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ASSIST's description of their development process was a gift of EoP for their 25 years jubilee.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
ASSIST’S Development Process
We are grateful to End of Poverty (EoP) Foundation, The Netherlands, for
their support in data compilation, editing and publishing of this document.
Mr. Frits Penning
Treasurer,End of Poverty Foundation,
The Netherlands
Mr. Leo Zwagemaker
Chairman,RRDF,
The Netherlands
Mr. Evert de Blok
Chairman,End of Poverty Foundation,
The Netherlands
ASSIST’S Development Process
i
PREFACE
In the last 25 years, ASSIST has left an indelible mark on the lives of poor and underserved
communities in rural India. Due to the organisation's sincere vision, commitment and ability to
help backward communities attain self-reliance, ASSIST has achieved great results in the villages,
while gaining the trust of many donors, governments, suppliers, specialists and most importantly
- the people themselves.
Starting out in 1985 with a simple but earnest vision to impart change with a difference, ASSIST
spent many years evolving a philosophy of development practice that could serve as a guide for
the organisation to contribute meaningfully in this field. Through countless trials and tribulations,
ideas formed, expanded, contracted, adapted and solidified only after great reflection and scrutiny.
And thus, after a quarter century of rich experience and experimentation, a clear methodology
has finally come about. And what better time to present this development process than at an
important milestone such as the Silver Jubilee - a moment that boasts of ASSIST's longevity, and
thus indirectly, proves the worthiness of its philosophy.
This methodology document is the outcome of years of serious reflection on the impact that
ASSIST has had on the field of rural development in Andhra Pradesh over the last quarter century.
Documenting its vision, philosophy and implementation process, this guide provides a detailed
understanding of the development process, as it evolved from the formation of ASSIST until the
present day. Within the document, great merit lies in the range of programmes that are elaborated,
the three-step development process framework that is detailed, and the insights that are provided
on the specific context of rural development in India. Additional points of interest include a section
on 'lessons learned', exploring many engaging theoretical and practical questions that anyone
interested in development would find most relevant. In short, the range of topics covered and the
thorough and methodical manner in which this document has been written lends it considerable
value and use to individuals, organisations, and institutes grappling with notions of grassroots,
people-centered, integrated community development.
We trust that with the documentation of ASSIST's approach to sustainable development, a
milestone has been reached to ensure a continuously updated availability of knowledge to future
members of the ASSIST organisation and their target communities, as well as a worthy contribution
to our understanding of effective development practice.
With the documentation of this work, ASSIST has once again demonstrated its professional
aptitudes and attitudes towards sharing knowledge in a period of rapidly changing global realities
and ever-shifting aid paradigms. We share the belief that openness to new ideas, and a willingness
to learn, adapt and reflect on new situations and insights is the key to progress in this field of
work.
Mr. Frits Penning
Treasurer,End of Poverty Foundation,
The Netherlands
Mr. Leo Zwagemaker
Chairman,RRDF,
The Netherlands
Mr. Evert de Blok
Chairman,End of Poverty Foundation,
The Netherlands
ASSIST’S Development Process
ii
K.S.R. MURTHYExecutive Director
J. RANGA RAO
Operational Director
ASSIST’S Development Process
iii
FOREWORD
ASSIST is very privileged to release a document attempting to summarise its experiences over the
past 25 years - a journey that has followed a systematic development process in attaining the
sustainable development of poorer communities through the promotion and strengthening of people's
organisations. After having started, we realised that it was a strenuous and sometimes difficult
task of recollecting all of our efforts over the past years. Admittedly, the whole organisation went
through a deep reflective process of two to three months in order to bring out this document. As
the title implies, the purpose of this document is to share our knowledge in the field of development
in the hopes that different actors involved in this sector may draw lessons from it, and find it useful
for their own work.
We would like to take this opportunity to express our extreme gratitude to: Mr. Evert de Blok,
Chairman of End of Poverty Foundation (EoP) - The Netherlands, Mr. Leo Zwagemaker, Chairman of
Rural Relief and Development Foundation (RRDF) - The Netherlands, and Mr. Frits Penning, member
of EoP and a personal advisor for ASSIST. These three people were instrumental in motivating the
ASSIST team to go through with this endeavour. We would also like to thank the respective board
members of ASSIST, RRDF and EoP, without whose support and encouragement this gigantic task
would not have been possible. We will be failing in our duty, at this juncture, if we do not mention
a word of appreciation to the enormous contributions made by Mr. Shunmuga Paramasivan, Director,
Wherever the Need - India and Ms. Runa Reta, who came as a volunteer from Canada, for editing
and re-editing and finally making a document what it is today.
