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Vetrii IAS Study Circle
(CURRENT AFFAIRS)
Main Office atVetrii IAS Study Circle
New No.1, 9th Street, F Block, 1st Avenue, Chinthamani, Anna Nagar (E),Chennai - 600 102
- 044-26265326 - 9600124042 / 9840097666
www.vetriias.com
Vetrii IAS Study CircleNo.189/1, Meyanoor Road, Near ARRS Multiplex,
Opp. Venkateshwara Complex, Salem - 4 0427-2330307 / 9442740307
Vetrii IAS Study Circle15/1, Kahiresan Kovil Road,
AEO Office Upstairs, Kovilpatti - 628502 9003790335
Our Branches
TNPSC
k2018
All rights reserved with the publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the publisher, will be responsible for the loss and may be punished for compensation under copyright etc.
Published by
VETRII IAS STUDY CIRCLEF Block New No. 1, 9th Street,1st Avenue Main Road, Chinthamani,Anna Nagar (E), Chennai - 102.Phone: 044 - 26265326 / 9600124042 / 9840097666www.vetriias.comE-Mail: [email protected], [email protected]
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Vetrii IAS Academy
5
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
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Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fl;lhakpy;iy vd;W cr;r
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tof;F fle;j etk;gu; khjk; tprhuizf;F
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mwpTWj;jpapUe;j cr;r ePjpkd;wk;> jw;NghJ
mij khw;wp cj;jutpl;bUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
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jpiuauq;Fspy; fhl;rp njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;ghf Njrpa fPjk; ,irf;fg;gLk; eil Kiwia mky;gLj;j typAWj;jp r%f Nrt-fu; xUtu; fle;j Mz;L cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kD jhf;fy; nra;jhh;. mij tprhupj;j ePjp-gjpfs;> xt;nthU ,e;jpaDk; Njrg;gw;wpid ntspg;gL;jpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd epu;ge;jpf;f KbahJ vd;wdh;. NkYk;> Njrpa fPjk; ,irf;Fk;NghJ vOe;J epw;fhjtu;fis Njrg;gw;W ,y;yhjtu;fs; vdf;fUj KbahJ vd;Wk; $wpdh;. Mdhy;> mjd; njhlu;r;rpahf fle;j Mz;L etk;gu; 30k; Njjp cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ntspapl;l ,ilf;fhy cj;jutpy; jpiuauq;Ffspy; Njrpa fPjk; ,irg;gJ fl;lhak; vdj; njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy;> khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F kl;Lk; vOe;J epw;gjw;F tpyf;fspf;fg;l;lJ.
V >EB V\]B ] >
'gpsh];bf;fhy; Md Njrpaf; nfhbia gad;gLj;j
Ntz;lhk;" vd> khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjr
muRfis> kj;jpa muR typAWj;jp cs;sJ. [dtup>
26k; Njjp> FbauR jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
kf;fspd; ek;gpf;if> vjpu;ghu;g;Gis gpujpgypg;gjhf>
Njrpaf;nfhb cs;sJ. vdNt> Njrpaf;nfhbf;F cau;e;j kupahij mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jdhy; gpsh];bf;fhy; Md Njrpaf;nfhbfis mg;Gwg;gLj;JtJ> eilKiwf;F
xt;thjJ> vdNt> Njrpa mstpyhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j> fyhrhu> tpisahl;L epfo;r;rpfspd;
NghJ> fhfpjj;jhy; Md Njrpaf; nfhbfisNa gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpsh];bf; nfhbfis
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6
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
zB ] swVs_ x>_xBV gEBV[ >k^ uA FbauR jpd tpohtpy; Kjy;Kiwahf Mrpahd; ehLfisr; Nru;e;j jiytu;fs; gq;Nfw;fTs;sdu;. Mrpahd;-,e;jpah ,ilNaahd el;GwT njhlq;fp 25 Mz;Lfs; Mtij epidT$Wk; tifapy;> [dtup 25-k; Njjp jpy;ypapy; Mrpahd; khehL eilngw;wJ. jha;yhe;J> rpq;fg;G+u;> ,e;NjhNdrpah Mfpa ehLfSf;F fle;j thuk; ntspAwTj;Jiw mikr;ru; R\;kh ];tuh[; Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,e;jg; gazk; Mrpahd; khehl;il elj;j tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLj;jJ. [dtup 24-k; Njjp Mrpahd; jiytu;fs; ,e;jpah tUfpd;wdh;. 25k; Njjp eilngWk; khehl;by; gaq;futhj tptfhuk;> ghJfhg;G> tu;j;jfk; Mfpait Fwpj;Jtpthjpf;fg;gLk;.
Mrpahd; (ASEAN): jha;yhe;J> tpal;ehk;> ,e;NjhNdrpah> kNyrpah> gpypg;igd;];> rpq;fg;G+u;> kpahd;ku;>
fk;Nghbah> yhNth];> G&Nz Mfpa ehLfisf; nfhz;l $l;likg;G Mrpahd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
A]B "sk_" B Mjhh; ml;il njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs; ghJfhg;gw;w epiyapypUg;gjhf vOe;Js;s Fw;wrhl;bidj; njhlu;e;J. Gjpa tpu;r;Rty;milahs ml;ilia Njrpa jdpegu; milahs Mizak; jw;nghOJ mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. kj;jpamurpd; Njrpa jdpegu; milahs Mizak; %yk; ehL KOtJk; 90 rjtPjk; NgUf;F Mjhu; milahs ml;il toq;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,e;j Mjhh; ml;ilapy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa 12 ,yf;f gpuj;Nahf vz;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mjhh; ml;il %yk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fs; ufrpakhf itf;fg;gLk; vd;W kj;jpa muR mwptpj;Js;sJ.
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A]B \FW B
7
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
\BV [ Bo_ xD 2km D m^m
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c >k[ kl_>\ \V 3D D
ru;tNjr ehLfspy; eilngw;w fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpy; cyf jiytu;fspy; 3tJ ,lj;ij Nkhb gpbj;Js;shh;. fhy;yg; ,d;lu;Nd\;dy; (Gallup International) vd;w Muha;r;rp mikg;G cyf murpay; jiytu;fs; gw;wp xU fUj;Jf;fzpg;G elj;jpaJ. ,e;j fUj;Jfzpg;gpy; gpu-jku; Nkhb 3tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;shh;. mnkupf;f mjpgu; buk;g;> u\;a mjpgu; gjpid gpd;Df;F js;spAs;shh;. fhy;yg; ,d;lu;Nd\dy; ,e;j fUj;Jf;fzpg;ig 50 ehLfspy; elj;jpAs;sJ. ,e;j fUj;Jfzpg;gpy;
Kjy; ,lj;ij n[u;kdpia Nru;e;j mq;fpyh khu;nfy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; gpuhd;]; mjpguhd ,khD Nty; khf;Nuhd; cs;shh;.
V_ # V] W ]D
Kd;dhs; gpujku; yhy; gfJ}u; rh];jpupapd; epidT jpdj;ijnahl;b> mtUf;F gpujku; Nkhb> fhq;fpu]; jiytu; uhFy; fhe;jp MfpNahh; mQ;ryp nrYj;jpdhu;. mtUila fsq;fkw;w Nrit> Jzpr;ry; kpf;f jiyikg; gz;G Mfpatw;whh;> ,dp tUk; jiyKiwf;Fk; mtu; epidT$ug;gLthh; vd;W Nkhb Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. 'kf;fspd; MjuT> xd;Wik MfpaitNa ekf;F kpfg;ngupa gykhFk;. mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jp te;j yhy; gfJ}u; rh];jpupf;F kupahijnrYj;JfpNwhk;" vd;W uhFy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
yhy; gfJ}u; rh];jpup:cj ;jug ;g puNjr khepyj;jpy; fle;j 1904-k; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;. mtu;> fle;j 1964-k;
Mz;L [Pd; khjk; Kjy; 1966-k; Mz;L [dtup khjk; tiu gpujkuhfg; gjtp tfpj;jhh;. 1995-k; Mz;L [dtup 11-k; Njjp fhykhdhh;. mtuJ jiyikapy; ,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; ,ilNa 1965-k; Mz;by; Nghu; eilngw;wJ.
]BVs[ Vkm tB VV ]Dcj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;ngupa $iu Nrhyhu; jpl;lj;jpw;F
muRf;F nrhe;jkhd nfapy; ,e;jpah ypkpnll; epWtdk; epWtpAs;sJ.
,J 5.76 nkfh thl; jpwd; nfhz;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa $iu Nrhyhu; jpl;lk; nrg;lk;gu; 2015y; gQ;rhg;gpy; mk;up];lupy; lhlh kpd; Nrhyhupdhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
8
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
]BVs[#F\BVl_WB^B_ Nfus khepyj;jpd; Nfhopf;NfhL uapy; epiyak; ehl;bNyNa J}a;ikahd uapy; epiy akhf Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s 40 rjtPj uapy; epiyaq;fs; J}a;ikahf cs;sjhfTk;> kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpYk;> Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s uapy; epiyaq;fs; jyh 20 rj tPjk; J}a;ikahf cs;sjhfTk; Ma;tpy; njupate;Js;sJ. uapy; gazpfsplk; jdpahh; Rw;Wyh Mg; ,f;rpNfh vd;w epWtdk; elj;jpa Ma;tpy; ,e;jj; jfty; njupate;Js;sJ. ehl;bNyNa J}a;ikahd uapy; epiyaq;fs; gl;baypy; jpy;yp ep[hKjPd; uapy; epiyak; filrp ,lk; gpbj;Js;sJ.
,NjNghy;> J}a;ikahd uapy;fs; gl;baypy; ];tu;d n[ae;jp uh[;jhdp uapy; Kjyplj;ijAk;> fu;ehlf vf;];gpu]; filrp ,lj;ijAk; gpbj;Js;sJ.
fle;j Mz;L ,e;jpa uapy;Nt rhh;gpy; elj;jg;gl;l J}a;ik njhlu;ghd Ma;tpy;> tlf;F uapy;Ntf;F cs;gl;l [ye;ju; - mkpUjru]; topj;jlj;jpy; cs;s gpa]; uapy; epiyak; ehl;bNyNa J}a;ikahd uapy; epiyakhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. njd; khepyq;fspy; cs;s gy uapy; epiyaq;fs; rpwe;j J}a;ikahd uapy; epiyaq;fs; gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
1. `_g;yp re;jpg;G
2. Ntjq;fpup (fu;ehlfk;)
3. jd;gj; re;jpg;G ([hu;f;fz;l;)
4. [gy;G}u; (kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;)
5. gpyh];G+u; re;jpg;G (rj;jP];fu;)
6. tNjhj;uh> uh[;Nfhl; re;jpg;Gfs; (F[uhj;)
7. ‡gy;dh (uh[];jhd;)
8. tp[athlh re;jpg;G (Me;jpu gpuNjrk;)
Mfpait ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
1. thuzhrp
2. kJuh re;jpg;Gfs; (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;)
3. m[;kPu; re;jpg;G (uh[];jhd;)
4. Grhty; re;jpg;G (kfhuh\;buk;)
5. fia re;jpg;G (gPfhh;)
MfpaitAk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
#F\l_ E> l_ WB^ #F\ z> l_WB^
#F\ ]BV ]][ a^ J}a;ik ,e;jpah jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; tPLNjhWk; fopg;giwfs; fl;bajpy; ehl;bNyNa
kfhuh\;buh khepyk; Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpwJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J F[uhj;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
Mfpa khepyq;fs; mLj;jLj;j ,lq;fspy; cs;sd. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> jkpofj;jpy; 4.29
yl;rk; tPLfspy; fopg;giwfs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Jnjhlu;ghf kj;jpa muR ntspapl;l
mwpf;ifapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sjhtJ: jpwe;j ntspapy; kyk; fopg;gJ> ifahy; kyk; ms;Sjy;
Mfpatw;iw tUk; 2019-k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; 2-k; Njjpf;Fs; r%fj;jpypUe;J mbNahL ePf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpy; J}a;ik ,e;jpah jpl;lk; fle;j 2014k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; 2k; Njjp
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mj;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;> ehL KOtJk; fle;j Mz;L etk;gu; khjj;Jf;Fs;
66.42 yl;rk; tPLfspy; fopg;giwfisf; fl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,yf;F epu;zapf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> me;j fhyfl;lj;Jf;Fs; 42.72 yl;rk; tPLfspy; fopg;giwfisf; fl;b Kbj;Js;sdu;.
9
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
VVkV >|E cyfr; Rfhjhu mikg;gpdhy; jFjpg; ngw;w ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; cs;ehl;by; jahuhd jLg;g+rp Nuhlhthf; (Rotavac) MFk;. ,jd; %yk; njd; mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; cs;s gy ehLFSf;F ,j;jLg;g+rp ru;tNjr mstpy; tpw;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpahtpypUe;J gy jLg;g+rpfs; cyfg; nghUshjhu ikaj;jpdhy; Kd; - jFjpg; ngw;wpUg;gpDk; Kjd;Kjyhf KOtJk; cs;ehl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l jLg;g+rp (Nuhlhthf;) ,j;jFjpia ngWtJ ,JNt Kjd;KiwahFk;.
