphpapy; cs;s = ntq;fNl];tuh caphpay; G+q;fhtpy; td tpyq;Ffs;

guhkhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,g;G+q;fhtpy; gpwe;J tsh;e;j 4 tajhd nts;isg; Gyp uhzp> rpy ehs;fSf;F Kd; 4

Fl;bfis <d;wJ.

mNJNghy;> ngq;f@U caphpay; G+q;fhtpypUe;J %d;whz;LfSf;F Kd;G jpUg;gjp

caphpay; G+q;fhTf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;l 12 tajhd fkyh vd;w ngq;fhy; Gyp

3Fl;bfis <d;wJ.

nrd;idapd; mf;\ah epWtdk; ,lk;gpbj;jJ

,e;jpahtpd; kpf Gfo; ngw;w fl;Lkhd epWtdq;fs; gl;baypy; nrd;idiar; Nrh;e;j

mf;\ah gpiuNtl; ypkpnll; epWtdk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

bu];l; hprh;r; ml;itrhp kw;Wk; G@ igl;]; mikg;Gfs; ,ize;J ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s

kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;w fl;Lkhd epWtdq;fspd; 3tJ gjpg;ig ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

2015 Kjy; 2016 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; Clfq;fs; toq;Fk; fUj;Jfspd;

mbg;gilapYk; Efh;Nthh; toq;Fk; fUj;Jfspd; mbg;gilapYk; ,e;j gl;bay;

ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jpy; 57 Gfo; ngw;w epWtdq;fspd; ngah;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mjpy;

nrd;idiar; Nrh;e;j mf;\ah epWtdj;jpd; ngaUk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

‘,e;jpahtpd ; kjpg;G tha;e;j fl;Lkhd epWtdkhf nrd;idapypUe;J ,e;j epWtdk;

kl;LNk Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.


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‘J}a;ik ,e;jpah” jpl;lk; ntw;wp

gpujkh; eNue;jpu Nkhb gjtpNaw;w gpd;> J}a;ik ,e;jpah (];thr; ghuj;) jpl;lj;ij

mwptpj;jhh;.

,j;jpl;lk; njhlq;fp 2 Mz;Lfs; Kbtile;jij Kd;dpl;L> nly;ypapy; ‘,e;jpa

Rfhjhuk;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; khehL ele;jJ>

J}a;ik ,e;jpah jpl;lk; njhlq;fpa gpwF ehL KOtJk; J}a;ikahf itj;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpopg;Gzh;T mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.

fhydp Mjpf;fj;ij vjph;j;J kfhj;kh fhe;jp rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhh;.

mJ ehL KOtJk; Nghpaf;fkhf khwpaJ. mNj Nghy; J}a;ik ,e;jpah jpl;lKk;

Nghpaf;fkhf khw Ntz;Lk;.

mjhtJ> ‘];thr; ghuj;” jpl;lk;> ‘];thr;fpuf” ,af;fkhf Ntz;Lk;.

jw;NghJ Foe;ijfsplk; J}a;ik gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. ,jd; nghUs;

‘];thr; mgpahd;” kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwapy; khw;wj;ij nfhz;L te;Js;sJ

vd;gJ jhd;.

Rj;jkhd efuq;fspd; gl;bay;

fhkd;nty;j; $l;likg;gpy; ,Ue;J ntspNawpaJ khyj;jPT

fhkd;nty;j; $l;likg;gpy; ,Ue;J khyj;jPT ntspNawpaJ.

khyj;jPT mjpguhf ,Ue;j KfkJ e\PJ fle;j 2012-Mz;L gjtp tpyfpaij

mLj;J> me;ehl;by; Vw;gl;l murpay; Fog;gj;Jf;Fj; jPh;T fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;Wk;>

ehl;by; tsh;r;rp Vw;gltpy;iy vd;Wk; fhkd;nty;j; mikg;G Fw;wk; rhl;b te;jJ.

1st ikR+h;

2nd rz;bfh;

3rd jpUr;rp

4th nly;yp

5th tprhfg;gl;bdk;

J}a;ik ,e;jpah jpl;lk;:

,j;jpl;lk; mf;Nlhgh; 2, 2014 md;W GJ jpy;ypapy; uh[; Nfhl;by; ,e;jpa gpujkh;

eNue;jpu Nkhjp Jtq;fp itj;jhh;.