We also feel it necessary to extend our appreciation to all the supporters of our mission right from
the inception of ASSIST, especially to those who have continuously shared their beliefs and
experiences with us in bringing change to the lives of the poor. Similarly, we are thankful to all the
target communities who have given us an opportunity to be involved in their lives, helping them
strive for brighter futures.
Finally, ASSIST expresses thanks to its operational team, consisting of Associate Director (Projects)
Mrs. Vianney Katakam, Associate Director (Personnel) Mr. Y. Murali Krishna, and Mr. B.P. Singh,
Associate Director (Finance) along with 20 committed Coordinators, who have been directly involved
in producing this document. At the same time, ASSIST recognises the contributions of all the grass-
root level workers who have laboured intensively in realising this task. Finally, ASSIST's operational
team would like to express appreciation to all the Executive Committee members under the leadership
of Fr. T Innaiah sj and Dr. Ravi Vadlamani for continuously encouraging us and giving us a free hand
in our work.
Dedicating this document to the silent workers at the grass-roots level, we remain, with thanks to
one and all,
Ranga Rao Jashti
Operational Director
K.S.R. Murthy
Executive Director
Chilakaluripet,
12th January 2011
ASSIST’S Development Process
iv
Table of Contents
An Introduction 1
Development Process 8
A. Socio-Educational Development 9
1. Village Study 11
2. Awareness Generation 12
3. People's Organisations 14
4. Capacity Building 20
5. Women Empowerment 22
6. Child Development 25
7. Community Health 29
B. Infrastructure Development 32
1. Secured shelter / Social housing 34
2. Water 36
3. Sanitation 42
4. Communications 46
5. Educational Institutions 46
6. Land development & reforestation 46
7. Health 48
C. Economic Development 49
1. Sustainable Farming 51
2. Skill up-gradation & training 54
3. Livestock 56
4. Micro Enterprises 57
5. Non-Conventional Energy 59
Difficulties and Challenges 60
Conclusion 63
ASSIST’S Development Process
"Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high, into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my Country Awake"
Rabindranath Tagore
AN INTRODUCTION
In the last fifty years, India witnessed a phenomenal growth of organisations professing to make
interventions for the development of the masses who have been marginalised and alienated from
the development process in the Country. Organisations have adopted different shades of ideology
and analysis in their work; in fact, one can find a plethora of ideas and activities initiated by these
groups. Today it would seem that the charity orientation of development work has, to a large
extent, disappeared at least in written and spoken form. However, one may still find a fairly high
level of charity and welfare orientation in actual interventions. One irresistible factor that has
emerged is that voluntary organisations have come to stay, and the character of these elements
has acquired the proportions of a marketing venture in a capitalistic economy. Therefore, denuded
of all philanthropic and altruistic motivation, the reason for the very existence of voluntary
organisations for development is being questioned on one hand, while on the other hand, the
inevitability of their existence is being accepted.
It is in this ironical situation that a few of us young professionals working in the development
sector for the last two decades (social scientists and workers, educationists, doctors, advocates
and spiritual leaders), have debated the issue of expressing commitment for the poor, but "WITH
A DIFFERENCE" - this quest culminated in the birth of ASSIST.
ASSIST - A Society for Integrated Rural Development - was born in 1985 on the premise
that "Development in India can take place only in proportion to the development of Village-
India". ASSIST strongly believes that "There is no freedom for India unless its villages are
free" (Mahatma Gandhi).
VISION
ASSIST's main aim is visualising an ideal
society: all people need to focus their
attention first on the liberation of the victims
of an unjust society; a total liberation that
is personal and social, economic and political.
In the building of an ideal society, it is crucial to:
. improve our communication,
. learn to listen,
. express our insights,
. dialogue with one another about our needs,
. analyse the causes of our problems, and
. plan and act together in teams, organisations and movements.