B> VmVuV cVsB \BD ,iza N`f;fu;fsplkpUe;J cyfj;ij fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhd xU Gjpa Kaw;rpahf cyf
nghUshjhu ikak; ,iza ghJfhg;gpw;fhd cyfshtpa ikak; (Global Centre for cyber security) xd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
jiyikafk;: n[dpth> Rtpl;ru;yhe;J
,e;j ikak; cyfg; nghUshjhu ikaj;jpd; fPo; xU jd;dhl;rp mikg;ghfr; nray;gLk;.
uw_ B_][zX| (EPI)
Rw;Wr;#oy; nray;jpwd; FwpaPL (Envi-ronmental performance Index – EPI) 2018y; 180 ehLfSf;fpila ,e;jpah 177tJ ,lj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ.
ahNy gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,ize;J cyfg; nghUshjhu ikak; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa Mizj;jpd; $l;L Ma;T ikak; Mfpatw;why; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
csB ]\ >[\l[ zX|
2017 cyfshtpa jpwikg; Nghl;bj;jpwd; FwpaPl;by; (Global Index of Talent Competi-tiveness) 118 ehLfspy; ,e;jpah 81-tJ ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sJ. fle;j Mz;L ,e;jpah FwpaPl;by; 92-tJ ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jpUe;jJ. ,f;FwpaPL jpwikf;F Nghl;bapl ehLfspd; jpwid mspf;Fk;.
rpq;fg;G+upd; kdpj %yjd jiyik epWt-dk; (HCLI – Human Capital Leadership In-stitute) kw;Wk; mbf;Nfh FO Mfpatw;wpy; ,ize;J cyf tu;j;jfg; gs;sp INSEAD-y; ,f;FwpaPL cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kjy; %d;W ,lq;fs; ngw;w ehLfs; 1. Rtpl;ru;yhe;J 2. rpq;fg;g+u; 3. Mnkupf;fh
gpupf;]; $l;likg;G ehLfs;rPdh (43)> u\;ah (53)> njd; Mg;gpupf;fh
(63)> gpNurpy; (73)
i`juhghj;ij jstlkhff; nfhz;l ghuj; gNahblf; ypkpnll;%yk; ,e;jNuhlhthf; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Nuhl;Nlh-itu]pdhy; Vw;gLk; tapw;Wg; Nghf;fpypUe;J Foe;ijiag; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
Kjy; 5 ,lq;fisg; ngw;Ws;s ehLfs;:Rtpl;ru;yhe;Jgpuhd;];nld;khu;f; khy;lhRtPld;
filrp 5 ,lq;fisg; ngw;Ws;s ehLfs;:Neghsk;,e;jpahfhq;Nfhgq;fshNjrk;G&z;b
10
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
x>|z u E> V|^ ]BV 5km D
cyf KjyPLfSf;F Vw;w rpwe;j ehLfs; gl;baypy; ,e;jpah 5tJ ,lj;Jf;F Kd;NdwpAs;sJ. ru;tNjrstpy; gpugy epWtdq;fspd; rp.,.X.f;fspilNa ele;j fUj;Jf; fzpg;gpd;gb [g;ghidf; fhl;bYk; rpwe;j ehlhf ,e;jpah fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; [g;ghd; gl;baypy; 6tJ ,lj;Jf;F rupe;Js;sJ.
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11
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26km c A> VE26tJ tUlhe;jpu cyfg; Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp GJnly;ypapy; eilngw;wJ.
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Vetrii IAS Academy
12
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13
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4. 60-tJ ru;tNjr Milfs; fz;fhl;rp GJnly;ypapy; eilngw;wJ.
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6. INS epupgpf; kw;Wk; INS epu;fhl;Mfpa ,uz;L Nghu; fg;gy;fs; ,e;jpa flw;gil NritapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
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14
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
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15
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ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018\V
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17
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18
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20
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Vetrii IAS Academy
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ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
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ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
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24
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018cD
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2020-k; Mz;bw;Fs; ghypay; NtWghLfshy; cs;s Cjpa vw;wj; jho;Tfs; Kw;wpYkhf ePf;fg;gLk; vd;Wk; me;j murhq;fk; ek;gpf;if njuptpj;Js;sJ. nkhj;jk; 144 ehLfspy; ,Ue;J jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jg;gl;baiy cyf nghUshjhu kd;wk; (World Economic Forum) ntspapLfpwJ
T Wk oB[ z z\ kwBm ~zk
[_ypad; mrhQ;NrTf;F <Ftlhh; muR FbAupik toq;fpAs;sJ.
oB[ VV
mnkupf;fhtpd; ghJfhg;G ufrpaq;fis> tpf;fp yPf;]; vd;w ,izajsj;jpd; %yk; cyFf;F nfhz;L te;jtu; [Pypad; mrhQ;Nr. ,J cyf mstpy; ngUk; mjpu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,Jkl;Lky;yhky;> cyfpd; gy;NtW ehLfspd; Nfhu Kfq;fis> ufrpa Mtzq;fis ntspapl;ljd; %yk; mtw;wpd; Kfj;jpiuia fpopj;Jf; fhl;baJ. M];jpNuypahitr; Nru;e;j mrhQ;Nr kPJ> ];tPld; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j 2 ngz;fs; ghypay; td;nfhLik Fw;wr;rhl;il njuptpj;jdh;. ,Jnjhlu;ghd tof;fpy; mrhQ;Nrit ifJ nra;a cj;juT gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; yz;ldpy; cs;s <Ftlhh; J}jufj;jpy; mrhQ;Nr milf;fyk; GFe;jhh;. fle;j 2012k; Mz;L Kjy; J}jufj;jpd; rpwpa miwapy; trpj;J tUfpwhh;. ,e;epiyapy; mrhQ;Nrtpw;F <Ftlhh; FbAupik toq;fpAs;sJ. ,J njhlu;ghd cj;juit me;ehl;L ntspAwTj;Jiw mikr;ru; gpwg;gpj;jhh;. ,jdhy; 5 Mz;Lfs; J}jufj;jpy; ,Ue;j mrhQ;Nr> tpiutpy; <Ftlhh; nry;thh; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
[ >>o_ V ku u 2km x D.BV >D VV gpupl;ld; nghJj;Nju;jy; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspapdu; 56Ngh; Ntl;ghsuhf fskpwf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;jepiyapy; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;l ,e;jpa tk;rh tsp apdupy;> njhopyhsu; fl;rpapd; rhu;gpy; vl;L NgUk;> fd;ru;Ntbt; fl;rpapd; rhu;gpy; Ie;J NgUk; ntw;wpg; ngw;Ws;sdh;. ,e;j Nju;jypy; njhopyhsu; fl;rp rhu;gpy; gpup];lhy; nt];l; njhFjpapy; jkpo;tk;rhtsp ngz; jq;fk; nlNghdhh; Nghl;bapl;lhh;. ,tiu vjpu;j;J fd;ru;Ntbt; fl;rpia rhu;e;j mdhngy; lhy; Nghl;bapl;lhh;. thf;F vz;zpf;if Kbtpy; jq;fk; nlNghdhh; 47>213 thf;Ffs; ngw;whh;. fd;ru;Ntl;bt; fl;rpia Nru;e;j mdhngy; lhy; 9>877 thf;Ffs; ngw;hh;. ,jd; %yk; 30 rjtPj thf;Ffs; tpj;jpahrj;jpy; jq;fk; nlNghdhh;> mdhngy; lhiy Njhw;fbj;J ntw;wpg;ngw;whh;.
25
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018 cD
z ]BV .287 V W] ,yq;ifapYs;s fhq;Nfrd; JiwKfj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F &.287 Nfhb (45.27 kpy;ypad; lhyu;) epjpAjtpia ,e;jpah mspj;Js;sJ. ,JFwpj;J nfhOk;gpy; cs;s ,yq;iff;fhd ,e;jpaj; J}jufk; ntspapl;Ls;s mwpf;ifapy; njuptpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhtJ: fhq;Nfrd;Jiw JiwKfj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ,e;jpah &.287 Nfhb epjpAjtp mspf;fpwJ. ,Jnjhlu;ghf jpy;ypapy; ,yq;if epjpaikr;rfj;Jf;Fk;> ,e;jpa Vw;Wkjp-,wf;Fkjp tq;fpf;Fk; ,ilNa Gupe;Jzu;T xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ. ,e;jj; jpl;lkhdJ> fhq;Nfrd;Jiw Jiw KfkhdJ tu;j;jf uPjpapyhd JiwKfkhf KOtPr;rpy; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; fly;ghijapy; Gfo;ngw;w jskhFk; Nehf;fpy; ,yq;if vLj;J tUk; eltbf;iffis ,J NkYk; tYg;gLj;Jk;. ,yq;ifapd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; kWfl;likg;Gg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,e;j epjp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. fhq;Nfrd;JiwKfj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf ifnaOj;jhfpAs;s ,e;j xg;ge;jk; jtpu> ,e;jpa cjtpAld; 6 Gdiuikg;Gg; gzpfs; Vw;nfdNt nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapd; tsu;r;rpg; gzpf;F cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jpah nfhz;Ls;s cWjpg;ghl;il> ,U ehLfSF;Fk; ,ilNa ifnaOj;jhfpapUf;Fk; Gupe;Jzu;T xg;ge;jk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd;W ,e;jpaj; J}jufj;jpd; mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhq;Nfrd;JiwKfk;:
,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghupd;NghJ tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; jhf;FjYf;F> fhq;Nfrd;Jiw JiwKfk; ,yf;fhdJ. ,ijaLj;J> me;j JiwKfj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghzk; gFjpia> ,yq;ifapd; gpw gFjpfSld;> ,e;jpahTlDk; ,izf;Fk; Kf;fpa ,lkhf fhq;Nfrd;Jiw JiwKfk; jpfo;fpwJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa ePu;topf;Fif nkf;rpNfhtpy;
fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
‘mth Gay;” fh];tu; jPitj; jhf;fpaJ.
10tJ ‘cyf czT kw;Wk; tptrha kw;w $Lif” n[u;kdp
ehl;bd; ngu;ypd; efupy; eilngw;wJ.
‘`hu;gh” vd;w ngaupy; VTfizia ghfp];jhdpd; flw;gil Nrhjpj;Js;sJ.
I.ehtpd; Gjpa epue;jukpy;yhj cWg;gpdu;fshf <FtNlhupy; cs;s n`a;dh>
,tupNfh];l;> Fitj;> ngU> Nghye;J kw;Wk; neju;yhe;J Mfpa MW ehLfs;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa gdpj;jpUtpoh rPdhtpy; eilngw;wJ.
rpwe;j kj;jpa tq;fp MSeuhf rpq;fg;G+u; tq;fpapd; MSeu; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
tk;rhtspiar; Nru;e;j utp Nkdd; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;shu;.
cD |>_ >k_
26
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018cD
c[ tB Vu ]A WB> V ckV^m. fhw;W khRghl;il vjpu;j;J NghuhLtjw;fhf 100kP cauj;jpy; cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa fhw;W
Rj;jpfupg;G epiyakhd [Ptd; ];Nkhf; NfhGuj;ij Nrhjid mbg;gilapy; rPdhf; fhl;bAs;sJ.
,J rPd mwptpay; mfhlkp epWtdj;jpd; Gtp Rw;Wr;#oy; epWtdj;jpd; Muha;r;rpahsu;fshy; Nrhjidf;Fl;gl;L tUfpwJ.
c[ x>_ BV\ irg;u]; tq;fpahdJ nrk;ikahf;fk; kw;Wk; njhlu;gw;w nrYj;JiffSf;F cyfpd; Kjy;
gNahnkl;upf; fl;lz ml;ilia toq;Ftjw;fhf xU ru;tNjr b[pl;ly; ghJfhg;G epWtd-khd n[khy;Nlhitj; Nju;e;njLj;Js;sJ.
,e;j ml;ilfs; ml;ilj;jhuu;fis mq;fPfupf;f jdpg;gl;l milahs vz; (PIN – Postal Index number) f;F gjpyhf ifNuifia mq;fPfhukhf gad;gLj;Jk;.
EA VA B_ V>V[ AIf;fpa mnkupf;fh kj Rje;jpuj;ij fLikahf kPwpajw;fhf ghfp];jhid’rpwg;G
fz;fhzpg;G gl;baypy; Nru;j;Js;sJ.
Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,g;gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; Kjy;ehL ghfp];jhd; MFk;.
kjr; Rje;jpuj;jpd; fLikahd kPwy;fis rkhspf;f my;yJ rfpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ehLfSf;F rpwg;G fz;fhzpg;G gl;bay; cs;sJ.
\M> \b gVFE ]D vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Jy;ypakhd kUe;Jfis jahupf;f cjTtjw;fhf xU yl;rk; kf;fspd;
kugZ $Wfis Mtzg;gLj;Jk;> cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa kdpj kugZ Muha;r;rp jpl;lj;ij rPdh mwpKfg;gLjpAs;sJ.
Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; Neha;fSf;F ,ilapyhd kugZ njhlu;fis fz;lwptNjhL gy;NtW ,d gpd;ddp> kz;lyq;fspypUe;J jyh xU egiu cs;slf;fpaJ ,j;jpl;lk; MFk;.
\VB t[Vu_ VVE 2018 Neghsj;jpd; fhj;kz;Ltpy; ,khya ePu;kpd;dhw;wy; nghUl;fhl;rp 2018 njhlq;fpaJ.
: Neghsj;jpd; kfj;jhd kpd;rf;jpj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;JtJk; kw;Wk; midj;J gq;Fjhuu;fisAk; xNu Filapd; fPo; ,izg;gjhFk;.
,e;jpah> rPdh> M];jpupah> nrf; FbauR kw;Wk; ehu;Nt cs;spl;l gy;NtW ehLfs; ,f;fz;fhl;rpapy; gq;Nfw;wdu;.
27
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018 cD
x>_ xBV g_V s\VD JD *A M];jpNuypahtpy; Mspy;yh tpkhdk; %yk; Kjd;Kiwahf kPl;Gg;gzp
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. fly; rWf;F tpisahl;by; <Lgl;L Mgj;jpy; rpf;fpf; nfhs;gtu;fis
mjpetPd njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp kPl;gjpy; M];jpNuypah Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ. me;j
tifapy; kPl;G gzpfspy; Mspy;yh tpkhdj;ij gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J me;j ehL Nrhjid
mbg;gilapy; gy jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.
]BV iBV >Du\pahtplk; ,Ue;J &.39000 Nfhb nrytpy; VTfiz thq;Ftjw;fhd xg;ge;jk; tpiutpy;
ifnaOj;jhf cs;sJ. fle;j 2016k; Mz;L rPdh MW S-400 mikg;Gfis u\;ahtplk;
,Ue;J thq;fpAs;s epiyapy;> ,e;jpah ehd;F S-400 mikg;Gfisthq;f cs;sJ.
ghfp];jhdpd; mZ MAjq;fis Kwpabf;Fk; tpjkhf ,e;j VTfiz jLg;G mikg;Gfs;
epiy epWj;jg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. vjpup ehl;L VTfizfis eLthdpNy fz;lwpe;J
top kwpj;J jhf;Fk; ty;yik nfhz;lJ ,e;j S-400 VTfiz vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
s\VD >V _ kl_ V> {D rPdhtpNyNa KOtJk; jahupf;fg;gl;l Kjy; tpkhdk; jhq;fpf; fg;gyhd ypNahdpq;>
tpiutpy; Nrhjid Kiwapy; ,af;fg;glTs;sJ. tUk; gpg;utup khj kj;jpapy;> tre;j fhyj;
jpUtpohtpd;NghJ me;jf; fg;gypd; Nrhjid Xl;lk; njhlq;Fk;. Gjpa tpkhdk; jhq;fpf;
fg;gypy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt 'V N[-15" jhf;Fjy; tpkhdj;ij rPdh cUthf;fpAs;sjhf
'ijthd; ];l;nua;l;];" tiyjsk; njuptpj;Js;sJ.
fh\;kPu; tptfhuj;ij ghfp];jhd; njhlu;r;rpahf ru;tNjr rigapy; vOg;gptUfpwJ. ,jpy; %d;whk; egu; jiyaPL vd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf ,lk; fpilahJ vd ,e;jpah ];jpukhf $wptpl;lJ. ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; ,ilNa vy;iyapy; rkPgfhykhf njhlu;e;J Nkhjy; rk;gtk; ele;J tUfpwJ. vy;iyapy; mj;JkPWk; ghfp];jhDf;F ,e;jpa uhZtk; gjpyb nfhLj;JtUfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; fh\;kPu; gpur;rid tptfhuj;jpy; kj;jpa];jk; nra;tJ vd;gij I.eh.rig epuhfupj;J
]VVV[--
n.V.sAtpl;lJ. NkYk; ,Ujug;G Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jp gpur;ridia jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd $wptpl;lJ. ru;tNjr rigapd; nray;ghl;il midj;J jug;Gk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;L cs;shu;.
,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; vy;iyapy; ,Ujug;G ,ilNa Nkhjy; Nghf;F ePbj;JtUk;epiyapy; mJtiu ,e;j tptfhuj;jpy; I.eh. rig jiyaplhJ. ,U ehLfSk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jp vy;iyapy; gjw;wj;ij jzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Nw I.eh. nghJr; nrayhsu; tpUg;gk; njuptpj;J cs;shu; vd Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
28
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
\|\VV|
10km cVsB mD
czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikf;fhd 10tJ cyfshtpa fUj;juq;fk; (Global forum for food & Agriculture) n[u;kdpapd; ngu;ypdpy; eilngw;wJ.
fUg;nghUs;: fhy;eilfspd; vjpu;fhyj;ij tbtikj;jy; - epiyahd nghWg;ghd
jpwikahf cs;sJ.
cyfshtpa Ntshz; czT Jiwapd; vjpu;fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa kj;jpa Nfs;tpfis ikakhff; nfhz;l ru;tNjr khehL MFk;. ,J tptrha mikr;ru;fspd; cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa khehlhf cs;sJ. ,J ru;tNjr gRik thuj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.
k> >Va]^
>zMe;jpu khepyk;> tprhfg;gl;bdj;jpy; 3 ehl;fs;
eilngw;w rut;Njr ngz; njhopyjpgu;fspd;
fUj;juq;if Kjy;tu; re;jpughG ehAL
njhlq;fp itj;jhu;. ,jpy; ,e;jpah cl;gl gy
ehLfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ngz; njhopyjpgu;fs;
gq;Nfw;Ws;sdu;.
tprhfg;gl;bdj;jpy; Vw;fdNt 2 Kiw njhopy;
njhlq;f gy;NtW epWtdq;fSld; fUj;juq;F
ele;Js;sJ.
,e;j fUj;juq;fpy; mnkupf;fh> M];jpNuypah
cl;gl rhu;f; ehLfshd tq;fNjrk;> Neghsk;.
G+lhd;> Mg;fhdp];jhd;> ,yq;if> khyj;jPT
Nghd;w ehLfspypUe;J 40f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
gy;NtW epWtdq;fis Nru;e;j ngz; gpujpepjpfs;
fye;J nfhz;ldu;.
xVV c k> \[ \k |
GJnly;ypapy; 2018 khu;r;-y; cyf tu;j;jf
mikg;gpd; mikr;ruit $l;lj;ij ,e;jpah elj;j cs;sjhf mwptpj;Js;sJ.
tsu;e;j kw;Wk; tsUk; ehLfspypUe;J Rkhu; 40 cyf tu;j;jf mikg;gpd;
cWg;gpdu;fs; ,e;j Kiwrhuh $l;lj;jpw;F ,e;jpahthy;
miof;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.
: ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpd; gutyhd kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahd
Kiwapy; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpd; gug;gsit cyf tu;j;jf mikg;G cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.
29
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018 \VV|
VVF mwA D\hq;fha; xj;Jiog;G mikg;gpd; (SCO
– The Shanghai Cooperation organisation) ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd $l;lj;jpy; ,e;jpah Kjy; Kiwahf gq;Nfw;wJ. ,e;epiyapy; ,e;j mikg;gpd; uhZt xj;Jiog;G njhlu;ghd 2 ehs; MNyhridf; $l;lk; nga;[pq;fpy; eilngw;wJ.
SCO cWg;gpdu;fs;:
1. rPdh 2. f[f];jhd; 3. fpupfp];jhd; 4. u\;ah 5. j[pfp];jhd;
6. c];ngfp];jhd; 7. ,e;jpah 8. ghfp];jhd;
,e;jikg;G murpay;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G tp\aj;ij ,ize;J nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ntshz; kw;Wk; tdtpay; Jiwfspy; xj;Jiog;G
Nkk;gLj;j> 4tJ ,e;jpah - Mrpahd; mikr;ru;fSf;F
,ilapyhd re;jpg;G GJby;ypapy; ele;jJ. ,r;re;jpg;gpy;
r%f fyhr;rhu rKjhaj;jpw;fhd Mrpahdpd; Jizg;
nghJr; nrayhsu; kw;Wk; 10 Mrpahd; cWg;gpdu; ehLfspd;
jiytu;fSk; fye;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
nraYj;jpfis tYthf vLj;Jr; nrhy;yTk;> gapu;fs;>
kPd;gpbj;jy; kw;Wk; fhy;eilfspd; Nkk;gl;l cw;gj;jp
kw;Wk; tpisr;rYf;F njhopy;El;g Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd
,ize;j Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;tJ Nghd;wit ,e;jr;
re;jpg;gpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
Ntshz; kw;Wk; tdtpay; Jiwfspy; xj;Jiog;ig
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd> 5tJ ,e;jpah - Mrpahd;
mikr;ru;fSf;F ,ilapyhd re;jpg;G G&idapy;
eilngWnkd ,r;re;jpg;gpy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4km gEBV[ ]BV \k ]A
Vzkm V|^
x>_ D _om^ \uD \V
l_ BV, VmVzkm
kwzD WEB _o \VW x>_k
s kV_ >V km^V.
Vm\V ]BVs_ Vm
Vzkm V|^ x>_
\V _o szm.
30
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
D2018_ ]BVs[ VV>V kE 7.3% 2018k; Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp 7.63 rjtPjkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W cyf tq;fp fzpj;Js;sJ. &gha; Nehl;L thg];> ruf;F-Nrit tup mkyhf;fk; Nghd;w eltbf;iffshy; njhlf;fj;jpy; gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lhYk;> fle;j 2017-k; Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhuk; 6.7 rjtPjk; tsu;r;rp mile;jJ. mJ> 2018-k; Mz;by;> 7.3 rjtPjkhf caUk;.mLj;J 2 Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhuk; NkYk; tsu;r;rp mile;J> 7.5 rjtPjkhf ,Uf;Fk;. kw;w tsUk; ehLfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> mLj;j 10 Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp mguptpjkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j tsu;r;rpia vl;Ltjw;F> KjyPLfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis ,e;jpa muR Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
x[kmV ^:
njhopyhsu;fs; re;ij> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; rPu;jpUj;jk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. njhopyhsu; Jiwiag; nghUj;j tiu> kw;w tsUk; ehLfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> ngz; njhopyhsu;fspd; gq;fspg;G ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwthf cs;sJ. vdNt> ngz; njhopyhsu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;. Ntiyapd;ikiaf; Fiwg;gJ> jdpahh; KjyPLfis Cf;Ftpg;gJ> epYitapy; cs;s thuhf; fld;fis t#ypg;gJ Mfpatw;iwr; nra;jhy;> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapy; ,e;jpah Kd;NdWk;.
km kD V|^ Bo_]BVz 62km D
nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; tsu;e;J tUk; ehLfspy;> ,e;jpahTf;F 62tJ ,lk; fpilj;Js;sjhf cyf nghUshjhu $l;likg;G mwpf;ifapl;Ls;sJ. cyf nghUshjhu $l;likg;G rhu;gpy;> nghUshjhuj;jpy; tsu;e;J tUk; ehLfs; gl;bay; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;> ,e;jpahTf;F 62tJ ,lKk;> gf;fj;J ehLfshd rPdhTf;F 26tJ ,lKk;> ghfp];jhDf;F 47tJ ,lKk; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,yq;iff;F 40 tJ ,lk; fpilj;Js;sJ.fle;jhz;L ,Nj Nghy; elj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpy;> ,e;jpah 60tJ ,lk; ngw;wpUe;j epiyapy;> ,e;ehz;L 62tJ ,lk; fpilj;js;sJ.
1.ehu;Nt ehLk;> 2.mau;yhe;J> 3.yf;rk;ugu;f;> 4.Rtpl;ru;yhe;J cs;spl;l ehLfs; mLj;jLj;j ,lq;fSk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
VVVD
31
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
k> cu] B_ (Global Manufacturing Index)
ru;tNjr cw;gj;jpf;fhd gl;baypy; ,e;jpahtpw;F 30tJ ,lj;ij cyfg; nghUsh-
jhu mikg;G toq;fpAs;sJ. vjpu;fhy
cw;gj;jpf;fhd jahu;epiy Fwpj;j
mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; [g;ghd; rpwe;J
tpsq;Ftjhf me;j mikg;G njuptpj;Js;sJ.
njd;nfhupah> n[u;kdp> Rtpr;ru;yhe;J>
rPdh> nrf; FbauR kw;Wk; mnkupf;fh
Mfpa ehLfs; Kd;dpiy ngw;Ws;sd.
