Name: ____________________________________________

1) The lines on which set of views best represent Earth's latitude system?

A)

B)

C)

D)

Questions 2 and 3 refer to the following:

The isoline map below shows the average yearly precipitation, in inches, across New York State.

2) According to the isoline map shown, approximately how many inches of average yearly precipitation does Rochester, New York,receive?

A) 42 B) 38 C) 30 D) 26

3) Which New York State landscape region on the isoline map shown receives the greatest average yearly precipitation?

A) Tug Hill PlateauB) Taconic Mountains

C) CatskillsD) Adirondack Mountains

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4) The diagram below represents the Sun's apparent paths and the solar noon positions for an observer at 42D N latitude onDecember 21, September 23, and June 21.

Which diagram best shows the location of Polaris relative to the observer in the diagram?

A)

B)

C)

D)

5) From which New York State location would Polaris be observed to have an altitude closest to 43D above the northern horizon?

A) Binghamton B) New York City C) Utica D) Watertown

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Questions 6 through 9 refer to the following:

A grid system of numbers and letters appears along the edge of each map below to help locate features. Both maps show elevations infeet above sea level.

6) Which cross section best represents the topographic profile along the straight line from point Y to point Z on map B?

A)

B)

C)

D)

7) Which direction is the stream mainly flowing within grid area H-1 on map B?

A) westward B) eastward C) northward D) southward

8) Which statement correctly describes one difference between the maps shown?

A) Map A has a greater relief (elevation change between high and low locations) than map B.B) Map A generally shows gentler slopes than map B.C) Map A shows more contour lines than map B.D) Map A represents a much larger surface area than map B.

9) On map B, what is the approximate straight-line distance from the center of the X within grid area B-11 to the center of the Xwithin grid area H-11?

A) 0.3 mi B) 0.6 mi C) 1.5 mi D) 1.2 mi

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10) Letters A through D on the world map below represent locations on Earth's surface.

At which location on the map shown could an observer not see Polaris in the night sky at any time during the year?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

11) Which statement correctly describes the density of Earth's mantle compared to the density of Earth's core and crust?

A) The mantle is less dense than both the core and the crust.B) The mantle is less dense than the core, but more dense than the crust.C) The mantle is more dense than both the core and the crust.D) The mantle is more dense than the core, but less dense than the crust.

12) If the base of a cloud is located at an altitude of 2 kilometers and the top of the cloud is located at an altitude of 8 kilometers, thiscloud is located in the

A) stratosphere, onlyB) troposphere, only

C) stratosphere and mesosphereD) troposphere and stratosphere

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13) The map below shows some regions where metamorphic bedrock of the Grenville Province in northeastern North America isexposed at Earth's surface.

Which location shown on the map has surface bedrock that consists mostly of gneiss, schist, or marble?

A) 43D N 81D W B) 46D N 78D W C) 49D N 71D W D) 47D N 69D W

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Questions 14 through 17 refer to the following:

A topographic map is shown below. Elevations are in feet. Points A and B are locations on the map.

14) Which of the following graphs best represents the profile along line AB shown on the map?

A)

B)

C)

D)

15) What evidence can be used to determine that the land surface in the northeast corner of the map shown is relatively flat?

A) a rapidly flowing riverB) the dark contour line labeled 300

C) the absence of many contour linesD) a large region covered by water

16) According to the map shown, toward which direction does the Green River flow?

A) northwest B) southwest C) northeast D) southeast

17) What is the gradient along the straight line between points A and B shown on the map?

A) 35 ft/mi B) 25 ft/mi C) 20 ft/mi D) 10 ft/mi

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Questions 18 and 19 refer to the following:

The block diagrams below show a three-dimensional view of the topographic maps directly above them. Elevations are measured infeet. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on Earth's surface.

18) Which contour interval is used on both topographic maps?

A) 40 ft B) 30 ft C) 10 ft D) 20 ft

19) A stream begins to flow downhill from point D toward the depression shown on the map. After a period of time, the depressionfills with water. Overflowing water from the depression moves downhill toward point C. Which topographic map shows the mostlikely resulting change in the contour lines?

A)

B)

C)

D)

20) The topographic map below shows part of a stream.

In which general direction is the stream flowing?

A) southwest B) southeast C) northwest D) northeast

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21) The topographic map below shows a lake and two rivers.

In which direction does each of the rivers flow?