1
ASSIST’S Development Process
Both theory and well cited examples give us hope that "there is a possibility of building a new type
of socialism based on community and not on bureaucracy". Thus, the guiding principles of the
organisation are:
. The "COMMUNITY" is the centre of development, and therefore, the members of the community
should first be organised to mutually respect and feel the need to help one another (cohesive
community).
. In the second stage, the community "PARTICIPATES" in analysing the micro and macro realities,
and begins a process of planning to intervene in different stages of development.
. The third stage is one where the community begins "A PROCESS OF ACTION" for its own
betterment. Part of this process is also the realisation of the need for inter-linking with
neighbouring communities for common cause. This is also the stage where the economy of
the community is made more stable.
. The fourth and final stage is one where the community is able to "SUSTAIN ITS UNITY AND
VALUE SYSTEM" and carry forward the work. The community should demonstrate self-reliance
with strong unity and leadership, and with a value system that places importance on sharing
resources among members of the community, and possessing deep feelings of concern for
fellow human beings.
Independence must begin at the bottom. Thus, every villagewill be a republic or panchayat, having full powers. It follows,therefore, that every village has to be self-sustained and capableof managing its affairs, even to the extent of defending itself
against the whole world. -Mahatma Gandhi
GENESIS
With a small beginning in 1985, the organisation has today become one of the well-known voluntary
initiatives in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The unique feature of the organisation has been in
developing strategies periodically through its experience, in order to achieve its over-all objective:
"Making the community a viable unit for its own development".
The founders had the commitment and unflinching faith inherited from the "Village Reconstruction
Organisation" (VRO) founded by Prof. Michael Anthony Windey, a Belgian Jesuit, as well as the
experience gained in working together as a team and organising the communities to invest for the
success of ASSIST. These human investments paid off, as ASSIST has - within a short period of 25
years - left indelible marks in the history of voluntarism in Andhra Pradesh.
It has been an uphill task for ASSIST, confronting and surmounting the social, economic and political
realities within which the NGO sector operates. However, given these limitations, ASSIST has
continued to explore various possibilities for becoming more relevant to the needs of the
2
ASSIST’S Development Process
disadvantaged poor in Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, Ranga Reddy and Mahaboobnagar Districts where
the Organisation works. Since its inception, the organisation has tried to relate its work to the
aims and objectives enunciated in its foundation, and at the same time to read the signs of the
times and respond to emerging challenges. As such, the Organisation has evolved responding to
the emerging trends and needs, while remaining true to its original aims, objectives and philosophy.
This balance has been achieved through regular evaluation (or "reflection") following the end of
projects, in order to adapt and improve further interventions.
"Action - Reflection - Action" has been the continuous process followed by the
organisation in achieving its goal of making communities into viable units for
their own development.
The key to development impact is to generate a movement starting from a micro intervention first
at the village level, followed by the regional level, and then the broader level. As such, the strategy
developed by ASSIST has been to begin with an identified target community and involve the whole
village. The villages are linked into an area; the areas are linked to the broader level of the district.
In this way, the communities are horizontally linked on account of micro-level action, while the
villages are vertically connected in terms of awareness and macro response. The methodology
thus focuses on integrating people's participation with increasing intensity from the micro to macro
levels.
ASSIST's involvement began with the issue of child labour. Gradually, this involvement broadened
to address more fundamental problems in society that lie at the heart of the child labour problem.
Hence, even while starting with child labour rehabilitation programmes, the process also entailed
the generation of peoples' movements on issues like social housing, sanitation, drinking water,
community health, savings, credit, income generation, self-reliance and ecology, encompassing the
whole community, area and district. In all cases, the poorest of the poor have been a natural
option for ASSIST interventions; these vulnerable groups include scheduled castes and tribes,
fishermen, artisans, agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers and migratory workers. In
addition to these target groups, programmes have been designed to focus on the most vulnerable
category of society; namely, women and children. Due to the attention being given to these various
population, a number of vulnerable group-based movements have emerged, such as village
leadership movements, women's movements and child care movements. The pace and intensity of
these groups have varied from one to the other because they have been emanating at different
points of time in relation to micro interventions.
Over the years, ASSIST has made efforts to study the problems of these various groups, and to
help enable them to emerge from their state of poverty. ASSIST has been responding in a scientific
manner to the requests coming from vulnerable communities in order to address their problems.
Drawing from a wealth of experience gained in the last decade, ASSIST has evolved the following
strategy to attain sustainable development in a community.
