Biology 2401 Orientation, the Microscope, and the Language ...facultyweb.wcjc.edu/users/biology/2401COMPHANDOUTS216.pdfWCJC Biology 2401 Rev 082010 PAGE 1 Biology 2401 Orientation,

WCJC Biology 2401 Rev 082010 PAGE 1

Biology 2401 Orientation, the Microscope, and the Language of Anatomy

Purpose: This lab will 1) introduce policies and procedures of the laboratory, 2) introduce anatomical and directional terms used to describe the human body, and 3) identify major organs in the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and 4) describe use of the microscope. I. Orientation

A. Discuss lab syllabus and schedule B. Discuss expectations and testing procedures

II. The Microscope

A. Describe the parts of the compound microscope B. Demonstrate proper use of the microscope

C. Determine total magnification of a viewed specimen

III. The Language of Anatomy

A. Describe anatomical position B. Describe directional terms, anatomical terms/regions

(models), and body planes (models) C. Identify major body cavities (models) D. List and identify locations for serous membranes of the

thoracic and abdominal cavities (models) E. Identify abdominal quadrants and regions (models)

In addition to the general goals above, specific anatomical structures that the student must be able to identify are listed below. A few select structures may be added to the list at the discretion of the instructor.

The Microscope and the Language of Anatomy

Description Page

I. Microscopeeye piece or ocularheadarmbaselight sourcestagemechanical stagerevolving nosepieceobjective lenses

- scanning lens (4X)- low power lens (10X)- high power lens (40X)

coarse adjustmentfine adjustmentiris diaphragm

II. Calculation of total magnification:total magnification =eye piece x objective lens

III. Anatomical Position and Surface AnatomyIV. Directional Termsanterior/ventralposterior/dorsalsuperior/cephaladinferior/caudalsuperficialdeepproximaldistalmediallateral

V. Body positionsupineprone

VI. Body Planes and Sectionssagittalmidsagittaltransversefrontal/coronal


The Microscope and the Language of Anatomy

Description PageVII. Body Cavities and SubdivisionsA. dorsal body cavity

1. cranial cavity2. spinal/vertebral cavity

B. ventral body cavity1. thoracic cavity

a. pericardial cavityb. pleural cavities

2. abdominopelvicIdentify the diaphragm

VIII. Abdominopelvic Quadrants (4) and Regions (9)right upper quadrant (RUQ)right lower quadrant (RLQ)left upper quadrant (LUQ)left lower quadrant (LLQ)right/left hypochondriac regionright/left lumbar regionright/left iliac (inguinal) regionepigastric regionumbilical regionhypogastric (pubic) regionIX. Serous MembranesA. surrounding the lungs

1. parietal pleura2. visceral pleura

B. surrounding the heart1. parietal pericardium2. visceral pericardium

C. surrounding the abdominopelvic cavity1. parietal peritoneum2. visceral peritoneum



Biology 2401 The Cell, Tissues, and Integumentary System

Purpose:

This lab will describe the structures of a generalized cell, the four main types of tissues (and selected subtypes), and the regions and structures in human skin.

I. The Cell

A. Identify the plasma membrane (model)

B. Identify the organelles found in the cytosol (model)

C. Identify the nucleus and its components (model)

II. Tissues

A. List the four main types of tissues

B. Classify epithelial tissue based on the number of layers andshape (slides)

C. Observe and identify the main types of tissues and selectedsubtypes (models and slides)

III. The Integumentary System

A. Identify the layers of the epidermis (models and slide)

B. Identify the dermis and accessory structures (models and slide)

C. Describe the composition of the hypodermis

D. Observe a slide of human skin and identify thedermis and the layers of the epidermis


The Cell, Tissues, and Integumentary System

Structure Description Page

I. CellA. plasma membraneB. cytoplasm

1. cytosol2. organelles

a. mitochondriab. smooth endoplasmic reticulumc. rough endoplasmic reticulumd. ribosomese. golgi apparatusf. centriolesg. centrosomeh. lysosomei. nucleus

i. nuclear membrane/envelopeii nuclear poresiii. nucleolusiii. chromatin

II. TissuesA. epithelial

1. simple squamous epithelium2. stratified squamous epithelium3. simple cuboidal epithelium4. simple columnar epithelium

B. connective1. loose connective tissue2. cartilage3. bone4. blood

C. muscle1. skeletal muscle2. cardiac muscle3. smooth muscle

D. nervous


The Cell, Tissues, and Integumentary System


III. Integumentary SystemSkin (cutaneous membrane)A. epidermis

1. stratum basale2. stratum spinosum3. stratum granulosum4. stratum lucidum (in thick skin)5. stratum corneum

B. dermis1. dermal papilla2. Meissner's corpuscle3. Pacinian corpuscle4. sudoriferous glands5. sebaceous glands6. hair follicle7. arrector pili muscle8. blood vessels

Hypodermis-subcutaneous tissue



Biology 2401 The Skeletal System

Purpose:

The lab will describe the microscopic and gross anatomy of bone, identify bones of the body, and identify important bone markings.