A) The Sapphire River flows west and the Garnet River flows east.B) The Sapphire River flows east and the Garnet River flows west.C) The Sapphire River and the Garnet River both flow east.D) The Sapphire River and the Garnet River both flow west.

22) The approximate latitude of Utica, New York, is

A) 75D151 W B) 75D151 E C) 43D051 S D) 43D051 N

23) The diagram below shows an observer measuring the altitude of Polaris.

What is the latitude of the observer?

A) 20D S B) 20D N C) 70D S D) 70D N

24) The topographic map below shows two hills labeled A and B. The tributary streams labeled X and Y have the same volume ofwater.

Which statement does the map best support?

A) Hill A is higher than hill B.B) Stream Y flows faster than stream X.

C) Stream X flows faster than stream Y.D) Hill B is higher than hill A.

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25) The altitude of the ozone layer near the South Pole is 20 kilometers above sea level. Which temperature zone of the atmospherecontains this ozone layer?

A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) thermosphere D) mesosphere

26) The map represents a portion of Earth's surface in the Pacific Ocean. The positions of islands, earthquake epicenters, activevolcanoes, and the Tonga Trench are shown. Lines of latitude and longitude have been included.

The cross section shows earthquakes that occurred beneath line XY on the map. The scale along the left side of the crosssection indicates depth beneath Earth's surface, as are the range of depths for shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes. Thescale along the bottom of the cross section indicates distance from the trench.

According to the map, the latitude and longitude of the center of Vanau Leva is closest to

A) 17D S 181D E B) 17D S 179D E C) 17D N 179D W D) 17D N 181D W

Questions 27 and 28 refer to the following:

The represents Mt. Hekla, a volcano in Iceland. The isolines represent the thickness of ash, in centimeters, that settled on Earth's

surface after a volcanic eruption of Mt. Hekla on March 29, 1947. Point X is a location on the surface of the ash.

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27) At the time of the eruption described, the wind direction was primarily from the

A) east B) south C) north D) west

28) According to the map shown, how many centimeters thick was the ash beneath point X?

A) 0 B) 25 C) 15 D) 20

29) The map below shows the average number of thunderstorms during the year in the continental United States.

Which New York State landscape region normally experiences the most thunderstorms?

A) Champlain LowlandsB) Adirondack Mountains

C) Taconic MountainsD) Allegheny Plateau

30) The topographic map below shows a hill. Points X and Y represent locations on the hill's surface. Elevations are shown in meters.

What is the gradient between points X and Y?

A) 120 m/km B) 100 m/km C) 40 m/km D) 80 m/km

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31) The four streams shown on the topographic maps have the same volume between X and Y. The distance from X to Y is also thesame. All the maps are drawn to the same scale and have the same contour interval. Which map shows the stream with thegreatest velocity between points X and Y?

A)

B)

C)

D)

32) Which temperature zone of Earth's atmosphere contains the most water vapor?

A) thermosphere B) troposphere C) stratosphere D) mesosphere

33) Which statement about Polaris do the diagrams below best illustrate?

A) Polaris' apparent movement through the sky follows a south-to-north orientation.B) Polaris is located at the zenith at each location.C) Polaris is located in a winter constellation.D) Polaris' altitude is equal to a location's latitude.

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34) The topographic map below shows locations X and Y.

What is the approximate gradient between X and Y?

A) 60 ft/mi B) 20 ft/mi C) 30 ft/mi D) 15 ft/mi

Questions 35 and 36 refer to the following:

The cross section below shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth's atmosphere located between 30D N and 30D Slatitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere.

35) Which temperature zone layer of Earth's atmosphere is shown in the given cross section?

A) thermosphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) troposphere

36) What is the approximate percentage by volume of oxygen present in Earth's atmosphere at location 2 in the given diagram?

A) 46% B) 33% C) 21% D) 10%

37) At which New York State location will an observer most likely measure the altitude of Polaris as approximately 42D?

A) Plattsburgh B) New York City C) Jamestown D) Oswego

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38) The diagram below shows an observer on Earth measuring the altitude of Polaris.

What is the latitude of this observer?

A) 23.5D N B) 43D N C) 90D N D) 66.5D N

39) The pie graph below shows the elements comprising Earth's crust in percent by mass.

What element does the letter X represent?