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KfkJ e\Pj; gjtp tpyfpa gpwF> murikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb mLj;jf;fl;l

eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhz;l NghhpYk;> muRf;F vjpuhf fhkd;nty;j; $l;likg;G

eltbf;if vLf;f Kad;wJ. NkYk;> khyj;jPTf;F fhkd;nty;j; eltbf;iff; FO

mguhjk; tpjpf;f Kad;wij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNt KbahJ.

vdNt> jtph;f;f Kbahj #o;epiyapy;> fhkd;nty;j; $l;likg;gpy; ,Ue;J

ntspNaWtjhf fbdkhd Kbit Nkw;nfhs;s Nehpl;lJ vd;W me;j

nra;jpf;Fwpg;gpy; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhkd;nty;j; $l;likg;G:

ehL jpUk;Gk; gpuk;kd;rpiy

gphpl;lDf;Ff; flj;jg;gl;L> yz;ldpy; ,e;jpa mjpfhhpfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l

gpuk;kd;-gpuhk;kzp rpiy.

And];Nfhthy; ghuk;ghpar; rpd;dkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l F[uhj;jpd; gjhd;

gFjpapypUe;J fle;j 2001-Mk; Mz;L flj;jg;gl;l> 12-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j

,e;jr; rpiy> 15 Mz;LfSf;F gpwF ,e;jpahtplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

gphpf;]; cr;rp khehL

Nfhth khepyk; ngdhypk; efhpy; 8-tJ gphpf;]; cr;rp khehL 2 ehl;fshf

eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; gpujkh; eNue;jpu Nkhb> rPd mjpgh; [p [pd;gpq;> u\;a mjpgh;

tpshbkph; Gjpd;> gpNurpy; mjpgh; kpN\y; nlkh; kw;Wk; njd;dhg;gphpf;f mjpgh; N[f;fg;

[{kh MfpNahh; gq;Nfw;wdh;.

fhkd;nty;j; ehLfs; jd;dhl;rpAs;s ,iwikAs;s 53 muRfspd;

jd;dhh;ty rq;fkhFk;.

1971-d; gb nghJthd ,yf;FfSld; xd;Wld; xd;W xj;Jiof;Fk;

rh;tNjr mikg;G MFk;.

,e;j ,yf;Ffspy; kf;fshl;rp, kdpj chpikfs;, ey;yhl;rp, rl;l Ml;rp,

jdpegh; Rje;jpuk;, rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; cyf mikjp Mfpatw;wpy; Kd;Ndw;wk;

fhz;gJk; mlq;fpAs;sJ.

4 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw fhkd; nty;j; Nghl;bAk; eilngWk;.


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,e;j gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mikjp> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F jPtputhjk;

kpfg;nghpa mr;RWj;jyhf cs;sJ.

I.eh.rigapy; epYitapy; cs;s rh;tNjr jPtputhjk; kPjhd tphpthd

cld;gbf;ifia (rprpIb) tpiue;J epiwNtw;w gphpf;]; ehLfs; ,ize;J nray;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

ekJ tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsk; Mfpatw;Wf;F jPtputhjk; kpfg;nghpa

mr;RWj;jyhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

,J ,g;NghJ cyfk; KOtJk; gutp cs;sJ. vdNt> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia

mjpfhpf;fTk;> ehl;L kf;fspd; capiug; ghJfhf;fTk; jPtputhjj;ij vjph;j;Jf;

$l;lhf Nghhpl Ntz;baJ kpfTk; mtrpak;.

gphpf;]; ehLfs; rhh;gpy; Gjpa tsh;r;rp tq;fp (vd;bgp) kw;Wk; vjph;ghuh nrytpd

epjpak; (rpMh;V) Mfpait epWtg;gl;lJ. kpf Kf;fpakhd rhjidfs; MFk;.

gphpf;]; khehL

juthpir Mz;L ,lk;

1st 2009 u\;ah

2nd 2010 gpNurpy;

3rd 2011 irdh

4th 2012 ,e;jpah

5th 2013 njd;dhg;gphpf;fh

6th 2014 gpNurpy;

7th 2015 u\;ah

‘rhh;f;” khehL

,e;jpah cs;spl;l 4 ehLfspd; Gwf;fzpg;G mwptpg;igj; njhlh;e;J> ghfp];jhdpy;

eilngWtjhf ,Ue;j ‘rhh;f;” khehL uj;J nra;ag;glyhk; vdj; jfty;fs;

njhptpf;fpd;wd.

ghfp];jhd; jiyefh; ,];yhkhghjpy; 19-MtJ ‘rhh;f;” khehL eilngWtjhf

,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; ,ilNaahd cwtpy; jw;NghJ tphpry; Vw;gl;Ls;sijj;

njhlh;e;J> me;j khehl;by; gq;Nfw;fg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;W kj;jpa muR mwptpj;jJ.