3
ASSIST’S Development Process
SELECTION OF TARGET AREAS
The first step in the strategy is to examine whether the new area being considered for developmental
work has suffered from disparity in terms of social, political, economic and/or cultural aspects.
These regions are then prioritised using a point system for each aspect of disparity. Having selected
the areas scoring the highest points of disparity, the same scoring is used to determine the target
villages. In these villages, the poorest of the poor are identified through a village survey. From this
survey, a target group is selected in the particular community for ASSIST intervention, and from
there, an intensive base-line survey is conducted to understand the problems prevailing in the
community. The survey itself is done in a participatory manner so that the people are involved in
collecting the data and in understanding the causes of their underdevelopment. Following the
survey, problems are identified by conceptualising the data, and they are presented to the community
along with possible solutions. Finally, a project is proposed to begin the process of social
transformation in the community.
PROCESS OF EMPOWERMENT
The Mahatma's approach to the question of development was very practical and pragmatic. He
made a very accurate assessment of the socio-economic and political ethos of the country and
formulated the pro-village, pro-agriculture and pro-people's power strategy for achieving
development. This philosophy motivated the founders of ASSIST to adopt an ideology of
empowerment of the poor through the creation of people's organisations. As such, right from the
beginning of its involvement, ASSIST has been working with the principles that people should make
programmes on their own and ASSIST should only be a facilitator; they should not work for the
people but with the people. It is inevitable that at one point or the other ASSIST will leave the
areas where it is working. Thus, there is a great emphasis placed on forming, activating and
strengthening the local people's organisations to carry through the work, long after ASSIST has
departed.
It is in this context, after struggling for the last two and a half decades, that ASSIST is able to claim
with a fair degree of confidence that it has achieved the qualitative dimension of empowering the
poor through the emergence of self-sustaining people's organisations at the grass-roots level. The
leadership qualities and management abilities of people's organisations have been indelibly inscribed
in the minds of the sangham leaders. They have been motivated, trained in all the aspects of
duties, and prepared to take up total responsibility for the activities that the voluntary organisations
have initiated. The most important element is the development of community-based monitoring
systems to ensure that the established processes are properly followed, and the impact is clearly
visible. Accordingly, community leaders are sufficiently trained in this area, and systems are formulated
to ensure that sustainable development processes are followed throughout.
4
ASSIST’S Development Process
OPERATIONAL AREAS
ASSIST, at present, is engaged in the comprehensive development of 349 villages, following the
self-help approach through a variety of educational, economic, cultural and social related
programmes. The programmes have included a variety of educational initiatives, ranging from
environmental improvements to economic development, with continuous training built into all phases.
Notably, ASSIST works with great prudence, understanding that a viable solution for a particular
problem in one village may not be appropriate in another. As such, the strategies and interventions
taken up by ASSIST differ from one village to another, while the process to be followed remains
unique.
The operational area, consisting of 349 villages, is divided into the following 14 areas:
District Area Villages
1. Prakasam 1. Ballikurava 26
2. Vetapalem 29
3. Markapur 44
4. Ongole 32
5. Kondepi 25
6. Uppugunduru 21
2. Guntur 7. Bollapalli 33
8. Gutlapalli 25
9. Chilakaluripet 15
10. Edlapadu 20
11. Piduguralla 17
3. Krishna 12. Avanigadda 15
4. Ranga Reddy 13. Puduru 44
5. Mahaboobnagar 14. Weepanagandla 3
Total 349
PROGRAMME EXECUTION
The Area Coordinator is the over-all in-charge at the area level, who looks after both administrative
and extension works. He or she is supported by Programme In-charges, who are professionals in
various fields. Each area is again sub-divided into 4 to 6 clusters based on the geographic location.
Each cluster has one community organiser, who is responsible for all the programmes in his or her
5
ASSIST’S Development Process
cluster, and working in the respective communities with the aim of making these communities viable
units for their own development.
At the central level, supportive cells are constituted to extend professional guidance to the field
staff in order to enable them to fulfil their specified tasks. ASSIST has an in-built Monitoring and
Evaluation Cell, which ensures timely reviews through the involvement of both the staff and villagers.