Rtpr;ru;yhe;jpY;ss lhNth]; efupy;
ntspaplg;gl;l mwpf;ifapy; ,e;jpahtpd;
cw;gj;jpJiw 30 Mz;Lfspy; ruhrupahf
7rjtPjk; tsu;r;rpaile;J tUtjhfTk; ,J ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; 15
Kjy; 20 rjtPjkhf cs;sJ vd;Wk; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
]BVs_ VB^ cu] >uVo\V W] kA ,e;jpahtpy; ehzaq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gzpia kj;jpa muR jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp
itj;Js;sJ. re;ijfspy; mjpfstpy; ehzaq;fs; Njf;fk; mile;J cs;sjhy;> ,g;gzpia
jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhlu;e;J &.5 kw;Wk; &.10 cs;spl;l ehzaq;fs;
jahupf;fg;gl;L te;j epiyapy; nrd;w thuk; Kjy; ,e;j Miyfspy; ehzaq;fs; jahupf;Fk;
gzp jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jw;NghJ ehzaq;fs; mr;rbj;J tUk; efuq;fs; 1. Kk;ig 2. nfhy;fj;jh 3.Ijughj; 4.neha;lh
Vetrii IAS Academy
VVVD
32
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
29 nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; 51
NritfSf;fhd ruf;F-Nrit
tup ([pv];b) Fiwf;fg;gl;ls;sJ.
ngUk;ghyhd iftpidg;
nghUs;fSf;F tup Kw;wpYkhf
ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kj;jpa
epjpaikr;ru; mUz; N[l;yp
jiyikapy; jpy;ypapd; [pv];b
fTd;rpypd; 25tJ $l;lk; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; khepy mikr;ru;fs;> epjpaikr;rf mjpfhupfs;
cs;spl;Nlhu; gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,e;j tupf; Fiwg;G tUk; 25-k; Njjp Kjy; mkYf;F tUfpwJ.
kUjhzpNfhd;> kpl;lha;> gNah Bry;> FbePUf;fhd (20 ypl;lu; kl;Lk;) [pv];b tup
Fiwe;Js;sJ. vz;nza; vLf;fg;gl;l muprpj; jtpLf;F 5 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;j [pv];b
Kw;wpYkhf ePf;fg;gl;Ls;s;J. tptrhag; nghUs;fSf;F nty;ntl; JzpfSf;fhd [pv];b 12
rjtPjj;jpy; ,Ue;J 5 rjtPjj;Jf; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ. nrhl;L ePu;g; ghrdk; mikf;Fk;
Foha; cs;spl;l fUtpfs;> tptrhapfs; gad;gLj;Jk; njspg;ghd; fUtpfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F
18 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;j [pv];b 12 rjtPjkhff; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cuk; jahupf;fg; gad;gLk;
gh];Nghupf; mkpyj;Jf;Fk; tup Fiwe;Js;sJ. jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; tPl;l cgNahfj;Jf;fhf
tpw;gid nra;Ak; vupthA rpypz;lUf;fhd [pv];b 18 cgNahfj;Jf;fhf tpw;gid nra;Ak;
vupthA rpypz;lUf;fhd [pv];b 18 rjtPjj;jpy; ,Ue;J 5 rjtPjkhff; Fiwe;Js;sJ. gioa
fhu; cs;spl;l Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fSf;fhd [pv];b 28 rjtPjj;jpy; ,Ue;J 18 rjtPjkhff;
Fiwe;Js;sJ. ,J jtpu nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;;fhd NgUe;Jfs; (capup vupnghUspy;
,aq;Fgit) kQ;rs; nghb> ituk; cs;spl;l tpiy cau;e;j fw;fs;> mwptpay; Ma;Tf;fhd
rhjdq;fs;> Nfspf;if G+q;fhf;fSf;fhd EioTf; fl;lz tup Njhy; nghUs;fs; jahupf;Fk;
rpy;yiw Ntiy> nghJf; fopT Rj;jpfupg;G epiya Nritfs;> Rw;Wyh Nritfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F
[pv];b tup Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fle;j 2017 Mz;L [_iy 1-k; Njjp [pv];b tup mkYf;F te;jJ. 5> 12> 18> 28 rjtPjk;
vd ehd;F mLf;fhf [pv];b tup tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. khjk;NjhWk; [pv];b fTd;rpy; $l;lk;
elj;jg;gLk; mjpy; Njitahd khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. Kf;fpakhd
gy;NtW nghUs;fSf;fhd tupia khepyq;fspd; fUj;JfSf;F Vw;g kj;jpa muR Fiwj;J
tUfpwJ. Kd;djhf> ghf;nfl;Lfspy; milf;fg;gl;L tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;L goq;fs;>
fha;fwpfs;> czTg; nghUs;fs;> CWfha; tiffs;> fLfpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gLk; rh]; kw;Wk;
[hk;> Ke;jpupg; gUg;G> ru;f;fiu Nehahspfs; gad;gLj;Jk; ,d;Rypd; kUe;J> mfu;gj;jpfs;
cs;spl;l gy;NtW nghUs;fSf;fhd tup Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
29 V^z zA
[pv];b fTd;rpypd; 25-tJ $l;lk;:
VVVD
33
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
100%[Mx>|\]B \k D >\ \V >\l_ 11.1.18 [ >m. ]_ u V E_ k>D, |\V m_ 100 >T> [MB x>|z \] A>_ >m. c VV>V \[ kV] D k 23 >] x>_ 26 >] xB sVm V_ c^ VkV _ um. ]_ c V|^ ]BVs[ xB m_ [MB x>| \uV^D kl_ x[uVV \] ]_ xB x^ |.
W] gB][ B_V|^\VW zD \]B zD W] V> c Wk ]B EB\A ]_ ckVm>V[ W]z gBD. k kkVB \VWz m V|>uzD V[ VV>V]_ W] W>[\B V|kk>uzD > gBD _k m kwzD. n>V|z x > gBD \VuB\| A]B >k WB\D FB|k.
W] gBD E >k_^
VVVD
34
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
]
D..[ >Vz] \DV| W] ]D 2020D g| k A ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; (vk;.gp) njhFjp Nkk;ghl;L epjpj; jpl;lk;> 2020-Mk; Mz;L khu;r; 31tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kd;djhf> ,e;jj; jpl;lk; 12MtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;l fhyj;Jld; (2012 Kjy; 2017 tiu) Kbtiltjhf ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk;> ,jid 14tJ epjpf;FO fhykhd 2020 khu;r; 31Mk; Njjp tiu ePl;bf;f kj;jpa mikr;ruitf; $l;lj;jpy; mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
\V\V V] V sV BVV gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; xLf;fg;gl;l Fbkf;fspd; eyDf;fhf kfhj;kh fhe;jp rh;;ghj; tpfh]; Nah[dh jpl;lj;ij gQ;rhg; khepy muR njhlq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;jj; jpl;lk; rKjhaj;jpd; rpukg;gl;l gpupTfspd; cs;slq;fpa tsu;r;rpia Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,J me;jpNahjah nfhs;iffspd; tupirapy; kw;Wk; khepyj;jpd; fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfspy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;.
VD: khepy murhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l gy;NtW eyj;jpl;lq;fspd; eyd;fis ngwhky; ,oe;j Vio kw;Wk; $wpa FLk;gq;fis milahsk; fhz;gJ MFk;.
D sQVM zs 4 A]B ] sm ehl;by; ,sk; tpQ;Qhdpfs; kw;Wk; Ma;thsh;;;fis Cf;Ftpf;f ehd;F Gjpa jpl;lq;fis mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk; mikr;rfk; mwptpj;Js;sJ. mitfshtd:
Muha;r;rp rpwg;G jd;ikf;fhd Mrpupah;; $l;LwT (TARE – Teacher Associateship for research Excellence) jpl;lk;
Xtu;rP]; tprpl;bq; lhf;Nlhuy; bgy;nyh\pg;
Gfo;ngw;w Gydha;thsh; tpUJ
Mt;rhh; (AWSAR – Augmenting writing skills for Artculating Research)
,e;jj; jpl;lq;fs; Kjd;ikahf tpsq;Fk; tpQ;Qhdp Kiwapy; ,sk; jpwikf;F Muk;g mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; ntFkjp Mfpatw;iw mspf;fpwJ.
vk;.gp.f;fspd; njhFjp Nkk;ghl;L epjp jpl;lk;: ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; xt;nthU kf;fsit cWg;gpdUf;Fk; Mz;Lf;F jyh &.1 Nfhb njhFjp Nkk;ghl;L epjp xJf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;njhifiaf; nfhz;L mtu;fs; jq;fs; njhFjpfspy; FbePu;> fy;tp> nghJ Rfhjhuk;> rhiy mikj;jy; cs;spl;l gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. fle;j 1993-94k; Mz;L Kjy; ,e;jj; jpl;lk; mkypy; cs;sJ.
35
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018 ]
xu \z V>V c]kV>D ]D kzpg;g+u; murhq;fk; Vio kw;Wk; CdKw;w kf;fSf;fhd Rfhjhu cj;juthjkhd ‘Kjyikr;rh; - fP i`f;nry;fp nlq;ngq; (Chief minister – gi Hakshelgi Tengbang) vd;gij epWtpAs;sJ.
,j;jpl;lkhdJ muR kUj;Jtkidfspy; Rfhjhu ikaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; kUj;Jtkidfspy; ViofSf;F ,ytr rpfpr;ir mspf;f topnra;fpwJ.
,j;jpl;lk; VO Kf;fpa milahsk; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa tpahjpfSf;F rpfpr;iraspf;f jFjpAs;s FLk;gj;jpw;F &.2 ,yl;rk; tiu fhg;gPL mspf;fpwJ.
,ja Neha;fs;> euk;gpay; epiyikfs;> rpWePuf tpahjpfs;> fy;yPuy; tpahjp> Gw;WNeha;> Gjpa gpwg;G rhu;e;j kw;Wk; jPf;fhaq;fs; Nghd;wit Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Neha;fshFk;.
VV >ix EkVM BVV fhyepiy nefpo;jpwd; Ntshz;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jtij Neha;f;fkhff; nfhz;l &.4000 Nfhb kjpg;Gs;s ,j;jpl;lj;ij kfhuh\;buh xg;Gjy; mspj;Js;sJ.
,j;jpl;lk; 2018-19k; Mz;L Kjy; 2022-24 tiu njhlUk; 15 khtl;lq;fspy; 5142 fpuhkq;fspy; ,e;j jpl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,j;jpl;lkhdJ fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fpuhkGw Ra ek;gpf;if Mfpa Jiwfspy; gzpahw;wpa r%f Mh;tyh; kw;Wk; gj;k tpG\d; tpUJ ngw;w ehdh[p Nj\;Kf; mth;fspd; ngauhy; njhlq;fg;gLfpwJ.
VD: kz;zpd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;JNjhL> fhyepiy khWghLfis jhq;Fk; czT jhdpa tiffis cUthf;FtJ MFk;. NkYk; Fwpg;gpl;l gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ePu; fpilg;gjd; tpisthf gapu; Kiwfspy; khw;wq;fis nfhz;L tUtjhFk;.
>mV^^
khepyj;jpYs;s ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu fiyQh;fSf;F epjpA-jtp toq;Ftjw;fhf ,j;jpl;lj;ij njhlq;fpaJ.
,j;jpl;lk; Kf;fpakhf khepy ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu fiyQu;fspd; eyDf;fhf njhlq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; khepyj;jpYs;s ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; fiyQu;fSf;F khje;NjhWk; &.1200 epjpcjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
kj;jpa ghuhSkd;w tptfhuq;fs; mikr;rfk; mjd; nray;ghLfis b[pl;ly; Mf;Ftjw;Fk; kw;Wk; fhfpjkpy;yhky; nra;tjw;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,-rd;rhj; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; ,-tpjhd; Mfpa jpl;lq;fis epWt cs;sJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; Mtzq;fs;> tpthjq;fs;> Ngr;Rfs;> FO mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Nfs;tpfs; Mfpatw;iw b[pl;ly; kakhf;FtJld; mtw;iw ,izajsj;jpy; gjpNtw;wk; nra;ag;gLk;.
x>V \] VV VB>V BVV
-[V \uD -s>V[ ]D
36
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018]
_ \V sV ]DnghUshjhu tptfhuq;fSf;fhd kj;jpa
fhgpdl; fkpl;b fq;if ejp kPjhd
1380fp.kP `hy;bah - thudhrp Njrpa
ePh;top - 1 jlj;jpy; top nrYj;Jjy; jpwd;
mjpfupg;gjw;fhd ,j;jpl;lj;ij xg;Gjy;
mspj;Js;sJ.
,j;jpl;lkhdJ &. 5370 Nfhb &ghAld;
cyf tq;fpapd; njhopy;El;g cjtp kw;Wk;
KjyPl;L MjuTld; nray;gLj;jg;gl
cs;sJ. ,j;jpl;lk; khu;r; 2008w;Fs;
epiwtilAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
NARI k>D \uD -DkV k> ]D NARI tiyjsk; kj;jpag; ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
Foe;ij Kd;Ndw;w mikr;rfk; ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;JYf;fhf NARI Md;iyd; tiyjsj;ij epWtpAs;sJ.
NARI tiyjsk; ngz;fSf;F jq;fs; tho;f;ifiag; ghjpf;Fk; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;j jfty;fis toq;Fk; ,-rk;thj; tiyjsk;. kj;jpa ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ij Kd;Ndw;w mikr;rfk;> muR rhuh epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rpty; r%fq;fs; mikr;rfj;ijj; njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;fhd Nkilia toq;Ftjw;fhf ,-rk;thj; tiyjsj;ij epWtpAs;sJ.
