This lab will identify the selected endocrine glands ...facultyweb.wcjc.edu/users/biology/2402COMPHANDOUTS2016.pdf · WCJC Biology 2402 Rev 082715 PAGE 1 Biology 2402 The Endocrine

WCJC Biology 2402 Rev 082715 PAGE 1

Biology 2402 The Endocrine System

Purpose: This lab will identify the selected endocrine glands (indicated by *). Gland Hormone Function *HYPOTHALAMUS Releasing hormones Control ant. pituitary

*PITUITARY GLAND

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH

Controls 3 adrenal cortex hormones

Human Growth hormone hGH

Anabolic hormone targets bones, muscles, liver & other tissues

Prolactin

Initiates milk secretion

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

Controls the thyroid gland

Follicle stimulating hormone FSH

Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation & estrogen production. Sperm production in males

Adenohypophysis – (6)

Luteinizing hormone LH

Females- triggers ovulation Males- Promotes testosterone production

OT- Oxytocin

uterine contraction, milk ejection

Neurohypophysis (2)

ADH – Antidiuretic hormone

Conserves water thus it, concentrates the urine

*PINEAL GLAND Melatonin

Circadian rhythm & Induces sleep


*THYROID GLAND (model & slide) (2) Follicular cells

T3+T4 Thyroxine

Basal Metabolic rate

Parafollicular cells CT- Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels

PARATHYROID GLAND PTH – Parathyroid hormone

Raises blood calcium levels

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose levels

*PANCREAS (model & slide) (2) Islets of Langerhans

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose levels

*ADRENAL GLANDS: Aldosterone

Retains Na and water. Raises BP

Glucocorticoids

Depresses inflammatory and immune responses

Adrenal cortex (3 )

Androgens

Source of sex hormones in pre and post reproductive years

Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine Prolongs fight or flight response

*TESTES (slide and model) Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

Testosterone

Anabolic hormone- builds bones, muscles, RBCs, speeds sperm production

*OVARIES (slide & model) (2) Graafian follicle Estrogens

Maintains reproductive organs and breasts. And many more functions

Corpus luteum Progesterone

Maintains the endometrial lining


Biology 2402 The Cardiovascular System - Heart

Purpose: This lab will identify the structures of the human heart and the histology of cardiac muscle. I. Orientation

A. Discuss lab syllabus and schedule B. Discuss expectations and testing procedures

II. Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle

A. Identify cardiac muscle tissue (model and slide)

B. Identify structures found in cardiac muscle

tissue (model and slide) III. Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart A. Identify the layers of the heart wall (models) B. Identify the structures of the human heart (models) C. Identify the major arteries of the heart (models) D. Identify the structures of the cardiac conduction

system In addition to the general goals above, specific anatomical structures that the student must be able to identify are listed below. A few select structures may be added to the list at the discretion of the instructor.

The Cardiovascular System: Heart


Description PageCARDIAC MUSCLE HISTOLOGY (slide and/or model)intercalated discsstriationsbranched cardiac cellsnucleus

HEART ANATOMYmediastinum baseapex

Layers of the Heart Wall:epicardium (visceral pericardium) myocardiumendocardium

Chambers and Associated Structures:

right atriumright ventricleleft atriumleft ventricletrabeculae carneaeinterventricular septuminteratrial septum

Heart Valves and Associated Structures:A. atrioventricular (AV) valves

1. tricuspid valve2. biscuspid/mitral valve

B. semilunar valves1. pulmonary valve2. aortic valve

AV valve structures:chordae tendineaepapillary muscles

The Cardiovascular System: Heart


Description PageBlood Vessels Entering the Right Atrium:superior vena cavainferior vena cavacoronary sinus

Blood Vessels Exiting the Right Ventricle to Enter the Lungs:pulmonary trunk

-right pulmonary artery-left pulmonary artery

Blood Vessels Entering the Left Atrium From the Lungs:right and left pumonary veins (4)

Blood Vessels Exiting the Left Ventricle:asending aorta

-origin of right coronary artery-origin of left coronary artery

aortic arch

Fetal Remnants:ligamentum arteriosumfossa ovalis

Coronary Circulation:A. right coronary artery (RCA)

1. marginal artery2. posterior interventricular artery

B. left coronary artery (LCA)1. anterior interventricular artery2. circumflex artery

Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System:sinoatrial (SA) nodeatrioventricular (AV) nodeatrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)right bundle branchleft bundle branchPurkinje fibers


Biology 2402 The Cardiovascular System - Heart Dissection

Purpose:

The purpose of this lab is to dissect a mammalian heart and review important anatomical structures.