I. Overview of the Skeleton

A. Discuss names and descriptions of bone markings

B. Identify the four main types of bone (articulated or disarticulated skeleton)

C. Identify major anatomical structures of a typical long bone (model and bone)

II. Histology

A. Identify major structures of the osteon(model and slide)

B. Identify the structures of compact bone(model and slide)

III. Axial Skeleton (Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Hyoid)

A. Identify bones of the axial skeleton (articulated ordisarticulated skeleton)

B. Identify selected bone markings (articulated or disarticulatedskeleton)

IV. Appendicular Skeleton

A. Identify selected bones of the appendicular skeleton (articulated ordisarticulated skeleton)

B. Identify selected bone markings (articulated or disarticulated skeleton)


The Skeletal System

Description Page

GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONEproximal epiphysisdistal epiphysisdiaphysismedullary cavity

X-SECTION OF COMPACT BONEperiosteumperforating/Sharpey's fibersendosteumperforating/Volkmann's canalosteon (Haversian system)

- central/Haversian canal (contains blood vessels, nerves)

- lamella- lacuna- osteocyte- canaliculus

SKULL - CRANIAL BONES:Frontal

- frontal/coronal sutureParietal

- sagittal sutureTemporal

- squamous suture- zygomatic process- external acoustic/auditory meatus- mastoid process- styloid process- carotid canal

Occipital- lambdoid suture- occipital condyles- foramen magnum- external occipital protuberance

Sphenoid- sella turcica

Ethmoid- middle nasal concha- superior nasal concha- ethmoid air cells- crista galli- perpendicular plate

AXIAL SKELETON


The Skeletal System

Description PageSKULL - FACIAL BONES:NasalMaxilla

- palatine process of the maxillae- infraorbital foramen

PalatineInferior nasal conchaZygomaticMandible

- mental foramen- mandibular foramen- mandibular condyle- coronoid process- angle- ramus- body

LacrimalVomer

HYOID BONE:VERTEBRAE:Cervical - (C1-C7)

- atlas (C1)- axis (C2)

- dens (odontoid process)Thoracic - (T1-T12)Lumbar - (L1-L5)Sacral (sacrum) - 5 fusedCoccyx - 3 to 5 fused

Markings of a typical vertebrae: dorsal spinous process transverse process vertebral foramen (forms cavity) body lamina pedicle

Other vertebral structures: intervertebral foramen intervertebral disc

- annulus fibrosus - nucleus pulposus


The Skeletal System

Description Page

STERNUM: manubrium

- suprasternal/jugular notch body xiphoid process

RIBS (12 pair):true ribs (pairs 1-7)false ribs (pairs 8-10) floating ribs (pairs 11-12)costal cartilage

PECTORAL GIRDLE:Clavicle

- acromial end- sternal end

Scapula- glenoid cavity/fossa- superior border- lateral/axillary border- medial/vertebral border- spine- acromion process- coracoid process- supraspinous fossa- infraspinous fossa

UPPER LIMB:Humerus

- head- greater tubercle- lesser tubercle- surgical neck- medial epicondyle- lateral epicondyle- trochlea- capitulum- coronoid fossa- olecranon fossa- deltoid tuberosity

APPENDICULAR SKELETON


The Skeletal System

Description PageUlna

- styloid process- coronoid process- olecranon process- trochlear/semilunar notch- radial notch

Radius- head- radial tuberosity- styloid process- neck

Carpals (8 per hand)Metacarpals (5 per hand)metacarpophalangeal (MP) jointPhalanges (14 per hand)proximal phalangesmiddle phalangesdistal phalangesinterphalangeal (IP) joint

PELVIC GIRDLE (2 coxal bones):- acetabulum

Ilium- iliac crest- anterior superior iliac spine- greater sciatic notch

Ishium- ischial tuberosity- ischial spine

Pubis- obturator foramen

pubic symphysis (cartilage)


The Skeletal System

Description Page

LOWER LIMB:Femur

- head- neck- greater trochanter- lesser trochanter- gluteal tuberosity- medial condyle- lateral condyle- intercondylar fossa/notch)- medial epicondyle- lateral epicondyle

PatellaTibia

- medial condyle- lateral condyle- anterior border/crest- medial malleolus- intercondylar eminence- tibial tuberosity

Fibula- head- lateral malleolus

Tarsals (7 per foot) calcaneus talusMetatarsals (5 per foot)Phalanges (14 per foot) proximal phalanges middle phalanges distal phalanges



Biology 2401 The Muscular System

Purpose:

This lab will discuss the three types of muscle tissue and identify major skeletal muscles. The origins, insertions and actions will also be described for select muscles.