,J ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; eyDf;fhf gads;s nfhs;iffisAk;> eltbf;iffisAk; cUthf;Fk;.
x>\
c>s]Dxbrh khepyj;jpYs;s ,yf;fpak;
kw;wk; fyhr;rhu fiyQu;fSf;F
Kjyikr;ru; fiy cjtpj;jpl;lj;ij
xbrh khepy muR njhlq;fp cs;sJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; khje;NjhWk;
&.1200I fiyQu;fSf;F epjpAjtp
ngWthh;fs;.
Vetrii IAS Academy
37
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018 ]
,e;jpahtpy; vg;35 uf n[l; Nghu;
tpkhdq;fisj; jahupj;Jj; ju mnkupf;fhtpd;
Kd;dzp tpkhdf; fl;Lkhd kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;G epWtdkhd yhf;`Pl; khu;l;bd;
jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. ,J njhlu;ghf me;j epWt-
dk; ,e;jpahTf;F vd;W gpuj;Nafkhf n[l;
Nghu; tpkhdq;fisj; jahupg;gJ vd;W KbT
nra;Js;sJ. ,e;jpahTf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l
cs;s me;j mjpetPd tpkhdq;fs; Kd;Ngh>
jw;NghNjh ve;jnthU tpkhdj; jahupg;G
epWtdKk; tpepNahfpf;fhj tifapyhd
jahupg;Gfshf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; ,e;jpahtpy;
jahupf;fg;Lk; Nghu; tpkhdq;fSf;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; Vw;Wkjpr; re;ijAk;
cs;sJ.
,e;jpahTf;fhf jahupf;fg;gl
cs;s vg; 35 ufn[l; Nghu; tpkhdq;fspd;
]BVs_ V s\V >BV\ WkD ]D
msT> mtw;wpd; ntw;wp Nghd;wit ,e;jpa njhopy;Jiw cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; ju Nkk;ghl;L tha;g;Gfis Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj mstpy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s cjTk;. ,e;j tpkhdq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjd; %yk; cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa Nghu; tpkhdq;fis cUntLf;f KbAk;. ,e;jpahtpy; tpkhdj; jahupg;G epWtdq;fSk; cUntLf;f KbAk;. ,e;jpahtpy; tpkhd ghfq;fis xd;wpizg;gJ vd;gijf; fhl;bYk;> tpkhdq;fis mq;NfNa cw;gj;jp nra;tJ vd;w #oiy cUthf;f tpUk;GfpwJ. ,e;jpahTf;F gpuj;Nafkhf toq;fg;gl cs;s n[l; Nghu; tpkhdq;fs; kpfTk; etPdkhf njhopy;El;gj;ijf; nfhz;lit. mNj Nghy; vg; 35 ufj;ijr; Nru;e;j %d;W tifahd n[l; Nghu; tpkhdq;fSk; xw;iw vd;[pidf;
nfhz;litahFk;.
cB_sz _kV[ >twD x>oD2016-17 ]B cB_s gF l[, cB_sz _kV[ l_ >twmz x>oD ]m. >tw]_ cB_s _kV[ 46.9 >T>D gzD. > >EB s_ 25.2 >T>\V c^m \]B \M>k \DV|m \ Vi k >\l_, _ol_ u \]B _s gV kVB][ 65-km ]_ u >tw cB_sm \ .. [w[ >s>V.
‘HD' V V^ xD>tw]_ ^ s WkD k ]l_ ‘HD' V V x|mm.k V V^ kwzD ]D:>tw]_ c^ ^ s Wk kVBVz k V V^, kwzD ]> x>_k wMVt 2017 . 2D >] >V k>V. 13 m 28 glm 843 V V^ >uVm k |, B_V|z km^. [l_ 30 glD V V^ kw|, 22 glD V^ |^.
38
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
sm
ij Kjy;ehshk; jkpo; Gj;jhz;L kw;Wk; nghq;fy; jpUehisnahl;b ,e;j Mz;Lk; gyJiwfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;w jkpou;fSf;F ngupahh; tpUJ jkpof Kj;jkpo; kd;wj;jhy; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. [dtup 15> 16 Mfpa ,uz;L ehl;fs; nrd;id ngupahh; jplypy; eilngWk; jpuhtplu; jpUehs; tpohtpy; ,t;tpUJfs; toq;fg;glTs;sJ.
ngupahu; tpUJ ngWgtu;fs;: 1. ebfu; tp[a; NrJgjp
2. ftpQu; nrt;tpad;
3 jpiug;gl ,af;Feu; Nfhgp eapdhh;
4. giwapirf; fiyQu; NtY Mrhd;
5. Xtpau; `hrpg;fhd;
6. ,af;Feu; ebfu; uhjhfpU\;zd; ghh;j;jpgd;
7. kuhj;jhd; tPuu; irij kh.Rg;gpukzpad;
8. ,d;dpir Ve;jy; jpUGtdk; Mj;kehjd;
9. ,af;Feu; xspg;gjpthsu; nropad;
10. ftpQu; ry;kh
11. Xtpau; mguh[pjd;
MfpNahu;f;F ngupahh; tpUJ toq;fg;glTs;sJ.
Vs VD sm ebfu; Rjpu; jy;tpf;F ,t;tpUJ toq;fg;gl;;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpUJ jhNd khefuhl;rp kw;Wk; [hdftp gp rhyuk; fiyf; FOthy; ,ize;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
fq;f [Kdh tpUJ
gpugy eldf; fiyQu; n[a= T.mtu;fSf;F fq;f [Kdh tpUJ toq;fg;glTs;sJ. ,t;tpUJ fhyukhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l gpugy ghlypd; epidthf toq;fg;gLfpwJ. uhkhde;j rhfupd; uhkhad; vd;Dk; njhiyfhl;rp njhlupy; Kf;fpa fjhgj;jpukhd FU trpl;lu; fjh- gj;jpuj;jpy; ebj;jjd; %yk; Gfo; ngw;whu;.
"WVV]' sm Nfus muR rhh;gpy; mspf;fg;gLk; kjpg;G kpf;f tpUJfspy; xd;whd ep\h fhe;jp tpUJf;F guj ehl;ba Mrpupah;fs; jdQ;rad; - rhe;jh jdQ;rad; jk;gjp Njh;T nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
ep\hfhe;jp tpUJ : ,ir kw;Wk; eldk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fgth;fis Mz;LNjhWk; Njh;T nra;J Nfus Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ,t;tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpj;J tUfpwJ. ,tu;fSf;F &.1.50 yl;rk; nuhf;fKk;> ghuhl;Lr; rhd;wpjOk; toq;fg;gLk;. ,irQhdp ,isauh[h> Nkhfpdpahl;lf; fiyQu; ghujp rpth[p MfpNahUf;F ,e;j tpUJ ,jw;F Kd;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
11s^
je;ij ngupahh; Kj;jkpo; kd;wk; 1995-k; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;L 24 Mz;Lfshf ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; cs;spl;l gy;NtW Jiwfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fgtu;fSf;F tpUJ toq;fp fTutpj;J tUfpwJ.
sm
39
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
sBVVz E> sm: [pNah-gpypk;Ngu; tpUJ tpohtpy; tpj;ahghyDf;F rpwe;j ebiff;fhd tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ. 63-tJ [pNah gpypk;Ngu; tpUJ tpoh Kk;igapy; eilngw;wJ.
rpwe;j glj;Jf;fhd tpUJ - ,e;jp kPbak;
rpwe;j ,af;FeUf;fhd tpUJ - m];tpd; ma;au; (gNuyp fp gu;gp jpiug;glk;)
rpwe;j ebfUf;fhd tpUJ - ,u;ghd; fhd; (,e;jp kPbak;)
rpwe;j ebif tpUJ - tpj;ahghyd; (Jk;fhup RYgk;)
c u \A sm: ];ngapdpy; eilngw;w If;fpa ehLfs; cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;gpd; 14-tJ tpUJfs; toq;Fk; tpohtpy; ‘xbrhtpd; kq;fy N[hjp Rw;Wr;#oy; mwf;fl;lis” Rw;Wyh epWtdj;jpd; Gj;jhf;fj;jpw;fhf ngUikkpF If;fpa ehLfs; cyf Rw;Wyh mikg;gpd; tpUij ntd;wJ.
kq;fy N[hjp Rw;Wr;#oy; mwf;fl;lis: xbrhtpYs;s rpypf;fh Vupapd; fiuNahuq;fspy; Mu;gpv]; gTz;Nl\dpd; ,e;jpah
kw;Wk; ,e;jpah fpuhNkd; Nritfs; Mfpatw;why; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhd JiwahFk;.
cyfshtpa Rw;Wyh mikg;G:Rw;Wyhit epiyahf kw;Wk; cyfshtpa hPjpapy; mDff;$ba Kiwapy;
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd I.eh. rigapd; epWtdk; MFk;.
>tw B sm^ 2017-18 jkpof murpd; 2017-2018k; Mz;Lf;fhd ,yf;fpa tpUJfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
jha;nkhop> ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp> jkpo; rKjha cau;T Mfpatw;wpf;F njhz;lhw;wp ngUik
Nru;j;j jkpo; NguwpQu;fs;. jd;dykw;w jiytu;fs; ngaupy; tpUJfis cUthf;fp cs;sJ.
1. jpUts;Stu; tpUJ - Nfh. ngupaz;zd;
2. ngupahu; tpUJ - gh. tsu;kjp
3. mk;Ngj;fu; tpUJ - [hu;[; Nf.N[.
4. mz;zh tpUJ - m. Rg;ukzpad;
5. fhkuh[u; tpUJ - jh.uh.jpdfud;
6. ghujpahu; tpUJ - f.ghyRg;gukzpad;
7. ghujpjhrd; tpUJ - Nf.[Ptghujp
8. jpU.tp.f. tpUJ - ghyFkhud;
9. fp.M.ng. tpRtehjk; - kUjehafk;
sm
40
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
18 EVz >EB Ty sm^
\]B sA
fle;j Mz;Lf;fhd Njrpa tPu jPu tpUJfSf;F 18 rpwhu;fs;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Njrpa mstpy; tPujPur; nray;fs; GupAk; rpwhu;fSf;F kj;jpa
muR Mz;LNjhWk; tpUJfis toq;fp nfsutpj;J tUfpwJ. ghuj; tpUJ> fPjh Nrhg;uh
tpUJ> rQ;ra; Nrhg;uh tpUJ> ghG ifjhdp tpUJ> nghJ tPu jPu tpUJ Mfpa 5 gpupTfspy;
,e;j tpUJfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy;> 2017-k; Mz;Lf;fhd tpUJfSf;F 11
khztu;fs;> 6 khztpfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
1. cj;jug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; r%f tpNuhj rf;jpfspd; mr;RWj;jiyAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky;>
rl;l tpNuhj #jhl;l Fk;gy; Fwpj;J fhty; JiwapdUf;F Jg;G nfhLj;j ehrpah (18)
vd;w khztpf;F ghuj; tpUJ toq;fg;glTs;sJ.
2. fu;ehlf khepyj;jpy; Fsk; xd;wpy; %o;fpa 2 rpWtu;fis kPl;f Kad;w Neej;uhtjp
vk;. Rthz; (14) vd;w khztpf;F> mtUila kiwTf;Fg; gpwF fPjh Nrhg;uh tpUJ
toq;fg;glTs;sJ. Fsj;jpy; %o;fpa 16taJ khztid kPl;L ntspNa nfhz;L te;j
Nej;uhtjp kw;nwhU rpWtid kPl;f Kbahky; ePupy; %o;fp capupoe;jhu;.
3. tPujPur; nray;fspd;NghJ capupoe;j kp]huk; khepyj;ijr; Nru;e;j yhy; re;jkh (17)
kzpg;G+iur; Nru;e;j Nyhf;uhf;gk; uhN[];tup rhD (15) MfpNahUf;Fk; tPujPu tpUJfs;
toq;fg;glTs;sd.
4. gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; gs;sj;jpy; tpOe;J ePupy; %o;fpa gs;spg; NgUe;jpy; ,Ue;J 15
rpwhu;fisg; gj;jpukhf kPl;l fuz;tPu; rpq;(17) vd;gtUf;F rQ;ra; Nrhg;uh tpUJ
toq;fg;glTs;sJ.
5. Nkfhyaj;jpy; jPg;gw;wp vupe;j tPl;by; ,Ue;j 3 taJ jk;gpia kPl;l ngl;\;th[hd;
ngapd;yhq; (14) vd;w khztuUf;Fk;> xb]htpy; Kjiyapd; thapy; ,Ue;J jdJ
Njhopia kPl;l kk;jh jyha;(7) vd;w rpWkpf;Fk;> Nfusj;ijr; Nru;e;j nrgh];bad;
tpd;nrd;l; (13) vd;w rpWtUf;Fk; ghG ifjhdp tpUJ toq;fg;glTs;sJ.