Heart Dissection (p. 102)

A. Identify major blood vessels

B. Dissect and identify the major structures of a mammalian heart

List of structures that should be identified depending on the condition of the heart:

Structure Comments superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk pulmonary vein(s) aorta coronary sinus right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle aortic semilunar valve pulmonary semilunar valve interventricular septum tricuspid valve bicuspid valve chordae tendineae papillary muscles trabeculae carneae


Biology 2402 Cardiovascular Physiology: EKG and Blood Pressure

Purpose:

This lab will cover many aspects of cardiovascular physiology including: 1) collection and analysis of an EKG, 2) using the scientific method to assess the effect of exercise on EKG, and 3) measurement of blood pressure.

I. Electrocardiography (EKG or ECG) Lab Activity (also see lab copy)

A. Describe sequence of electrical conductivity of the heart

B. Use the Spark SLS to collect an EKG:

1. Associate the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave of an EKG withelectrical events that occur in the heart

2. Compare EKG results collected after both rest and exercise using thescientific method.

II. Blood Pressure

A. Identify the instruments used to measure blood pressure use sphygmomanometer and stethoscope sounds heard through stethoscope are sounds of Korotkoff

B. Define the following terms: blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolicblood pressure, and pulse pressure

blood pressure-force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by its blood

blood pressure is measured in mmHg systolic blood pressure - pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular

ejection diastolic blood pressure - pressure during ventricular relaxation

example of normal healthy blood pressure: 110 <--- systolic 80 <--- diastolic

C. Understand and use proper procedure for measuring blood pressure1) Clean earpieces w/ alcohol and let dry2) Make sure all air is out of cuff3) Place cuff on arm just above elbow; place stethoscope over brachial

artery4) Close valve on bulb; pump bulb to increase pressure in cuff - up to 160

mmHg (presumably over systolic blood pressure so that the brachialartery will be closed)

5) Open valve slightly to release air --> cuff pressure decreases6) Listen for first tapping sound. Record as systolic blood pressure.7) Continue to listen until sound disappears. Record as diastolic pressure.


Biology 2402 The Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels) and the Lymphatic System

Purpose:

The major goals of this lab are to describe the microscopic anatomy of a blood vessel and identify selected arteries and veins in the human body. In addition, selected structures of the lymphatic system will be identified.

I. Blood Vessels

A. Identify the three blood vessel layers (tunics) on anartery model

B. Identify selected systemic arteries and veins

C. Identify the structures of a neurovascular bundle

II. Other Circulations

A. Identify vessels of the pulmonary circulation

B. Identify selected vessels that supply the brain

III. Structures of the Lymphatic System

A. Identify the spleen, lymph nodes,and lymphatic vessels

In addition to the general goals above, specific anatomical structures that the student must be able to identify are listed below. A few select structures may be added to the list at the discretion of the instructor.

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels


Description PageBLOOD VESSEL HISTOLOGYtunica intima/internatunica mediatunica externa/adventitia)

neurovascular bundle-nerve-artery-vein

MAJOR SYSTEMIC ARTERIESI. Branches of the Aorta:

A. ascending aortaB. aortic arch

1. brachiocephalic trunk2. left common carotid artery3. left subclavian artery

C. thoracic aortaD. abdominal aorta

intercostal arteries

II. Arteries to the Head and Neckcommon carotid artery

A. internal carotid arteryB. external carotid artery

vertebral artery

III. Artery Supply to Upper Limbs:subclavian arteryaxillary arterybrachial arteryradial arteryulnar arterypalmar archesdigital arteries

IV. Arteries of the Abdomenceliac trunk

A. left gastric arteryB. common hepatic arteryC. splenic artery

superior mesenteric arteryrenal arterygonadal artery:

-ovarian artery (in female)-testicular artery (in male)

inferior mesenteric artery

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels


Description Page

V. Arteries of the Pelvis:common iliac artery

-external iliac artery-internal iliac artery

VI. Arteries of the Lower Limb:femoral arterypopliteal arteryposterior tibial arteryanterior tibial arteryfibular arteryplantar archdorsalis pedis arterydigital arteries