I. Muscle Histology

A. Identify the three types of muscle tissue and selected structures thatdistinguish each type (model and slides)

B. Identify selected structures in skeletal muscletissue (model only)

C. Identify a neuromuscular junction and identifyselected structures that form the neuromuscularjunction (model and slide)

II. Skeletal Muscles

A. Discuss the naming mechanisms ofskeletal muscle

B. Identify selected skeletal muscles(muscle models)

III. Origins, Insertions, and Actions

A. Discuss the terms: origin, insertion, and action

B. Identify the origin(s), insertion(s), or action(s) of select skeletal muscles withrespect to the muscle itself. (muscle models)

C. Identify the origins, insertions, actions or names of select skeletal muscleswith respect to bone markings. (articulated or disarticulated skeleton)


The Muscular System

Description PageMICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLEendomysiumsarcolemmasarcoplasmmyofibrilnucleusneuromuscular junction

- motor axon- axon teminal- motor end plate (MEP)- myelin

Slides and Muscle Tissue Modelsskeletal muscle

-nucleus-striations (model only)

cardiac muscle-intercalated discs-nucleus-striations (model only)

smooth muscle-nucleus (model only)

neuromuscular junction

IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED SKELETAL MUSCLESOf facial expressionfrontalisorbicularis oculi zygomaticusorbicularis orismentalisbuccinator

Of masticationmasseter *temporalis *digastric *That act the head and necksternocleidomastoid *

** structure is not a muscle* also learn insertion, origin, and action of these muscles


The Muscular System

Description PageOf respirationexternal intercostalsinternal intercostalsdiaphragmOf the abdominal wallrectus abdominis *external obliqueinternal obliquetransversus abdominis**linea albaOf the anterior thoraxpectoralis minorserratus anteriorOf the posterior thoraxtrapeziuslevator scapulaerhomboids

That act the armpectoralis major *latissimus dorsi *deltoid *rotator cuff muscles-SITS

- supraspinatus- infraspinatus- teres minor- subscapularis

teres majortriceps brachii *

- long head- medial head- lateral head

biceps brachii *brachialis *brachioradialisThat act the wrist and fingersflexorsextensors

** structure is not a muscle* also learn insertion, origin, and action of these muscles


The Muscular System

Description PageThat act the thighiliopsoas *sartorius *adductor magnusadductor longusgracilisgluteus maximus *gluteus mediusgluteus minimus

tensor fasciae latae**iliotibial tractThat act the legquadriceps femoris *

- vastus lateralis- vastus medialis- vastus intermedius- rectus femoris

hamstrings *- biceps femoris

- semitendinosus- semimembranosus

That act the foot and ankletibialis anterior *fibularis longusgastrocnemius *

- medial head- lateral head

soleus**Achilles/calcaneal tendon

* also learn insertion, origin, and action of these muscles** structure is not a muscle


Origin, Insertion and Action of Selected Skeletal Muscles

Muscles Origin Insertion Action

masseter zygomatic bone (zygomatic arch) posterior 1/3 mandible elevates mandible

temporalis temporal bone (temporal fossa)

coronoid process of mandible elevates mandible

digastric inferior mandible, temporal hyoid bone depresses mandible

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sternocleidomastoid manubrium and medial clavicle

mastoid process of temporal bone

single: rotate head to opposite side; both: flex head

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rectus abdominis pubic symphysis xiphoid process, costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen

trapeziusoccipital bone, dorsal spinous processes (thoracic vertebrae)

clavicle, scapula (acromion process, spine)

extends head; elevates scapula

latissimus dorsi dorsal spine (T7 to sacrum), iliac crest humerus (proximal 1/3) extends arm; adducts and

medially rotates arm

rhomboids (major & minor)

dorsal spinous processes of C7-T5

medial border of scapula adducts scapula

deltoidclavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula

deltoid tuberosity of humerus abducts arm

triceps brachii scapula and humerus olecranon process of ulna extends forearm

pectoralis majorclavicle, sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 1-7

greater tubercle of humerus

flexes arm; adducts, and medially rotates arm

biceps brachiicoracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

radial tuberosity flexes forearm

iliopsoas transverse processes of T12-L5; iliac fossa

lesser trochanter of femur major flexor of thigh

sartorius anterior superior iliac spine proximal tibia flexes and laterally rotates

thigh

origin - attachment point of the muscle that does not move during muscular contractioninsertion - attachment that moves during contractionaction - effect the muscle has on a part of the body

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Origin, Insertion and Action of Selected Skeletal Muscles

Muscles Origin Insertion ActionM

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Thig

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ilium (rectus femoris) and femur tibial tuberosity extends leg (rectus femoris

also flexes thigh)

hamstrings ischial tuberosity head of fibula, proximal 1/3 tibia extends thigh, flexes leg

gluteus maximus iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx proximal 1/3 femur extends thigh

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g tibialis anterior lateral condyle and upper 2/3 of tibia metatarsal 1 dorsiflexion

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Biology 2401 The Nervous System

Purpose:

This lab will describe the composition of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and selected special senses.