6. uha;g;G+iur; Nru;e;j yl;Rkp ahjt; (16)> ehfhyhe;ijr; Nru;e;j khd\h (13)> rq;Nghd;
Nfhd;ahf; (18)> Nahf;Nda; (18)> rpq;if thq;]h (18)> F[uhj;ijr; Nru;e;j rk;upjp
R\py; ru;kh (17)> kpNrhuk; khepyj;ijr; Nru;e;j NrhDe;j;Ythq;fh (16)> cj;jufz;l;
khepyj;ijr; Nru;e;j gq;f[; Nrk;thy; (16)> kfhuh\;buj;ijr; Nru;e;j elhg; ,[h]; mg;Jy;
nusg; (17) xb]hitr; Nru;e;j gq;f[; k`e;jh(15) MfpNahUk; tPu jPu tpUJfSf;F
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
sm
41
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd JiwKfk; [tfu;yhy; JiwKfk; 2017-k;
Mz;Lf;fhd ‘rKj;uh ke;jd;” tpUij ntd;Ws;sJ. fly;rhu; Jiwapy; vup
nghUs; njhlu;ghd MNuhf;fpakhd Nghl;bf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;s ,t;tpUij ge;ju;fs; fg;gy; epWtdk; toq;fpAs;sJ.
kf;fs; [dehaf fl;rpia Njhw;Wtpj;J Kg;jp Kfkj; raPj; epidthf murp
-ay; kw;Wk; nghJ tho;tpy; nrayhw;Wgtu;fSf;F Mz;LNjhWk; tpUJfs;
toq;f jPu;khdpdf;fg;gl;L mt;tifapy; Kjy;Kiwahf Kg;jp Kfkjp epidT
tpUJf;FgPfhu; Kjy;tu; epjp\; Fkhh; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
gpugy jpiug;gl kw;Wk; ehlf ebfukhd nrskpj;uh Rl;Nlh ghj;aha;f;F>
2018f;fhd 42tJ ru;tNjr nfhy;fj;jh fz;fhl;rpapd; NghJ> gpuhd;rpd; kpf
cau;e;j tpUij(Legion of Honour) nfhLj;Jf; nfsutpf;fg;l;lhu;.
gpnuQ;R fhyzp Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l ghuk;gupa rpd;dq;fis ehl;by;
ghJfhj;J tUtjpy; gy Mz;Lfshf jPtpu Kidg;G nrYj;jp tUfpwhu;
nly;ypiar; Nru;e;j gpugy fl;lf;fiy epGzu; I];tu;ah bg;dp];f;F nrthypah
tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
g] \ VV Vz m_ VD sm Me;jpu khepy jfty; njhopy;El;gj; Jiw mikr;rUk;> Kjy;tu; re;jpughG ehALtpd; kfDkhd ehuh NyhNf\Pf;F mg;Jy; fyhk; tpUJ toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epu;thfj;jpy; GJikfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpajw;fhf> mtUf;F ,e;j tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ. khepy gpuptpidf;Fg; gpwF> Gjpa khepykhd Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> gy;NtW rthy;fis vjpu;nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j khepyj;ij tUk;> 2022k; Mz;Lf;Fs;Kjy; %d;W Kd;dzp khepyq;fspy; xd;whf cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Kjy;tu; re;jpughG ehAL njhiyNehf;Fj; jpl;lj;ij tFj;Js;shu;.
khepyj;jpy; epu;thfj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy;NtW GJikfisf; nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpNwhk;. ,e;j epiyapy;> vdf;F mg;Jy; fyhk; tpUij mspj;jpUg;gJ> Me;jpu khepyj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F NkYk; ghLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Cf;fj;ijf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;whu; ehuh NyhNf\;.
EkF]^
sm
42
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
xB ]^:
k 5 c uw_
k 10 c EA ]D
k 15 Vbk ]D
k 17 c \> ]D
k 24 zw> ]D
k 25 >EB kVV ]D, ]BV uV ]D
k 26 ]B zB ]D
k 26 k> ]D
k 30 ]^ ]D
k 30 V k_E aA ]D
VL {| s> zB >k njd;dpe ;j pahtpd; Kjy; ngz; lhf ;]p Xl ;Leuhd nry ;tpf ;F
FbauRj; jiytu; uhk;ehj; Nfhtpe;j; tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpj;Js;shu;. r%fk; nropj;Njhq;f
ngz;fs; Nkk;ghL mtrpak; vd;W typAWj;jpa FbauRj; jiytu;> mjd; nghUl;L
rhjid kq;iffSf;F rupahd mq;fPfhuk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $wpAs;shu;.
mjd;gb> epfohz;by; 112 ngz;fs; Kd;Ndhb tpUJf;Fj; Nju;thfpdu;.
Kd;djhf tpUJ ngw;w nry;tp NgRifapy;> rpW rpW ntspr;rq;fs; xd;wpize;J ngUk; xsp
gpufhrj;ij gpurtpg;gJ Nghy;> vd;Dila ,e;j rpW Kaw;rpAk; yl;rf;fzf;fhd ngz;fspd;
rhjidg; glykhf cUkhWk; vd;whu;. FbauRj; jiytu; khspifapy; eilngw;w
,e;epfo;r;rpapy; kj;jpa mikr;ru; Nkdfh fhe;j cs;spl;Nlhu;
gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,J njhlu;ghd jfty;fis
kj;jpa muR nra;jpf; Fwpg;ghf
ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
sm
43
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
xB ]^
>EB Q ]Dkiwe;j Rthkp tpNtfhde;jupd; gpwe;j jpdj;ijnahl;b [dtup 12 mtUf;F gpujku; eNue;jpu Nkhb cs;spl;l jiytu;fs; kupahij nrYj;jpAs;sdh;. Njrpa ,isQu; jpdkhd [dtup 12 Gjpa ,e;jpahitf; fl;Ltpf;Fk; ,sk; jiyKiwapdupd; Mu;tk;> <L,izaw;w rf;jp Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; tzf;fk; nrYj;JfpNwd; vdj; njuptpj;Js;shh;. fhq;fpu]; jiytu; uhFy; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jUf;F mtuJ gpwe;j jpdk; Njrpa ,isQu; jpdj;ijnahl;b ehd;
kupahij nrYj;JfpNwd; vdj; njuptpj;Js;shh;. kj;jpa mikr;ru; epjpd; fl;fup ntspapl;l gjptpy;> ehl;bd; ,sk; jiyKiwapdUf;F rpuk;jho;j;jp kupahij nrYj;JfpNwd; vdj; njuptpj;Js;shh;.
nfhy;fj;jhtpy; fle;j 1863k; Mz;L [dtup khjk; 12k; Njjp gpwe;jhh;. jdJ 39tJ tajpy;> fle;j 1902k; Mz;L [Piy khjk; 4k; Njjp mtu; capupoe;jhh;. mtuJ gpwe;j jpdk;. Mz;LNjhWk; kj;jpa murhy; Njrpa ,isQu; jpdkhff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
c N] V^1975-k; Mz;L eilngw;w
cyf `pe;jp khehl;bd; Kjy;
Mz;L epiwitf; Fwpf;Fk; tifapy; xt;Nthu; Mz;Lk; [dtup 10 md;W cyf `pe;jp ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; cyf `pe;jp khehl;il mg;Nghija ,e;jpag; gpujku; ,e;jpuhfhe;jp njhlq;fp itj;jhu;.
12k
10k
x]
44
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
s_a_OD\
Vs[ 100km BuV^ ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;jpd; 100-tJ nraw;iff;Nfhs; nts;spf;fpoik [dtup 12 tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gLk; vd;W ,];Nuh nraw;iff;Nfhs; ikaj;jpd; ,af;Feu; kapy;rhkp mz;zhJiu njuptpj;jhh;.
,];Nuh nraw;iff;Nfhs; ikak; jahupj;Js;s 100-MtJ nraw;iff;Nfhs; [dtup 12-k; Njjp =`upNfhl;lhtpy; ,Ue;J gp.v];.vy;.tp.-rp40 uhf;nfl; %yk; tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjDld; 31 nraw;iff;Nfhs;fSk; tpz;zpy; Vtg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; 28 nraw;iff;Nfhs; ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdit. NkYk;> ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd 3 nraw;iff;Nfhs;fpy; Gtpiaf; fz;fhzpf;Fk; 710 fpNyh vil nfhz;l fhu;Nlhrhl;-2 tupir nraw;iff;NfhSk; Vtg;gLfpwJ. nrhe;jkhdit.
V_kl_ 10,000 B[[ D ghy;ntsp mz;lj;jpy; #upaidg; Nghy; cs;s el;rj;jpuq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; ehrh tpQ;Qhdpfs; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;ig epfo;j;jpAs;sdu;. ehrh tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; `gps; ];Ng]; njhiyNehf;fpapd; cjtpAld; ghy;ntsp mz;lj;jpy; cs;s el;rj;jpuq;fis Muha;e;J tUfpd;wdu; 9 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf ePbf;Fk; ,e;j Ma;tpy; #upaidg; Nghd;w 10>000 el;rj;jpuq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;. jq;fs; Ma;tpy; fpilj;j jfty;fisf; nfhz;L mtu;fs; Kg;gupkhd glk; xd;iw cUthf;fpAs;sdh;. mjpy; rp el;rj;jpuq;fs; #upaidtpl ,U klq;F Ntfkhf efu;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;fpAs;sdh;.
VBgF-VVxDehrh #upadpd; ntspg;Gw #o;epiyia Muha ehrh ,t;tha;it epWt cs;sJ. nrwpe;j
ntg;gk; kw;Wk; #upaf; fjpu; tPr;rpd; mghafukhd gFjpfspy; ,jd; mwptpay; Ma;Tfis ,J elj;Jk;.
,t;tpz;fyk; Nrhyhu; thd; mwptpayhsu; A+[pd; ghu;fu; mtu;fspd; ngauhy; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehrhtpd; tpz;fyj;jpd; ngau; thOk; egupd; ngauplg;gLtJ ,JNt Kjy; KiwahFk;.
s_(\)Va_OD
45
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
'Ri”DR ,e;jpahtpd; kpf Ntfkhd kw;Wk; kjy; gy;-gPl;lh g;Nshg;];
(PF) #g;gu; fk;g;A+l;lu; GNdit ikakhff; nfhz;l ,e;jpa ntg;gkz;ly thdpiy epWtdj;jhy; (IITM – Indian Institute of Tropical Meteortogy) ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j fk;g;A+l;lUf;F ‘gpuj;A+\;” vd ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F #upad; vd;W nghUs;.
thdpiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy Muha;r;rpf;fhf mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l cyfpd; ehd;fhtJ kpf Ntfkhf #g;gu; fk;g;A+l;lu; gpuj;A+\; MFk;.
V_\uDV[t[VVWkc^mGtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J 96fp.kPf;F mg;ghy; cs;s madp kz;lyj;ij Muha;tjw;F
ehrh Nfhy;l; (GOLD) kw;Wk; Ifhd; (ICON) vd;w ,U kp\d;fis epWtd cs;sJ.
madpaLf;F Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 80fp.kP Kjy; 500 fp.kP tiu gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J madpaLf;F vd miof;fg;glf; fhuzk; tsp kz;lyj;jpd; ,g;gFjpapy; #upaf;fjpu;fs; kpd; nrwpT+l;lg;gLtjyhFk;.
]T M 5 V> ku mjpetPd mf;dp - 5 VTfiz Nrhjid ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; epu;zapf;fg;l;l ,yf;if Jy;ypakhf jhf;fpaJ. Xb]h khepyk; ghyhNrhupy; mike;Js;s mg;Jy; fyhk; VTjsj;jpy; mf;dp -5 VTfiz Nrhjid elj;jg;gl;lJ. 19 epkplq;fspy; 4900 fpNyhkPl;liuf; fle;J nrd;wJ.
M 5 KOf;f> KOf;f cs;ehl;bNyNa jahupf;fg;gl;l mf;dp - 5 VTfizahdJ Rkhu; 5000 fpNyh kPl;lu; njhiytpy; cs;s vjpupfspd; jsthlq;fis mopf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ. ghJfhg;G Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L mikg;ghy; (bMu;bX) tbtikf;fg;gl;l mf;dp -5 VTfizapd;
nkhj;j vil 50 ld; MFk;. Rkhu; 1.5ld; vil tiuapyhd mZ MAjq;fisj; jhq;fpr; nry;Yk; jpwd; mjw;F cz;L. mijj; jtpu> topfhl;Lk; (NetpNf\d;) trjpAk;> NtW rpy njhopy;El;;g trjpfSk; mjpy; mike;Js;sd. 17.5 kPl;lu; ePsk; nfhz;l mf;dp-5 VTfizapd; Kjy; Nrhjid fle;j 2012-k; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J 2013> 2015> 2016 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; mLj;jLj;J ntw;wpfukhf Nrhjid Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
s_(\)Va_OD
46
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
g\g\
>k >tw][ Ek[ WB\ ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jpd; (,];Nuh) jiytuhf jkpofj;jpd; Nf.rptd; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. ,];Nuh jiytu; fpuz; Fkhhpd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtijj; njhlu;e;J Gjpa jiytuhf rptd; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.