MAJOR SYSTEMIC VEINSsuperior vena cavainferior vena cavainternal jugular veinexternal jugular veinsubclavian veinbrachiocephalic vein (right and left)cephalic veinbasilic veinmedian cubital veingreater saphenous vein

SPECIAL CIRCULATIONSI. Pulmonary Circulation:pulmonary trunkpulmonary arteriespulmonary veins

II. Arterial Supply of the Brain:vertebral arterybasilar arterycerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)internal carotid arteryanterior cerebral arterymiddle cerebral arteryposterior cerebral artery

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMspleenlymph nodelymphatic vessels


Biology 2402 The Cardiovascular System (Blood) and the Immune System

Purpose:

This lab will 1) identify the formed elements of blood and their general functions, 2) demonstrate the interrelationship of the immune system and cardiovascularsystem, 3) demonstrate the procedure of blood typing, and 4) interpret the resultsof blood typing.

I. Blood Cells

A. Identify and discuss general functions of red bloodcells (erythrocytes) and platelets (slides andmodels)

B. Identify the different types of white blood cells (leukocytes) and classifyas a granulocyte or agranulocyte (slides andmodels) and their general function in immunity.

C. Recognize relationship between plasma, bloodcells, and total blood volume

D. Discuss lab procedure for determining hematocritand hemoglobin.

E. Define anemia and polycythemia in terms of hematocrit

II. Blood Typing

A. Discuss classification of blood type. determined by presence or absence of specific antigens

(agglutinogens) on the surface of red blood cells 3 antigens are particularly important (antigen A, antigen B, antigen

D) the presence or absence of antigen A or B determines whether

a blood type is A, B, AB, or O the presence of antigen D indicates a blood type that is Rh

positive (Rh+) and the absence of antigen D indicates a blood type that is Rh negative (Rh-)

B. Perform the procedure for typing blood (artificial blood and 3-well platewill be used) plasma contains antibodies (agglutinins) that will attack the

antigens on red blood cells that are “foreign” when antibodies attack it leads to clumping or agglutination of

cells and may lead to hemolysis (lysing of red blood cells)


this is a cross-reaction and an example of what could occur if donor and recipient blood types do not match

typing of blood involves exposure of sample blood to antibodies if a reaction (clumping and agglutination) occurs, then that indicates

that the antigen is present.

B. Interpret the results.

Rxn=agglutination, No Rxn=no reactionDraw a picture in each box showing the result.Write down the blood type of each.

Sample Anti-A antibody Anti-B antibody Anti-D antibody Blood Type James Rxn No Rxn Rxn

Susan Rxn No Rxn No Rxn

Alicia No Rxn Rxn Rxn

John No Rxn Rxn No Rxn

Kate Rxn Rxn Rxn

Mike Rxn Rxn No Rxn

Ann No Rxn No Rxn Rxn

Liz No Rxn No Rxn No Rxn


Blood


Description Page

Formed Elements:I. erythrocytes (red blood cells)II. leukocytes (white blood cells)

A. granulocytes1. neutrophil2. eosinophil3. basophil

B. agranuloctyes1. lymphocyte2. monocyte

III. platelets


Biology 2402 The Respiratory System

Purpose:

This lab will 1) identify the structures of the respiratory system, 2) identify associated lymphatic tissues, and 3) measure pulmonary function using spirometery.

I. Anatomy of the Respiratory System

A. Identify the respiratory structuresand associated lymphatic tissuesof the head, throat and thoraciccavity (models)

B. Observe the histology of a healthylung and a diseased lung (slides)

II. Spirometry

A. Define tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), inspiratoryreserve volume (IRV), vital capacity (VC).

B. Recognize normal values of variables of pulmonary function tests

C. Measure pulmonary volumes and capacities using a wet spirometerand/or Spark SLS (see additional lab handout).

Step Volume/Capacity Trial 1 (ml) Trial 2 (ml) Trial 3 (ml) Average (ml) 1 Tidal volume

2 Expiratory reserve volume

3 Vital capacity (VC=TV+ERV+IRV)

4 Inspiratory reserve volume

CALCULATE: IRV=VC-(TV+ERV)

5 % normal vital capacity

CALCULATE: Your VC x 100%= Predicted VC


The Respiratory System


Description PageNasal Cavity and Associated Structures:external naresnasal cavityhard palatesoft palateuvulainferior nasal conchae/turbinatesmiddle nasal conchae/turbinatessuperior nasal conchae/turbinates