A) hydrogen B) nitrogen C) lead D) silicon

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40) Table 1 below shows the composition, hardness, and average density of four minerals often used as gemstones. Table 2 lists theminerals in Moh's Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest).

Based upon the tables shown, which gemstone minerals contain the two most abundant elements by mass in Earth's crust?

A) sapphire and zirconB) sapphire and spinel

C) emerald and zirconD) emerald and spinel

41) The two elements that make up the largest percentage by mass of Earth's crust are oxygen and

A) nitrogen B) hydrogen C) silicon D) potassium

42) The cross section below shows a drill rig used to collect rock samples from below Earth's surface.

The rock samples collected from the bottom of the drill hole came from which Earth layer?

A) stiffer mantle B) lithosphere C) asthenosphere D) hydrosphere

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43) Point X is a location on the topographic map below. Elevations are measured in meters.

What is a possible elevation, in meters, of point X?

A) 70 B) 68 C) 57 D) 55

Questions 44 through 47 refer to the following:

Points A, B, C, X, and Y are locations on the topographic map below. The small map identifies the New York State region shown in thetopographic map.

44) What is the approximate gradient between point X and point Y?

A) 250 ft/mi B) 500 ft/mi C) 100 ft/mi D) 1,000 ft/mi

45) What is the elevation of point A on the topographic map?

A) 1,550 ft B) 1,650 ft C) 1,700 ft D) 1,600 ft

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46) Which graph best represents the profile from point B to point C?

A)

B)

C)

D)

47) Which evidence best supports the inference that the meltwater river that once occupied the Cayuta Creek valley was larger thanthe modern Cayuta Creek?

A) The modern Cayuta Creek occupies a V-shaped valley.B) The valley floor is wider than the modern Cayuta Creek.C) The tributary streams meet the modern Cayuta Creek at nearly right angles.D) The modern Cayuta Creek lacks meanders and a flood plain.

48) When the time of day for a certain ship at sea is 12 noon, the time of day at the Prime Meridian (0D longitude) is 5 p.m. What isthe ship's longitude?

A) 75D W B) 75D E C) 45D W D) 45D E

49) The diagram below shows the tilt of Earth on its axis in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A through E are locationson Earth's surface. Point D is located in the eastern United States. The dashed line represents Earth's axis.

What is the latitude of location A?

A) 23 D N B) 90D N C) 63 D S D) 0D

50) To an observer in Buffalo, New York, the North Star, Polaris, is always located above the northern horizon at an altitude ofapproximately

A) 90D B) 43D C) 66 D D) 23 D

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Questions 51 and 52 refer to the following:

The map below shows the latitude and longitude of five observers, A, B, C, D, and E, on Earth.

51) What is the altitude of Polaris (the North Star) above the northern horizon for observer A?

A) 90D B) 10D C) 80D D) 0D

52) Which two observers would be experiencing the same apparent solar time?

A) D and E B) B and C C) B and E D) A and C

53) Earth's outer core is best inferred to be

A) liquid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm3

B) liquid, with an average density of approximately 11 g/cm3

C) solid, with an average density of approximately 11 g/cm3

D) solid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm3

54) Which element is most abundant in Earth's lithosphere?

A) nitrogen B) silicon C) oxygen D) hydrogen

55) On each topographic map below, the straightline distance from point A to point B is 5 kilometers. Which topographic map showsthe steepest gradient between A and B?

A)

B)

C)

D)

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Questions 56 and 57 refer to the following:

The map below shows a portion of a drumlin field near Palmyra, New York. Elevations are in feet.

56) What is the contour interval of the given map?

A) 25 ft B) 20 ft C) 10 ft D) 5 ft

57) At the location in the given map, the glacial ice generally advanced from what compass direction?

A) east B) west C) north D) south

Questions 58 through 60 refer to the following:

Points X, Y, and Z are locations on the topographic map below. Elevations are expressed in meters.

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58) Which profile best represents the topography along the dashed line from point X to point Y?

A)

B)

C)

D)

59) Mill River generally flows toward the

A) southeast B) northwest C) northeast D) southwest

60) What is the elevation of point Z?

A) 190 m B) 220 m C) 250 m D) 240 m

61) The diagram below shows four different chemical materials escaping from the interior of early Earth.

Which material contributed least to the early composition of the atmosphere?