,e;jpahitg; gpd;gw;wp Mg;fhdp]; jhd;> tq;fNjrk;> G+lhd; cs;spl;l ehLfSk;

khehl;ilg; Gwf;fzpf;fg; Nghtjhf mwptpj;jd.


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nkhj;jk; 8 cWg;G ehLfisf; nfhz;l ‘rhh;f;” mikg;gpy; 4 ehLfs; ghfp];jhDf;F

vjpuhf cs;sd.

,e;jr; #oypy; jhd; khehl;il uj;J nra;tJ vd;W ‘rhh;f;” mikg;Gf;F jw;NghJ

jiyikg; nghWg;G tfpf;Fk; Neghsk; KbT nra;jpUg;gjhfj; njhpfpwJ.

1st 1985 tq;f Njrk; (lhf;fh)

2nd 1986 ,e;jpah (ngq;f@h;)

16th 2010 G+lhd; (jpk;G+)

17th 2011 khyjPT (ml;L)

18th 2014 Neghsk; (fhj;kz;l;)

19th 2016 ghfp];jhd; (,];]hk; ghj;

xj;jpitf;f ,e;jpah typAWj;jy; : khehl;il xj;jpitg;gJ njhlh;ghd ,jw;fhd

mjpfhug;G+h;t mwptpg;ig rhh;f; mikg;Gf;F jiyik tfpf;Fk; Neghsk; jhd; ntspapl

Ntz;Lk;.

,yq;if gpujkh; uzpy; jpy;yp tUif

,yq;if gpujkh; uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;Nf jpy;yp tUif juTs;shh;.

uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;Nf gjtpNaw;w gpwF mth; KjyhtJ ntspehl;L gazkhf

,e;jpahTf;F te;jhh;.

,ijj; njhlh;e;J> ,e;jpa gpujkh; eNue;jpu Nkhb ,yq;if jiyefh; nfhOk;Gf;F

muRKiwg; gazkhfr; nrd;whh;.

mg;NghJ tprh> ,isQH; eyd;> Rq;fj;Jiw rhh;e;j rYiffs; toq;fTk;>

,yq;ifapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa ftp utPe;jpuehj; jh$Uf;F epidtplk; mikf;fTk;

tif nra;Ak; ehd;F xg;ge;jq;fs; ,U ehl;Lj; jiyth;fs; Kd;dpiyapy;

ifnaOj;jhapd.

,jw;fpilNa> ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; cs;s Etnuhypah efhpd; `l;ld;

gFjpapy; ,e;jpah cjtpAld; fl;lg;gl;L tUk; kUj;Jtkid jpwg;G tpohtpy;

gq;Nfw;f tUkhW ,yq;if muR tpLj;j miog;ig ,e;jpa gpujkh; eNue;jpu Nkhb

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.

cyf th;j;jf ikaj;jpd; rhh;gpy; 16-MtJ rh;tNjr Vw;Wkjp Nkk;ghl;L mikg;G

elj;Jk; khehL nfhOk;gpy; eilngwTs;sJ.


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,e;jpah> kpahd;kh; ,ilNa 3 xg;ge;jk;

ghJfhg;G> th;j;jfk; cs;spl;l gy;NtW Jiwfspy; xj;Jiog;ig tYg;gLj;j

,e;jpahTk; kpahd;kUk; KbT nra;Js;sd. Mq; rhd; #fp> Nfhthtpy; eilngw;w

gphpf;]; khehl;by; gq;Nfw;whh;.

#fp jiyikapy; ,U ehl;Lg; gpujpepjpfs; ,ilNa Ngr;R thh;j;ij ele;jJ. ,e;jg;

Ngr;R thh;j;ijapy;> ghJfhg;G> th;j;jfk;> vz;nza; kw;Wk; vhpthA> Ntshz;ik>

GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f vhprf;jp> Rfhjhuk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; ,U ehLfSk; cwTfis

Nkk;gLj;j KbT nra;jd.

NkYk; kpd;rhuk;> tq;fp kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;Lj; Jiwfspy; xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;j ,U

ehLfSk; 3 cld;ghLfspy; ifnaOj;jpl;ld.

jpy;ypapy; [pv];b fTd;rpy; $l;lk;

[pv];b rl;lj;ij mLj;j Mz;L mky;gLj;jj; jpl;lkplg;gl;L> mjw;fhd

eltbf;iffis muR Jhpjkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

thp tjpg;G tpfpjk;> khepyq;fSf;F ,og;gPL toq;FtJ cs;gl ,e;j tptfhuj;jpy;

epyTk; gy;NtW gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPh;T fhz;gjw;fhf [pv];b FO (fTd;rpy;)

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

kj;jpa epjpaikr;rh; jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;l ,e;jf; FOTf;Nf [pv];b thp tpjpg;G

tpfpjj;ij eph;zapf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L.