Paranasal Sinuses:frontal sinussphenoid sinusethmoid air cells

Pharynx:A. nasopharynx

1. opening of auditory tube2. pharyngeal tonsil "adenoids"

B. oropharynx1. palatine tonsils "tonsils"2. lingual tonsils

C. laryngopharynx

Larynx:thyroid artilagecricoid cartilagecricothyroid ligamentepiglottisvestibular folds (false vocal cords)vocal folds (true vocal cords)glottis vallecula

Trachea and Associated Structures:carina primary bronchi (2)secondary/lobar bronchi (3 right/2 left)tertiary/segmental bronchibronchiolesterminal bronchiolesrespiratory bronchiolesalveolar ductalveolar sacalveoli

The Respiratory System


Description PageLungs:thoracic cavityright lung

-superior, middle, and inferior lobesleft lung

-superior and inferior lobes-cardiac notch

pleural membranes-visceral pleura-parietal pleura

Muscles of Respiration:external intercostalsinternal intercostalsdiaphragm

Pulmonary Circulation:pulmonary arteriespulmonary veins

Slides:normal healthy lung

-alveoli-bronchiole

anthracosis -coal dust (plaque)

emphysema ciliated columnar epithelium


Biology 2402 The Digestive System

Purpose:

This lab will identify the structures of the digestive system and study the histology of selected structures (including associated lymphatic tissues).

I. Anatomy of the Digestive System

A. Identify the organs and structures ofthe alimentary canal

B. Identify the structures of the liver,gallbladder, and pancreas

II. Histology

A. Identify the layers and associatedstructures in the model of a cross-section of the small intestine

B. Identify the structures in models of theliver and pancreas

C. Identify lymphatic tissues associatedwith the digestive system


The Digestive System


Description PageMAJOR STRUCTURESI. Oral Cavity

A. tongueB. salivary glands

1. parotid gland2. submandibular gland3. sublingual gland

C. dentition1. central incisors2. lateral incisors3. canines4. premolars/bicuspids5. molars (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

D. hard palate1. palatine process of maxillae2. palatine bone

E. soft palate1. uvula

II. PharynxA. oropharynxB. nasopharynxC. laryngopharynx

III. Esophaguslower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter or cardio-esophageal sphincter)

IV. StomachA. regions

1 cardiac region2. fundus3. body4. pylorus

B. other structures1. greater curvature2. lesser curvature3. pyloric sphincter4. rugae

C. muscularis externa1. longitudinal layer2. circular layer3. oblique layer



Description PageV. Small Intestine

A. regions1. duodenum

a. duodenal papillab. plica circularis

2. jejunum3. ileum

a. ileocecal valveB. mesentery

VI. Large IntestineA. cecum

1. vermiform appendixB. colon

1. ascending colona. right colic (hepatic) flexure

2. transverse colona. left colic (splenic) flexure

3. descending colon4. sigmoid colon

C. rectum1. anal canal2. anus

D. other structures1. greater omentum2. haustra3. teniae coli

VII. LiverA. lobes:

1. right lobe2. left lobe3. caudate lobe 4. quadrate lobe

B. blood entry and exit:1. hepatic artery2. portal vein 3. hepatic vein4. inferior vena cava

C. biliary tree:1. gall bladder2. right and left hepatic ducts3. common hepatic duct4. cystic duct5. common bile duct



Description PageD. other structures

1. falciform ligament2. round ligament

VIII. PancreasA. regions

1. head2. body3. tail

B. major structures1. main pancreatic duct2. sphincter of

hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi)

HISTOLOGYI. X.S. of Small Intestine

A. mucosa (mucous membrane)1. lamina propria2. muscularis mucosae3. epithelium (simple columnar)4. villus

a. capillary of villusb. lacteal of villusc. Intestinal crypt (crypt of Leiberkuhn)

B. submucosa1. Peyer's patches2. Brunner's gland

C. muscularis externa1. longitudinal muscles2. circular muscles

D. serosa (visceral peritoneum)

II. Model of Liver Tissuebranch of portal veinbranch of hepatic arterybile ductsinusoidscentral veinsbile canaliculihepatocyteslymphatic vessels



Description PageIII. Model of Pancreatic Tissue ductal cells - exocrineacinar cells - exocrineislets of Langerhans - endocrine

IV. SlidesA. pancreas

1. islets of Langerhans2. acinar cells

B. liver1. hepatic lobule2. central vein3. hepatocytes4. sinusoids


Biology 2402 The Urinary System

Purpose:

This lab will identify the major structures of the urinary system.