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tof;fwpQu; Mthh;. fle;j 35 tUlq;fshf ,tu; tof;fwpQuhf gzpahw;wp tUfpwhh;. ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa tof;fwpQu;fs; gyuplk; ,tu; [Pdpauhf ,Ue;Js;shh;. mNjNghy; rpy Kf;fpakhd tof;Ffspy; ,tu; M[uhfp ,Uf;fpwhh;. ,e;J ky;N`hj;uh fu;ehlf khepyk; ngq;f@iu Nru;e;jtu; Mthh;. gy;NtW cau;ePjp kd;wq;fspy; ,tu; ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;wp ,Uf;fpwhh;. ,e;j mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; cr;rePjpkd;w nfhyP[pak; ,tUf;F gjtp cau;T toq;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.
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47
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A]B >\ >>_ gB Gjpa jiyikj; Nju;jy; Mizauhf Xk; gpuhf\; uhtj;> Nju;jy; Mizauhf mNrhf; yhth]h MfpNahu; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,e;jpa jiyik Nju;jy; Mizauhf gjtp tfpf;Fk; mr;ry; Fkhu; N[hjp (65) tpiutpy; Xa;T ngw cs;shu;. mtuJ gjtpf; fhyk; Kb tila cs;sjhy; ,e;jelbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Jtiu ,e;jpa Nju;jy; Mizau;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;J te;j uhtj;> jw;NghJ jiyik Nju;jy; Mizauhf gjtp cau;T ngw;Ws;shu;.
vdNt> 3 ,e;jpa Nju;jy; Mizau;fs; gjtpapy; xd;W fhypahdjhy; mg;gjtpf;F Kd;dhs; nghUshjhu nrayu; mNrhf; yhth]h epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;. 1980-k; Mz;L IVv]; mjpfhupahf `upahzhtpy; ,Ue;J epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; Mthu;.
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x>_ B D.. Z _M[ x>_ B VV\[ cV Z _ k V| ]EBV >VaV E >k t V[ >VD \m^ Ww_ \kl[ { \V WBtm^V.Ww_ \k [V_ [?>k_^ :M_ gD E[ \k s\E>uzD, >k V|k>uzD >V ]E Ww_ \kB \m kwD. >[ ]E JD kV mzD Ww_ V \^ WBt|kV^. k^ E_ mB kzD \D ^s Akm \VzD. > kl_ ]EBVm \Vu V_ B_|D.
48
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fpu;[pNah]; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;whu;.
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Nfl; gpuptpy; jkpofj;ij Nru;e;j f]pkh rf khepyj;jtuhd mgpuhkpia tPo;j;jp rhk;gpad;
Mdhu;.
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ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
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: ,U ehLfSf;F ,ilNa uhZt cwTfis Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; rpwg;Gg; gilfSf;F Rje;jpughaq;fspd; gu];gu gupkhw;wj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ MFk;.
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gapw;rp 2017 N[hj;G+upy; eilngw;wJ.
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51
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
V m Vm
1. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; ftu;du; - ru; Mu;r;rpghy; vl;tu;l; ie (1946-48)2. jkpo;ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; Kjy; Kjy; mikr;ru; - Rg;GuhaY nul;b (1920-21)3. jkpo;ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd; Kjy; Kjyikr;ru; - xke;J}u; ,uhkrhkp nul;bahu;
(1947-49)4. jkpof rl;lkd;w Kjy; rghehafu; - J. rptrz;Kfk; gps;is (1952-55)5. jkpof rl;lkdw; Kjy; Jiz rghehafu; - gf;jtj;rY ehAL6. nrd;id khefuhl;rpapd; Kjy; jiytu; - ru;.gp.b. jpahfuhru;7. nrd;id khefuhl;rpapd; Kjy; Nkau; - ru; uh[h Kj;ijah nrl;bahu;8. jkpo;ehl;bd; cau;ePjpkd;w Kjy; jiyik ePjpgjp - ru;jhk]; Mz;LU Ykp];jhd;9. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy;jiyik Nju;jy; Mizau; - J. ntq;fNl\;tud; (1942-52)10. jkpof rl;l Nkyit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 193511. jkpof rl;l Nkyit fiyf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1986 mf;Nlhgu; 3112. cs;shl;rp Nju;jy; fTd;rpyu;fhd taJ - 2113. rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r taJ - 2514. Kjyikr;rUf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r taJ -2515. MSeUf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r taJ - 35
1. gl;L efuk; - fhQ;rpGuk;2. Kj;J efuk; - J}j;Jf;Fb3. Nfhtpy; efuk; - kJiu4. J}q;fh efuk; - kJiu5. tpohf;fspd; efuk; - kJiu6. njhopy; efuk; - tpUJefu;7. Nfhl;ilfspd; efuk; - tpUJefu;8. kiyf;Nfhl;il efuk; - jpUr;rp
1. jkpo;ehL tdr;rl;lk; - 18822. jkpo;ehL jdpahu; fhLfs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; - 19493. jkpo;ehL kiyg;gFjp kuq;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; - 19554. tdTapupdg; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; - 19725. jkpo;ehL tdg;ghJfhg;G rl;lk; - 19806. gy;Yapupdg; guty; rl;lk; - 20027. ahidfs; ghJfhg;G jpl;lk; - 19928. Gypfs; ghJfhg;G jpl;lk; - 1973
52
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018Vm
mkpyj;jpd; ngau; %yj;jpd; ngau;rpl;upf; mkpyk; MuQ;R> vYkpr;ir
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Vetrii IAS Academy
53
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018 |
x[:n`r;.I.tp. kw;Wk; va;l;]; Nehapd; gutiyj; jLf;fTk;
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54
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018|
21>2006> kf;fsitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ehs; Vg;uy; 11>2017 FbauRj; jiytuhy; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;l ehs; Vg;uy; 20> 2017
,e;jpahtpy; Rkhu; 21 yl;rk; Ngu; n`r;.I.tp. ghjpg;Gld; tho;e;J tUtjhf kj;jpa muR ntspapl;Ls;s mwpf;if apd; %yk; mwpa Kb fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; 1986Mk; Mz;by; nrd;idiiar; Nru;e;j ngz; ghypay; njhopyhsu; fspilNa vr;.I.tp. fpUkpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; Kjd;Kjyhf fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1990fspy; ,e;Nehapd; jhf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; kpfj; jPtpukhf ,Ue;jJ. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs; muRrhuh njhz;L epWtdq;fs; cs;splitfspy; jPtpu Kaw;rpapd; gydhf fle;j gj;jhz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; vr;.I.tp. guTjy; Fiwe;Jf; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> njd;dhg;gpupf;fh> ie[Pupah Mfpa ehLfis mLj;J n`r;.I.tp. ngupJk; gutpAs;s %d;whtJ ngupa ehlhf ,e;jpah ,g;NghJk; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Nkw;$wpaJ Nghy; ,e;jpahtpy; n`r;.I.tpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Rkhu; 21 yl;rk; Ngu; tho;e;J tUtjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2015k; Mz;by; Rkhu; 8600 Ngu; Gjpjjhf n`r;.I.tpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu; vdTk; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2000k; Mz;il xg;gpLifapy; ,J 66% Fiw thdNj vdpDk;> egu;fspy; vz;zpf;ifia fzf;fpy; nfhz;lhy; 2015k; Mz;by; kl;Lk; va;l;]; njhlu;ghd fhuzq;fspdhy; Rkhu; 68000 Ngu; capupoe;Js;sdu;.
,e;epiyapNyNa Gjpjhf ,e;Neha; njhw;Wtijj; jLf;fTk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapdhy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s Sustainable development Goal (SDG) vdg;gLk; epiyj;j ePbj;j Nkk;ghL ,yf;F xd;wpd;gb vjpu;tUk; 2030Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; ,e;j Neha; gutiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; Njrpa va;l;];/Neha; ghjpg;Gld; tho;gtu;fs; vt;tpjkhd ghugl;rkhd eltbf;iffSf;Fk; cl;gLtij jLf;fTk;> mtu;fSf;fhd rpfpr;iria Kiwahfg; ngWtjw;fhd rk cup ikia cWjpg;gLj;JtijAk; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L ,e;j vr;.I.tp kw;Wk; va;l;]; rl;lk; 2017 epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;J. ,jd; %yk; ,j;jifa rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpa njw;fhrpahtpd; Kjy;
ehL vDk; ngUikia ,e;jpa ngw;Ws;sJ.
][xBVVDn`r;.I.tp. fpUkp va;l;]; NehAld;
tho;gtu;fSf;F vjpuhd ghFghl;ilj; jLg;gJ> Ntiytha;g;ig kWg;gJ my;yJ Ntiyapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fptpLtJ> fy;tp>kUe;J Nritfs;> thliff;F tpLtJ my;yJ jq;f mDkjp kWg;gJ> nghJ my;yJ jdpahu; mYtyfk;> fhg;gPL nghJ Nrit-fs; Nghd;w trjp tha;g;Gfis toq;Ftjpy; ghugl;rk; fhl;LtJ Mfpatw;iw n`r;.I.tp. fpUkp Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; ghugl;rkhdJ vd ,r;rl;lk; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;j tptfhuq;fspy; muNrh my;yJ xU jdpegNuh mwj;jpw;F
55
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018 |
khwhf ele;J nfhs;tJ ghugl;rkhd eltbf;ifahf fUjg;gl;L mtu;fs; kPJ cupa eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;ba xd;whf fUjg;gLk;. Ntiytha;g;G ngWtJ Rfhjhu Nritfs; ngWtJ my;yJ fy;tp ngWtJ cs;spl;ltw;wpy; Kd; epge;jidahf xUtu; n`r;.I.tpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuh vd;gjw;fhd Nrhjidia elj;jg;glf;$lhJ.
n`r;.I.tp. apdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis ntspapLtJ kl;Lkd;wp> mtu;fspd; jdpAupikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; xUtuJ KOikahd xg;Gjy; ,d;wp>n`r;.I.tpf;fhd NrhjidiaNah my;yJ kUj;Jt rpfpr;iriaNah Nkw;nfhs;StijAk; ,r;rl;lk; jil nra;fpwJ. vdpDk; mDkjp ngw;w uj;j tq;fpfs;> kUj;Jt Muha;r;rp my;yJ milahsk; VJkw;wtifapyhd Nrhjidia kl;LNk Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l me;j egupd; n`r;.I.tp jFjpia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nrhjidahf my;yhj Nghd;wtw;wpw;F xUtuJ xg;Gjy; VJk;Njitapy;iy. mNjNghy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb vr;.I.tp.ap-dhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; jdJ n`r;.I.tp. Fwpj;j epiyia ePjpkd;w cj;jutpd;gb> ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLk;NghJ kl;Lk; mij ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. vtnuhUtUk; n`r;.I.tp. apdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; vjpuhd nghWg;Gzu;it ntspapLtjw;Fk; ,r;rl;lk; jilt pjpf;fpwJ.
\]B\uD\V[zva;l;]; Neha;f;fhd rpfpr;ir my;yJ
Neha;f;fpUkp kPz;Lk; jhf;fhj tifap yhd rpfpr;ir vd;gJ Vw;fdNt muR kUj;Jtkidfspy; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ vd;w NghjpYk;> ,e;j Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; mjw;Fupa rpfpr;iria ngWtnjd;gJ mtu;fspd; rl;lg;G+u;tkhd cupik vd;gij jw;NghJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;s ,r;rl;lk; cWjp nra;Ak;. murpd; nghWg;gpy; cs;s xt;nthU tUNk n`r;.I.tp. Neha;j; jLg;G> Nrhjid> rpfpr;ir> MNyhrid Mfpatw;iw ngWtjw;fhd cupikia cs;stu;fshf mikfpd;wdu; vd ,r;rl;lk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
vdNt va;l;]; Neha;f;fhd rpfpr;ir> re;ju;g;gtrkhf njhw;W Vw;wg;gl;ltu;fSf;F mj;jifa njhw;iw epu;tfpg;gjw;fhd Nritfs; Mfpatw;iw kj;jpa khepy muRfs; toq;Fk;. mNj Nghy; n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]; Neha; Mfpait NkYk; guTtijj; jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffisAk; kj;jpa khepy muRfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. mNj Nghy;> n`r;.I.tp. / va;l;]; Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; Fwpg;ghf ngz;fSk; Foe;ijfSk; murpd; eyj;jpl;lq;fis ngWtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. taJf;F cfe;j ghypd czu;Tld; $ba Fiw$Wtijj; jtpu;f;Fk; n`r;.I.tp/va;l;]; fy;tp jfty; njhlu;G jpl;lq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
56
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018|
]\[xn`r;.I.tp.apdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffis ePjpkd;wq;fs; Kd;Dupik
mbg;gilapy; tprhupj;J Kbj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,k;kNrhjh tiuaWf;fpwJ. ve;jnthU rl;luPjpahd eltbf;iffspYk; tof;fpy; njhlu;Gilatu;> n`r;.I.tp ap-dhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuhf ,Ug;gpd; me;j egupd; milahsj;ij kiwj;Jtpl;L me;j tof;fpd; ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis %ba miwf;Fs;> kiwthd tifapy; elj;Jtjw;F ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutplyhk;. mNjNghy;> ,e;j kDjhuupd; milahsj;ij ntspapLk; gbahd ve;jnthU jftiyAk; vtnuhUtUk; gjpg;gpf;ff; $lhJ vd;W jilAj;juT gpwg;gpf;fTk; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L vd ,r;rl;lk; tiuaWf;fpwJ.
n`r;.I.tp. apdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l eguhy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l guhkupg;Gr; nryT njhiff;fhd kDtpd; kPJ ve;jnthU cj;juitAk; gpwg;gpf;Fk; NghJk;> me;j kDjhuu; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; kUj;Jt nryTfisAk; ePjpkd;wk; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. n`r;.I.tp.ap-dhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; nrhj;Jupikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisAk; ,r;rl;lk; cWjp nra;fpwJ.