,e;j epiyapy; [pv];b FOtpd; KjyhtJ $l;lk; mz;ikapy; eilngw;wJ.

khepy epjpaikr;rh;fs; fye;J nfhz;l me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa tptfhuq;fs;

tpthjpf;fg;gl;ld.

[pv];b rl;lk; mkyhf;Ftjpy; khepyq;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; gpur;idfSf;Fj; jPh;T

fhzTk; mJ njhlh;ghf fUj;njhw;Wik Vw;gLj;jTk; ,e;jf; $l;lk; toptFf;Fk;.

[pv];b rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpjpf;fg;gLk; thp tpfpjk; vt;tsT vd;gJ Fwpj;j mwptpg;G>

$l;lj;jpd; epiwT ehsd;W ntspahFk;. ruhrhpahf 17 ,y; ,Ue;J 18 rjtPjk; tiu

[pv];b thp tpjpg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> Fiwe;j tpiy nfhz;l nghUs;fs;

my;yJ NritfSf;fhd thp tpjpg;G tpfpjk; 12 rjtPjj;Jf;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;W nghUshjhu MNyhrfh; mutpe;j; Rg;gpukzpad; Vw;nfdNt ghpe;Jiuj;jhh;.


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%j;j Fbkf;fSf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;if

Kjpath;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;fhd

Njrpa nfs;ifia kj;jpa muR tpiutpy; mwptpf;f ,Uf;fpwJ.

,jd; %yk; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F kUj;Jtk;> jq;Fkplk;> cs;spl;l mbg;gil trjpfs;

fpilg;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gLk;.

%j;j Fbkf;fSf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;ifia tFg;gJ Fwpj;J kj;jpa r%f ePjp>

Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw mikr;rfk; murpd; gpw Jiw mikr;rfq;fSld; tphpthd

MNyhrid elj;jpAs;sJ.

,jd; mbg;gilapy; Vw;nfdNt cs;s KjpNahUf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;if khw;wp

mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.

tajhFk;NghJ Njitahd msTf;F kUj;Jt trjp fpilf;fhky; NghtNj ,g;NghJ

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F Kf;fpag; gpur;idahf cs;sJ. ,jid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa nfhs;if tbtikf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpf;F jpy;ypapy; epidtplk;

jpy;ypapy; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpf;F epidtplk; mikf;f ghprPypf;fg;gLk;.

Md;kpf> FU Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpapd; Kjyhk; Mz;L rpuj;jhQ;ryp

(epidtQ;ryp) $l;lk; Mh;\ tpj;ah guk;guh mikg;gpd; rhh;gpy; jpy;ypapy;

eilngw;wJ.

Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpf;F jpy;ypapy; epidtplk; mikf;f Jwtpfs; cs;spl;l

gy;NtW jug;gpdUk; Nfhhpf;iftpLj;Js;sdh;.

[pv];b:

GST - kj;jpa khepy kiwKfthpfSf;F khw;whf ,e;jpah KOikAk; Vg;uy; 2016 -

Kjy; tpjpf;fg;glj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s xU kjpg;G $l;LthpahFk;. jw;NghJs;s

thp Kiw ngWkjp Nrh; thp vdg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; jahuhFk; midj;J

nghUl;fSf;Fk;, toq;fg;gLk; midj;J NritfSf;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;.

GST - kNrhjh - 122 Bill GST - jpUj;j rl;lk; - 101 Amendment GST jiyik nrayfk; - epA+ nly;yp

o jiyth; - epjpaikr;rh; (mUz; N[l;yp)

o \uj;J - 279A


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kjkhw;wk; mjpf mstpy; eilngw;w fhyfl;lj;jpy; mjw;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;gpath;

Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp.

jahde;j ru];tjp Nghd;Nwhhpd; Nghjidfis ek;khy; gpd;gw;w KbAk;.

gp`hhpy; mkYf;F te;jJ Gjpa kJtpyf;F rl;lk;

gp`hh; murpd; G+uz kJtpyf;F rl;lj;ij ghl;dh cah; ePjpkd;wk; uj;J nra;j

epiyapy;> kJghdj;Jf;F jil tpjpf;Fk; Gjpa rl;lj;ij jpl;lkpl;lgb khepy muR

mky;gLj;jp cs;sJ.