I. Anatomy of the Urinary System

A. Identify the organs of the urinarysystem (model)

B. Identify the structures of the kidneyand bladder (model)

C. Identify the blood vessels of thekidney (model)

II. Microscopic Anatomy

A. Identify the regions of the nephronand associated structures (model)

B. Identify the associated structures ofthe glomerulus (model and slide)


The Urinary System


Structure Description Page

MAJOR ORGANSI. Kidneys

A. Structures1. renal capsule2. renal cortex3. renal medulla4. renal column5. renal pyramid6. renal papilla7. renal pelvis8. calyx9. hilum

B. blood supply1. renal artery2. renal vein3. interlobar artery4. arcuate artery5. interlobular artery6. peritubular capillaries

C. Nephrons1. types

a. cortical nephrons b. juxtamedullary nephrons

2. renal corpusclea. afferent arterioleb. glomerulusc. glomerular/Bowman's capsule

i. visceral layer (podocytes) ii. capsular spaceiii. parietal layer (squamous epithelium)

d. efferent arteriole3. renal tubule

a. proximal convoluted tubuleb. loop of Henle

i. descending limbii. ascending limb

c. distal convoluted tubuled. collecting duct

4. juxtaglomerular apparatusa. juxtaglomerular cells b. macula densa

The Urinary System


Description Page

II. Ureters

III. Urinary bladderdetrusor musclerugaeurinary trigone

IV. Urethra

V. Adrenal glands

SLIDE OF KIDNEYglomerulusBowman's capsule (simple squamous epithelium)capsular spacerenal tubule (cuboidal epithelium)


Biology 2402 The Reproductive System

Purpose:

This lab will 1) identify the organs of the male and female reproductive system, 2) examine the histology of the gonads, and 3) discuss gametogenesis.

I. Anatomy of the Reproductive System

A. Identify the structures of the malereproductive system (models)

B. Identify the structures of the femalereproductive system (models)

II. Microscopic Anatomy

A. Identify selected structures of thetestis (slide)

B. Identify selected structures of theovary (slide and models)

C. Identify the layers of the uterus(models)


The Reproductive System


Description PageMALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEMScrotum

Testis

Epididymis

Spermatic Cordvas/ductus deferens pampiniform plexus testicular artery cremaster muscle

Accessory Sex Glandsseminal vesiclesprostate glandbulbourethral (Cowper's) gland

Urethraprostatic urethramembranous urethraspongy (penile) urethra

Peniscorpus cavernosumcorpus spongiosumglans penis

Other Structures:inguinal canal ejaculatory ducturinary bladder external urethral orificeurogenital (U-G) diaphragm

Slide-cross section of testisseminiferous tubuleinterstitial/Leydig cellsspermatogoniaspermatozoa



Description PageFEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMOvaryA. primary folliceB. secondary folliceC. Graafian (mature) follicle

1. granulosa cells2. antrum with follicular3. corona radiata4. secondary oocyte

ovulationD. corpus luteumE. corpus albicans

ovarian ligament

Uterine/Fallopian tube A. infundibulum

1. fimbriaeB. ampullaC. isthmusfertilization

UterusA. regions

1. fundus2. body3. cervix

a. cervical canalb. internal osc. external os

B. layers of uterine wall1. perimetrium (serosa)2. myometrium3. endometrium

C. other structures1. uterine cavity2. broad ligament

Vaginaanterior fornixposterior fornixrugae



Description PageExternal Female Genitaliaclitorislabia majoralabia minoraexternal urethral orificevaginal orifice

Other Structuresurinary bladder urethra rectumvesico-uterine pouchrecto-uterine pouchurogenital (U-G) diaphragm

Slide- Cross-Section of Ovaryprimary follicleGraafian folliclesecondary oocytegranulosa cellsantrum

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This lab will identify the selected endocrine glands ...facultyweb.wcjc.edu/users/biology/2402COMPHANDOUTS2016.pdf · WCJC Biology 2402 Rev 082715 PAGE 1 Biology 2402 The Endocrine