18 tajpw;Fl;gl;l n`r;.I.tp. Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mtUf;F cupikAs;s tPl;by; trpg;gjw;Fk; me;j tPl;by; cs;s trjpfis mDgtpg;gjw;Fk; cupik cs;sJ. 12 Kjy; 18 tajpw;Fl;gl;l xUtu; n`r;.I.tp. va;l;]; Nehapdhy; ghjpg;G Fwpj;j Gupjiyf; nfhz;ltuhfTk; va;l;]; Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdJ FLk;g tptfhuq;fis ifahs;tjw;fhd Kjpu;r;rpia ngw;wtuhf ,Ug;gpd;> 18 tajpw;Fl;gl;l jdJ Viza rNfhju/rNfhjupfSf;F vdg;gLk; ghJfhg;gsuhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd jFjpAs;stuhfpwhu;. ,J fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; Nru;f;if> tq;fpf; fzf;Ffis nray;gLj;Jjy;> nrhj;ij epu;tfpj;jy; guhkupg;G kw;Wk; rpfpr;ir Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ngupJk; cjTk;.
zy\[D,e;j rl;lj;ij kPWNthu; kPjhd Gfhu;fs; njhlu;ghd tprhuizia Nkw;nfhs;sTk;>
muR toq;fpLk; kUe;J Nritf;fhd Vw;ghLfspy; fhzg;gLk; FiwghL Fwpj;J mDg;gg;gLk; Gfhu; kDf;fis tprhupg;gjw;nfd khepy muRfs; xt;nthd;Wk; vdg;gLk; FiwjPu;g;G mikg;ig epakpf;f ,r;rl;lk; toptif nra;fpwJ. ,e;j mikg;G cj;juit mky;gLj;jhtu;fSf;F vjpuhf jz;lid eltbf;if vLf;fTk; tif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j FiwjPu;g;G mjpfhupf;nfd jdp ahf xU gzpaplj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtrpakpy;iy. Vw;fdNt gjtpapy; cs;s mjpfhup vtUf;nfDk; $Ljy; nghWg;ghfTk; ,ij toq;fyhk;. ,e;j FiwjPu; mikg;ghdJ> jq;fsplj;jpy; gjpag;gLk; Gfhu;fspd; vz;zpf;if> mj;jifa Gfhu;fspd; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;> gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l cj;juTfs; cs;spl;lit Fwpj;J MW khjq;fSf;F xUKiw murpw;F mwpf;if xd;iw rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j FiwjPu; mikg;gpd; cj;juitr; nray;gLj;jhjtu;fs; kPJ mjpfgl;rkhf 1000&gha; tiu mguhjk; tpjpf;fTk;> ,r;rl;lk; tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,J NkYk; njhlUk; gl;rj;jpy; ehnshd;wpw;F 5000 &gha; vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; me;j cj;juit nray;gLj;Jk; ehs; tiuapy; fzf;fplg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk;.
57
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
>DV>xD
n`r;.I.tp. apdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rkhd Nghf;iff; filg;gpbg;gJ> ek;gfj; jd;ikiaf; Fiwg;gJ Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; jz;lid toq;Fk; Vw;ghLfSk; ,jpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfisf; filg;gpbf;fhjtu;fs; vtuhapDk; mtu;fs; jz;lidf;F cupatu;fshtu;. ,j;jifa egu;fSf;F vjpuhf nghJthd Fw;wtpay; uPjpapyhd eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. n`r;.I.tp. apdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; ,ufrpaj; jd;ikia kPW gtu;fSf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; %d;W khjq;fSf;F mjpfgl;rkhf ,uz;L tUlq;fs; tiuap yhd rpiwj; jz;lidAk; xU yl;rk; tiuapyhd mguhjKk; tpjpf;fg;gLk;.
zV|
va;l;]; Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F kj;jpa khepy muRfs; “as far as possible” vdg; nghUs;gLk; tifapy; rhj;jpakpUf;Fk; tiuapy; kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;j thrfq;fs; murpd; nghWg;ig ePu;j;Jg; Nghf;f nra;tjhfTk;> muR jdJ nghWg;G jl;bf; fopf;fr; nra;tjhfTk;> rpfpr;ir toq;fyhkh Ntz;lhkh vd;gij KbT nra;Ak; cupik murpd; trk; te;JtpLk;. ,J ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; %yk; va;l;]; Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;l;ltu;fSf;F toq;Ftjhf cWjpaspf;fg;gl;Ls;s cupikiaNa ghjpg;gilar; nra;JtpLk; vd Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLfpwJ. Njrpa va;l;]; fl;Lg;ghl;L jpl;lj;Jf;F (Na-tional Aids Control Programme) epjp xJf;fPL nra;tJ Fwpj;J ve;j xU mk;rKk; ,r;rl;lj;jpy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. mNjNghy; Kd; vg;NghJk; ,y;yhj tifapy; kj;jpa muR epfohz;by; ,e;j jpl;lj;Jf;F epjp xJf;fPlhf &gha; 2 Mapuk; Nfhbia kl;LNk xJf;fpAs;sJ. ,J ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; mila tpUk;Gk; Fwpf;NfhSf;F jilahf ,Uf;Fk; vd Fw;wk; rhw;wg;gLfpwJ.
x
nghJkf;fs; n`r;.I.tp. apdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> muR cs;spl;l midj;Jg; gpuptp duhYk; ,j;jifanjhU rl;lj;jpd; Njit czug;gl;l epiyapy; ,e;j kNrhjhit tbtikg;gjw;fhd jahupg;G Ntiyfs; fle;j 2002k; Mz;bNyNa njhlq;fg;gl;ld. R%f ey Mu;tyu;fs;> kUj;Jtu;fs; FO> tof;fwpQu;fs;> muR Kiwrhuh mikg;gpdu;> va;l;]; Neha;fs; eytho; rq;fq;fs; cs;spl;Nlhupd; Kd; Kaw;rpapy; tiuT kNrhjh xd;W jahupf;fg;gl;L mJ Njrpa va;l;]; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;gplk; (NAO – National AIDS Control Or-ganisation) fle;j 2006y; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
58
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
x^sD-sD....
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60
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
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z BVD mxD kV_
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61
ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
1. cyfpd; kpfg;ngUk; kdpj kugZ Muha;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij njhlq;fpAs;s ehL vJ?
(A) [g;ghd; (B) rPdh (C) ,e;jpah (D) u\;ah
2. ,e;jpahtpd; Gjpa ntspAwTr; nrayuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;stu; ahu;?
(A) V. uh[hkzp (B) kJfu; ghNt
(C) tp[a; Nfrt; NfhfNy (D) `Pird; jy;tha;
3. gpujkupd; mjpfhug;G+u;t tiyj;jsk; (www.pmindia.gov.in) vj;jid nkhopfspy; fpilf;fg;
ngWfpwJ?
(A) 11 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 13
4. Gjpa Njrpa ghJfhg;G Jiz MNyhrfuhf (NSA) epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;stu; ahu;?
(A) kdp\; ghz;Nl (B) uh[pe;ju; fz;zh
(C) mu;tpe;j; Fg;jh (D) epfpy; rpq;
5. UNSC d; Gjpa epue;jukpy;yhj cWg;gpduhf ,ize;Js;s ehL vJ?
(A) Nghye;J (B) ,e;jpah (C) [g;ghd; (D) vfpg;J
6. ,e;jpahtpd; mwptpay; jpiug;glj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w khepyk;?
(A) jkpo;ehL (B) Nfhth (C) fu;ehlfh (D) Nfush
7. Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; rk Cjpaj;ij typAWj;Jk; rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpAs;s
cyfpd; Kjy; ehL vJ?
(A) gpd;yhe;J (B) I];yhe;J (C) gpuhd;]; (D) RtPld;
8. ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdu; ehs; (NRI Day) ve;j Njjpapy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ?
(A) [dtup 6 (B) [dtup 8 (C) [dtup 7 (D) [dtup 9
9. High – risk pregnancy (HRP) ,iza thapiy mwpKfk; nra;Js;s ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; khepyk;
vJ?
(A) gQ;rhg; (B) F[uhj; (C) mupahdh (D) uh[];jhd;
10. rpf;fpk; khepyj;jpd; mjpfhug;G+u;t tpsk;gu J}juhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;stu; ahu;?
(A)V.Mu;. u`;khd; (B) ,u;ghd;
(C) eRUjPd; \h (D) mf;\a; Fkhu;
11. ve;j ehL 4-tJ ru;tNjr ju;kjk;k khehl;il elj;JfpwJ?
(A) Neghsk; (B) ,e;jpah (C) ,yq;if (D) rPdh
12. ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;jpd; Gjpa jiytu; ahu;?
(A) mku;Fg;jh (B) Nf.rptd; (C) eNue;ju; rpq; (D) etPd; Fkhu;
13. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j Njjpapy;> Njrpa ,isQu; ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ?
(A) [dtup 11 (B) [dtup 13 (C) [dtup 12 (D) [dtup 14
14. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf Neub epakdk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Kjy; ngz; tof;FiuQu; ahu;?
(A) ,e;J kPdhl;rp (B) ,e;J ky;Nfhj;uh
(C) Nuhkh N[hrg; (D) Rjh kp];uh
AW^>s-s
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ntw;wpapd; elg;G epfo;Tfs; [dtup-2018
15. ve;j VTfizapd; %yk; fhu;Nlhrhl; - 2 tupir nraw;iff;Nfhis ISRO tpz;zpy;
nrYj;jpaJ?
(A) PSLV C-44 (B) PSLV C-40 (C) PSLV C-42 (D) PSLV C-4616. ve;j khepyk; 7tJ uh\;bupa rk];fpUj rq;fuhe;jp kfh cw;rtj;ij elj;JfpwJ?
(A) Nfush (B) cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
(C) fu;ehlfh (D) rj;jP];fu;
17. Sanitary Naplan toq;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; uapy; epiyak;
vJ?
(A) jhNd uapy; epiyak; (B) Nghghy; uapy; epiyak;
(C) `ruj; eprhKjpd; uapy; epiyak; (D) nfhy;fj;jh uapy; epiyak;
18. 13-tJ ‘Iron Fist – 2018’ $l;L uhZtk; gapw;rp> mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; ve;j ehl;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa
njhlq;fpAs;sJ?
(A) [g;ghd; (B) kNyrpah (C) jha;yhe;J (D) ,e;jpah
19. 70-tJ uhZt ehs;> ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j Njjpapy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ?
(A) [dtup 13 (B) [dtup 15 (C) [dtup 14 (D) [dtup 16
20. nrthypa tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jpa fl;lf; fiyQu; ahu;?
(A) [];tu;ah bg;dp]; (B) ,g;uhfpk; my;frp
(C) tp[a; Nfrt; NfhfNy (D) \Pyh = gpufh\;
21. ve;j efuj;jpy; 3tJ ‘nua;rpdh Ngr;Rthu;j;ij – 2018” eilngw;wJ?
(A) GNd (B) GJnly;yp (C) fhe;jp efu; (D) nrd;id
22. ‘];ntr; Mjhj;”> ‘];ntr; ghuj;” gpur;rhuj;Jf;fhd ey;nyz;z J}ju; ahu;?
(A) fPu;j;jp RNu\; (B) gpupaq;fh Nrhg;uh
(C) fky;`hrd; (D) fN[hy;
23. ve;j ehL cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa fhw;W Rj;jpfupg;ghid mikj;Js;sJ?
(A) ,e;jpah (B) rPdh (C) gq;fshNj\; (D) kpahd;ku;
24. ve;j khepy muR fiyQu;fSf;fhf ‘Kjyikr;ru; fiy cjtpj; jpl;lj;ij” njhlq;fg;gl;lJ?
(A) xbrh (B) Nfush (C) jkpo;ehL (D) njYq;fhdh
25. Njrpa Nguplu; kPl;Gg;gilapd; 13-tJ cja jpdk;> ve;j Njjpapy; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ?
(A) [dtup 16 (B) [dtup 18 (C) [dtup 17 (D) [dtup 19
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C D B A B B D C A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20A B C B B C B A B A21 22 23 24 25B D B A D
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