Kjy;th; epjp\;Fkhh; jiyikapyhd gp`hh; muR> cs;ehl;L kJtiffSf;F jil

tpjpj;jJ. cs;ehl;by; jahuhFk; ntspehl;L kJtiffSf;F jil tpjpj;J cj;juT

gpwg;gpj;jJ. Vg;uy; Kjy; gp`hhpy; G+uz kJtpyf;F mkYf;F te;jJ.

,ijaLj;J> fyhy; rl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW jpUj;jq;fs; nra;ag;gl;L> gp`hh; fyhy; rl;lj;

jpUj;j kNrhjh (2016) rl;lg;Nguitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

,jw;F MSeh; xg;Gjy; mspj;jijaLj;J mky;gLj;j jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ.

ghl;dh cah; ePjpkd;wk;> Vg;uy; gpwg;gpj;j cj;juit uj;J nra;a cj;jutplg;gl;lJ.

,e;epiyapy;> khepy Kjy;th; epjp\;Fkhh; jiyikapy; mikr;ruitapd; rpwg;Gf;

$l;lk; eilngw;wJ.

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kfhj;kh fhe;jpf;F khpahij nrYj;Jk; tifapy; mtuJ gpwe;j ehspy; ,e;j Gjpa

rl;lj;ij mky;gLj;jp cs;Nshk;” vd;whh;.

G+uz kJtpyf;F mky;gLj;jg;gl;l khepyk;

juthpir khepyk; jil nra;ag;gl;l Mz;L

1st F[uhj; 1960

2nd ehfyhe;J 1989

3rd kzpg;G+h; 2002

4th gPfhh; 2016

jahde;j ru];tjp

gpwg;G - 12 gpg;uthp 1824 (F[uhj;).

,aw;ngah; - %y;rq;fh;.

19-k; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd

Mhparkh[ ,af;fj;jpid epWtpath;.

Mhpa rkh[k;

1875 - Mhpa rkh[k; mikg;ig njhlq;fpdhh;.

,th; vOjpa rj;ahh;j; gpufh\; mz;l; gpujpkh G+\[d; tpr;rhh;.

,wg;G - 1883.


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Nyhjh FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs;

Nyhjh FO ghpe;Jiuj;j rPh;jpUj;jq;fis mky;gLj;JNthk; vd gprprpI (,e;jpa

fphpf;nfl; fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak;) cWjpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,y;iynad;why; mjw;fhd cj;juTfis ehq;fs; gpwg;gpg;Nghk; vd;W cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

fz;bg;Gld; njhptpj;jJ.

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gprprp Iia rPuikg;gjw;fhf cr;r ePjpkd;w Kd;dhs; jiyik ePjpgjp Mh;vk;.Nyhjh

jiyikapyhd FOit cr;r ePjpkd;wk; mike;jJ. 70 taJf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhh; gprprpI

nghWg;Gfspy; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;wdh;.

gUtepiy khw;wk; mjpfhpg;gij fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ mtrpak;

cyf mstpy; 55 rjtPj fhpakpy thAit ntspNaw;Wk; ehLfspd; xg;Gjy; ,e;j

xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw mtrpakhFk;> mijr; rhjpj;Jtpl;lhy; gUtepiy khw;wk;

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,yf;Ffis vl;LtJk; ,e;j Kaw;rpfspy; Kf;fpa eltbf;iffshFk;.

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jpy;ypapy; khR msit Fiwf;f Gjpa nrayp mwpKfk;:

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yl;r jPtpy; gq;fhuk; vd;w jPtpy; kl;Lk; G+uz kJtpyf;F mky;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.


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Rw;Wr;R+oy; khR fl;Lg;ghl;L Mizak; ,e;j nraypia ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; Kjy;Kiwahf cly; cWg;G jhdj;Jf;fhd nry;Nghd; nrayp:

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jhdj;Jf;fhd nry;Nghd; nrayp (Mg;];) Nfhitapy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

jd;te;jphp vd;w ngahpy; nray;gLk; ,e;j nraypia ‘$Fs; g;Ns ];Nlhh;’ kw;Wk;

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tsUk; ehLfspy; ,e;jpah 97tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.

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cj;jug; gpuNjr muR ,ytr ];khh;l; Nghd; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jJ. cj;ju

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Kjy;tuhf mfpNy\; ahjt; gjtp tfpf;fpwhh;.

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cs;sJ. ,e;j epiyapy; ,ytr ];khh;l; Nghd; jpl;lkhd : “rkh[;thjp ];khh;Nghd;

Nah[dh” vd;w jpl;lj;ij mk;khepy Kjy;th; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

gjpndl;;L taJ epuk;gpa, gj;jhk; tFg;G Kbj;jth;fs; ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; %ykhf

,ytr ];khh;l; Nghid ngw jFjpahdth;fs;.