A) CO2 B) H2O C) SiO2 D) N2

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62) The graph below shows the maximum altitude of the Moon, measured by an observer located at a latitude of 43D N during June ina particular year. The names and appearance of the four major Moon phases are shown at the top of the graph, directly above thedate on which the phase occurred.

Which city is closest in latitude to the location where these observations were made?

A) Binghamton B) Syracuse C) New York City D) Albany

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63) The temperature field map below represents surface air temperatures within a park. The location of a lake within the park is alsoindicated.

Which graph best represents the temperature profile along a straight line from point A to point B?

A)

B)

C)

D)

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64) The diagram below shows a cutaway view of Earth in which the interior layers are visible. The paths of earthquake wavesgenerated at point X are shown. A, B, C, and D are locations of seismic stations on Earth's surface, and point E is located inEarth's interior.

The actual rock temperature at point E in the given diagram is inferred to be approximately

A) 6,200DC B) 2,900DC C) 1,500DC D) 5,000DC

65) An air temperature of 95DC most often exists in which layer of the atmosphere?

A) troposphere B) thermosphere C) stratosphere D) mesosphere

66) Ozone is concentrated in Earth's atmosphere at an altitude of 20 to 35 kilometers. Which atmospheric layer contains the greatestconcentration of ozone?

A) mesosphere B) troposphere C) stratosphere D) thermosphere

67) Which diagram represents the approximate altitude of Polaris as seen by an observer located in Syracuse, New York?

A)

B)

C)

D)

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68) Letters A, B, C, D, and X on the map below represent locations on Earth. The map shows the latitude-longitude grid.

Solar time is based on the position of the Sun. If the solar time is 1 p.m. at location X, at which location is the solar time 5 p.m.?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

69) Earth's hydrosphere is best described as the

A) solid outer layer of EarthB) liquid outer layer of EarthC) gaseous layer extending several hundred kilometers from Earth into spaceD) magma layer located below Earth's stiffer mantle

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70) The map below shows most of New York State. Isolines indicate the depth of the Precambrian bedrock surface below present-daysea level. Depths are in feet.

Which map best shows the location of the -4,000-foot isoline?

A)

B)

C)

D)

71) At which location will the highest altitude of the star Polaris be observed?

A) Arctic CircleB) central United States

C) EquatorD) Tropic of Cancer

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72) Which graph correctly represents the three most abundant elements, by mass, in Earth's crust?

A)

B)

C)

D)

73) Earth's troposphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere contain relatively large amounts of which element?

A) oxygen B) potassium C) iron D) hydrogen

74) The diagram below represents part of Earth's latitude-longitude system.

What is the latitude and longitude of point L?

A) 5D W, 30D S B) 5D S, 30D W C) 5D E, 30D N D) 5D N, 30D E

75) As the altitude increases within Earth's stratosphere, air temperature generally

A) increases, then decreasesB) decreases, then increases

C) increases, onlyD) decreases, only

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76) The profile below shows four regions of the ocean bottom.

In which one of the following lists are these regions arranged in order of gradient from least steep to most steep?

A) rise �‚ abyssal plain �‚ shelf �‚ slope

B) shelf �‚ abyssal plain �‚ rise �‚ slope

C) abyssal plain �‚ shelf �‚ rise �‚ slope

D) slope �‚ rise �‚ shelf �‚ abyssal plain

77) The diagram below shows an observer on Earth measuring the altitude of Polaris.

What is the latitude of this observer?

A) 47DN B) 43DN C) 47DS D) 43DS

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78) The diagram below shows a portion of Earth's interior. Point A is a location on the interface between layers.

The temperature of rock at location A is approximately

A) 3,000DC B) 2,600DC C) 1,000DC D) 600DC

79) What are the two most abundant elements by mass found in Earth's crust?

A) calcium and carbonB) sodium and chlorine

C) aluminum and ironD) oxygen and silicon

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80) The field map below shows air temperature measurements, in degrees Celsius, taken at the same elevation within a closed room.Two reference points, A and B, are shown.

Which temperature field map shows correctly drawn isotherms?

A)

B)

C)

D)

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81) The dashed line on the map below shows a ship's route from Long Island, New York, to Florida. As the ship travels south, thestar Polaris appears lower in the northern sky each night.

The best explanation for this observation is that Polaris

A) rises and sets at different locations each dayB) is located directly over Earth's Equator

C) is located directly over Earth's North PoleD) has an elliptical orbit around Earth

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