I. Introduction to the Nervous SystemA. Identify the structures of a neuron (models)

B. List the main divisions of the nervous system

II. The Central Nervous SystemA. Identify the regions and lobes of the brain

(models)

B. Identify the selected structures in the brain(models and preserved specimen)

C. Identify the ventricles of the brain (models and preservedspecimen)

D. Identify major regions in a cross section of a spinal cord(models and slide)

III. The Peripheral Nervous SystemA. Identify selected cranial nerves (models and preserved specimen)

B. Identify each major nerve plexus and selected nerves that arisefrom each plexus (models)

IV. The Special SensesA. Identify selected structures of the mammalian eye (models and

preserved specimen)

B. Identify extrinsic eye muscles (models)

C. Identify selected structures of the external,middle, and inner ear (models)

V. DissectionsA. Dissect the sheep brain (p. 78-81)

B. Dissect the cow eye (p. 90)


The Nervous System


Model of Neuron cell bodyaxon

dendritenucleusaxon hillockmyelin sheathSchwann cell axon terminalNissl bodiesnodes of Ranvier

Slide of multipolar neuronaxoncell bodydendrite

Brain CEREBRUM*

cerebral hemisphereslongitudinal fissure*gyri*sulci*cerebral cortex (gray matter)*cerebral white matter*precentral gyruscentral sulcuspostcentral gyrusfrontal lobeparietal lobesoccipital lobetemporal lobescorpus callosum*cingulate gyrus lateral ventricles*

* also identify structure in dissected organ


The Nervous System

Description PageDIENCEPHALON

optic chiasm*thalamus*hypothalamus*pituitary gland*infundibulumthird ventriclepineal gland*

CEREBELLUM*vermisarbor vitae*

BRAIN STEMmidbrainpons*medulla oblongata*corpora quadrigemina*

- superior colliculus*- inferior colliculus*

cerebral aqueduct*fourth ventricle*

Spinal Cord white mattergray matter

- gray commissure- ventral/anterior horn- dorsal/posterior horn- central canal

dorsal root gangliondorsal rootventral rootspinal nerve



The Nervous System

Description Page

Meninges and Spaces dura mater*arachnoid materpia materepidural spacesubarachnoid space

Cranial Nerves olfactory bulb and tract * (site where olfactory nerve fibers forming CN I will synapse)optic nerves (CN II)trigeminal nerve (CN V)facial nerve (CN VII)vagus nerve (CN X)vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Nerve Plexuses & Spinal Nerves cervical plexusbrachial plexus

-radial nerve-ulnar nerve-median nerve

lumbar plexussacral plexus

-sciatic nerve-tibial nerve-common fibular nerve

sympathetic chain ganglion



The Nervous System

Description Page

Anatomy of the Eyesclera*choroid*retina*ciliary body*irispupil*

suspensory ligaments of lenslens*optic nerve (CN II)*optic discanterior segment/cavity

- aqueous humorposterior segment/cavity

- vitreous humor*ora serratacornea*lacrimal glandfovea centralis (fovea)

tapetum lucidum **

Extrinsic Eye Musclessuperior rectusinferior rectus medial rectus lateral rectus superior oblique inferior oblique

* *identify structure only in dissected cow/calf eye* also identify structure in dissected organ


The Nervous System

Description Page

Anatomy of the Earauricle/pinna

external acoustic/auditory meatus (external auditory canal)tympanic membranemiddle ear cavityauditory ossicles

- malleus- incus- stapes

pharyngotympanic/auditory tubeoval windowround windowvestibulesemicircular canals (contain semicircular ducts)

- anterior semicircular canal- posterior semicircular canal- lateral semicircular canal

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)internal carotid artery tensor tympani muscle cochlea-scala vestibuli

-scala tympani-cochlear duct (scala media)-tectorial membrane-basilar membrane-hair cells



Documents

Biology 2401 Orientation, the Microscope, and the Language ...facultyweb.wcjc.edu/users/biology/2401COMPHANDOUTS216.pdfWCJC Biology 2401 Rev 082010 PAGE 1 Biology 2401 Orientation,