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cyf Mrphpah; jpdk;:

Mrphpah;fSf;fhd Mjuit jpul;Ltjw;fhf kw;Wk; Mrphpah;fs;, vjph;fhy

jiyKiwapd; Njitfis re;jpg;gh; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j xt;nthU tUlKk;

mf;Nlhgh; 5k; Njjp cyf Mrphpah; jpdk; mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

2016 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd ikaf;fU “Valuing Teachers, Improving their Status”

vd;gjhFk;.

njhopy; nra;tjw;F Vw;w ehLfspd; gl;baypy; ,e;jpahTf;F 130tJ ,lk;:

njhopy; nra;tjw;F Vw;w ehLfspd; gl;baypy; ,e;jpah 130 tJ ,lj;ij

gpbj;Js;sJ.

,J njhlh;ghf cyf tq;fp ntspapl;Ls;s mwpf;ifapy;, ,e;jpahtpy; njhopy;

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Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUtjhf njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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nray;ghl;Lf;F tUk;; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

mf;Nlhgh; 9 - cyf mQ;ry; jpdk;


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ntspehl;L epfo;Tfs;

v];]hh; Mapy; epWtdj;ij ifafg;gLj;jpaJ u\;ahtpd; Nuh];neg;l;

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re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpdhh;.

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Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

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Fwpj;J ,U jiyth;fSk; fye;Jiuahbdh;.


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gpuzhg; Kfh;[pAld; Mq; rhd; #fp re;jpg;G

FbauRj; jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[pAld; kpahd;kh; ntspAwTj; Jiw mikr;rh;

Mq;rhd; #fp re;jpj;J MNyhrid elj;jpdhh;.

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nfhs;iff;F ,e;jpahtpd; Mjuit #fp Nfhhpajhf FbauRj; jiyth; khspif

tl;lhuq;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.

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cyfpd; rpwe;j efuk;: 12tJ ,lj;jpy; Jgha;:

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cs;s 5200 Nghplk; Ma;T elj;jg;gl;lJ. nghUshjhu typik, jplkhd cs;fl;likg;G,

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gpbj;Js;sJ.

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mikg;ghFk;.

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cWg;gpdh; MdJ.

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tzpfk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kjy; ehL ,e;jpah MFk;.


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gpuk;kGj;jpuh fpis ejpia jLj;J epWj;jpaJ rPdh

jpngj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfp ,e;jpahit Nehf;fp ghAk; gpuk;kGj;uh ejpapd; FWf;Nf

fl;lg;gl;L tUk; mizapd; fl;Lkhdg; gzpf;fhf xU fpis ejpapd; ePNuhl;lj;ij

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njhptpj;Js;shh;.

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mike;Js;sJ. gpuk;kGj;uh ejpahdJ [pfhN[tpypUe;J mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjr

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[_d; khjk; njhlq;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> 2019-y; Kbf;f jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk;

njhptpj;Js;shh;.

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rf;jpahfTk; ,e;jpah cUntLj;J tUfpwJ.

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rPdhtpd; Njrpa jpdk;

rPdhtpd; 67-MtJ Njrpa jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lijnahl;b> me;ehl;L kf;fSf;F

tho;j;J njhptpj;jdh;. Mrpa fz;lj;ij cyfNk vjph;Nehf;Fk; ,e;jj; jUzj;jpy;>

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,Uehl;L cwit KO tPr;rpy; mjpfhpf;f jPtpu Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUtNjhL>

gu];gu ek;gpf;ifia mjpfhpf;f Kd;Dhpik mspj;J tUfpNwhk;.


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70 Mz;L Ml;rp elj;jpa jha;yhe;J kd;dh; fhykhdhh;

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ey;topg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

jha;yhe;ij 70 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;jjd; %yk; cyfpy; ePz;lfhyk; mhpaizpay;

tPw;wpUe;j kd;dh; vd;w ngUikiag; ngw;Ws;shh; G+kpghy;.

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kd;duhf Kb#l;bf; nfhs;thh; vd gpujkh; gpuA+j; rhd;-Xr;rh mwptpj;Js;shh;.

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2vg; uf uhf;nfl; ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.


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tpz;fyj;jpy; [pq; i`ngq; (50)> nrd; lhq; (37) vd;Dk; ,U tPuh;fs; gazk;

nra;fpd;wdh;.

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nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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GJ jpy;yp: cyfpy; mjpfkhNdhuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mf;];ஃNghh;L Mq;fpy

mfuhjpapy; INah vd;w jkpo; thh;j;ij ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

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nkhopfis Neubahf Ma;T nra;J 4 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw Gjpa thh;j;ijfis

,e;j mfuhjpapy; ,izj;J tUfpd;wdh;.

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epiyak; (IIb) Mfpa Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs; me;jg; gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.


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,jpy;, rPdhtpd; 40 Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fSk;, mnkhpf;fhtpd; 11 Muha;r;rp

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tpz;fyk; xd;W, jiu ,wf;fg;gl;lJ vdpDk; mJ nray;gltpy;iy.


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,e;j Nrhjid Kaw;rp nky;ypa fzpf;f Kbahf nrt;tha; tspkz;lyj;jpd;

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ifnaOj;jhfpd.

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njhlq;fg;gl cs;sd.

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mJkl;Lkpd;wp Nfd;rh; Nehapid fz;lwpaTk; ,e;Neha;f;fhd rpfpr;irfSk;

mjpfk; nryit Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

Nfd;rh; njhlh;ghd NrhjidfSf;F nghpa Muha;r;rp $lq;fisNa kf;fs; ehl

Ntz;ba R+o;epiy epyTfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; jw;NghJ Nfd;rh; Nehiaf; fz;lwpAk;


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Rygkhd top Kiwia th\pq;ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Muha;r;rpahsh;fs;

fz;lwpe;Js;sdh;.

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Fiwe;j nrytpy; Nfd;rh; Nehapid fz;lwpa KbAk;.

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te;jJ. fle;j Rkhh; 10 tUlq;fspy; ,y;yhj msTf;F jPtpukile;Js;s me;jg;

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epiyapy;> fpA+ghit jhf;fpaJ khj;A+ Gay;.

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nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gl;lJ.

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mQ;ry; jiy ntspaPl;L tpoh eilngw;wJ.

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nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

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mjDld; Nuh[h ,jo;fSk; cs;sd. mQ;ry; jiyapy; ‘Diwali FOR EVER USA’

vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.


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,e;jpahTf;fhd Gjpa rPdj; J}jh; Y} rht;̀ {

,e;jpahTf;fhd Gjpa rPdj; J}juhf Y} rht; `{ epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. ,jw;fhd

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yPNaNrq; fpd; gjtpf; fhyk; epiwtile;jJ. fle;j 2014-Mk; Mz;L Kjy; fdlh

ehl;Lf;fhd J}juhf mth; nghWg;G tfpj;J tUfpwhh;.

,jw;F Kd;dh; ghfp];jhd J}juhfTk; Y} rht;̀ { gzpahw;wpAs;shh;.

jpy;ypapy; mike;Js;s rPdj; J}jufj;jpy; nrayuhf 1989-Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1993-

Mk; Mz;L tiu mth; gzpahw;wpaJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

rPd ntspAwTj; Jiwapd; Mrpa tptfhuq;fSf;fhd ,af;FeuhfTk; mth; gjtp

tfpj;Js;shh;.

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KidNthuhd fG+h; cs;shh;.

=uhk; 361-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;shh;.


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fl;Liufs;

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njd;dhg;gphpf;fh njd;dhg;gphpf;f [dhjpgjp Ahf;NfhG R+kh


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nghJ mwpT

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fdpkq;fs; khtl;lq;fs;

,Uk;G Nryk;, ehkf;fy;, jpUtz;zhkiy

nrk;G Nryk;, ePyfphp, Nfhak;Gj;J}h;, kJiu kw;Wk; khkz;^h;

ghf;i]l; Nryk;, ePyfphp, Nfhak;Gj;J}h;, NtY}h;, kJiu, jUkGhp,

tpOg;Guk;

jq;fk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;, ePyfphp

FNuhikl; Nryk;, ehkf;fy;, jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kw;Wk; <NuhL

igiul; tpOg;Guk;

mNyhf fdpkq;fs;

fdpkq;fs; khtl;lq;fs;

Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; tpUJefh;, J}j;Jf;Fb, jpUney;Ntyp, jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp,

fhQ;rpGuk;, Nryk;

ikf;fh jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp, Nfhak;Gj;J}h;, ,uhkehjGuk;

khf;dirl; Nryk;, ehkf;fy;, Nfhak;Gj;J}h; kw;Wk; <NuhL

];Baill; NtY}h;, flY}h;, Nfhak;Gj;J}h;, Nryk;, jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

cg;G nrd;id, J}j;Jf;Fb, flY}h;, ehfg;gl;bdk; kw;Wk;

jpUth&h;.


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1. gRik jpl;lj;jpd; J}juhf epakpf;fg;gl;lth;

(A) rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fh; (B) NaR jh]; (C) ry;khd;fhd; (D) P.V. rpe;J

2. khepyq;fsit cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;lth; ahh;?

(A) et;N[hj;rpj;J (B) RNu\; Nfhgp (C) Nkhp Nfhk; (D) &gh fq;Fyp

3. nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nkhj;jk; cs;s ePjpgjpfs; gzpaplk;

(A) 75 (B) 76 (C) 74 (D) 73

4. ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR ngw;wth;

(A) Nah\p Nehhp (B) ghg; ilyd; (C) Nltpl; jTny]; (D) tpy;ypak;

5. 2016d; fhk;ngy; md;id njurh tpUJ ngw;wth;

(A) rhuj Nkdd; (B) rhe;;jh (C) uhftd; (D) Rthkpehjd;

6. ,e;jpa ,uhZtk; ghfp];jhd; ,uhZt vy;iyf;Fs; GFe;J elj;jpa jhFj;jypd;

ngah;?

(A) Mg;Nu\d; [pQ;rh; (B) Mg;Nu\d; #h;ah (C) #h;a fpuz; (D) ,e;uh

7. NghyP]; epidT jpdk;

(A) mf;Nlhgh; 20 (B) mf;Nlhgh; 22 (C) mf;Nlhgh; 23 (D) mf;Nlhgh; 24

8. rdpf;Nfhspd; ve;j epytpy; fly; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;lJ

(A) ilNahd; (B) ill;ld; (C) vd;ryl]; (D) fhdpkPL

9. [p rhl; - 18 vd;w nraw;if Nfhs; ve;j tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpypUe;J Vtg;gl;lJ

(A) rjp];jthd; (B) gpnuQ;R fahdh (C) ehNuh (D) tpf;uk; rhuhgha;

10. gp ஃ ghA+ - 17 cyf Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;b eilngw cs;s ,lk;

(A) Nfush (B) Me;jpuh (C) fh;ehlfh (D) jkpo;;ehL

11. Irprp juthpir gl;baypy; Kjyplk; gpbj;j Row;ge;J tPr;rhsh;

(A) [Nl[h (B) m];tpd; (C) Mz;lh;frd; (D) ];nlapd;

12. 3 k; cyf jkpoh; nghUshjhu khehL eilngw;w ,lk;

(A) nly;yp (B) Kk;ig (C) nrd;id (D) fy;fj;jh

tpdh - tpilfs;


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13. mg;Jy;fyhkpw;F kzpkz;lgk; vq;F fl;lg;gl cs;sJ?

(A) ,uhNk];tuk; (B) J}j;Jf;Fb (C) jpUney;Ntyp (D) fd;dpahFkhp

14. jfty; mwpAk; chpik rl;lk; eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L

(A) 2001 (B) 2003 (C) 2004 (D) 2005

15. ehl;bd; KjyhtJ kUj;Jt G+q;fh mikaTs;s ,lk; vJ?

(A) tpOg;Guk; (B) flY}h; (C) nrq;fy;gl;L (D) nrd;id

16. gphpf;]; khehL eilngw;w ,lk;

(A) Nfhth (B) nrd;id (C) lhf;fh (D) nly;yp

17. jw;NghJ ve;j ehL 67 tJ Njrpa jpdj;ij nfhz;lhbaJ?

(A) jha;yhe;J (B) rPdh (C) [g;ghd; (D) Nghh;r;Rf;fy;

18. ,e;jpahTf;fhd Gjpa rPdj; J}jh; ahh;?

(A) Y} rht; P̀ (B) ypNaNrq;fpd;

(C) tp[a; Nfrt; NfhfNy (D) mNrhf; fhe;jh

19. jw;NghJ I.eh. GJnghJ nrayh; ahh;?

(A) ghd; - fp - %d; (B) Nfhgp md;dd;

(C) Fl;nu]; (D) ngsl;Nuh];. N`yp

20. 2016-y; fhkd; nty; $l;likg;gpy; ,Ue;J ntspNawpa ehL

(A) gq;fshNj\; (B) nfd;ah (C) khyj;jPT (D) rpq;fg;G+h;

Answers :

1.(A) 2.(D) 3.(A) 4.(B) 5. (A) 6.(A) 7.(B)

8. (A) 9.(B) 10.(A) 11.(B) 12.(C) 13.(A) 14.(D

15.(C) 16.(A) 17.(B) 18.(A) 19.(C) 20.(C)

Documents

Branch Office at - Vetrii IAS academy Office at Vetrii IAS Study Circle New No 1, 9 th stStreet, F Block , ... Mh;.Rg;gpukzpa d; n gaiu jkpof muR ghpe;Jiuj;J kj;jpa muRf;F jfty;