It also has a Training sector incorporated into the Monitoring and Evaluation Cells. The training
sector updates the skills, abilities and knowledge of the staff by organising training camps in
accordance with the yearly training schedule. Besides these two supportive sectors, an Extension
team with professionals in different disciplines has also been formed to develop the latest trends
in relation to research and development taking place at the macro-level. With the objective of
attaining organisational sustainability, ASSIST has established the Resource Development Cell.
Apart from these technical wings, ASSIST has Personnel, Finance and Liaison wings to carry on
different administrative tasks.
MONITORING MECHANISM
Monitoring of the programmes is done at various levels as follows:
. Cluster level: Weekly targets are fixed in cluster-wide meetings for all concerned staff, and
their performance is reviewed. Material resources required to accomplish the set targets are
tabulated and submitted to the Area Coordinator for approval and necessary action.
. Area level: Meetings are organised monthly in the area headquarters, where work performance
is reviewed as per the set targets in the previous monthly meeting. Monthly targets are fixed,
based on the yearly action plan of the area. Reasons for failures or successes are identified in
these meetings, and solutions are worked out. The material resources required to fulfil the
targets of the month are consolidated at the area level, and the concerned sectors at central
level are requested to ensure appropriate action.
. Central level: Monthly coordinators' meetings are organised to measure the impact of various
programmes executed in the areas. Information from different areas is shared, and new
information is disseminated. Personnel and material requirements from the central office are
submitted in these meetings for follow-up action by those concerned.
6
ASSIST’S Development Process
The organisational structure followed in achieving the organisational objectives is given below:
General Body
Executive Committee
Operational Director Executive Director
Associate Director(Projects)
Associate Director(Finance)
Associate Director(Personnel)
Finance &Accounts
MicroFinance
ProjectSupport unit
Documentation &Monitoring
Personnel &Training
Area Coordinator
Programme Incharge
Cluster InchargeCommunity Organiser
Village Development Society
Supportive staffCommunityEducation
7
ASSIST’S Development Process
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
In the efforts of supporting those making moves towards their desired goals, ASSIST helps individuals
in these communities to acquire the necessary attitudes, skills and competencies to find effective
and democratic solutions to the problems being faced. After 25 years of practical experience working
with a variety of different communities, ASSIST has developed a theoretical development process
model based on the progression of changes that take place in a community in terms of social,
educational, infrastructural and economic criteria.
Though the development of a community from one condition to another cannot be separated in
practical terms, for the sake of broad theoretical understanding, ASSIST's development process
can be categorised into three phases. The primary stage is called the "Socio-Educational Development
Phase", followed by the "Infrastructural Development Phase" and finally the "Economic Development
Phase". Crucially, the order of implementation of these phases is always determined by the capacities
and competencies acquired by the people during the development process in the field.
Normally, development cycle in a village is planned to take three to five years, with the assumption
being that even if target group mobilisation is delayed by a few months in the first year, all the
phases would be enacted in the second year, and would continue simultaneous execution in the
remaining period. Broadly, it may be possible to divide this 3-5 year period into three zones,
beginning with the first six months of intensive education and mobilisation, followed by 18-54
months of activity-centred mobilisation, and then 6 months of tapering off, consolidation of
achievements, and dovetailing of micro level initiatives into broader movements. This being said,
there have been occasions where the total village development process took up to 7 years. This
can be attributed to the fact that in those situations, there was a slow momentum among the
target community and limited cooperation from external sources including the Government
Departments and Financial Institutes.
8
ASSIST’S Development Process
Socio-
Educational
Development
A. SOCIO-EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ASSIST strongly believes that sustainable communities can only be promoted through the formation
and strengthening of people's organisations. Through a systematic development process in these
target communities, ASSIST envisages that community members should emerge to own, manage
and control people's organisations, and that they should acquire all the required capacities to
solve the problems hindering the progress of the community on their own, with the support of
government and other initiatives. In the process, activities may take longer to come to fruition,
due to initial ignorance and lack of skills and abilities, but in the long-run, activities initiated by the
people with external support will be much more sustainable than the reverse case.
With this premise, ASSIST emphasises the promotion and strengthening of people's organisations
as the first phase of its intervention to attain sustainable development. Thus, once formed, these
organisations should strive to execute activities independently, and attain the confidence to ensure
the sustainable development of their respective communities.
The process of forming relations at the community level, and working with villagers to increase
their capacities to act independently for their own growth, is quite extensive. The following
interventions that ASSIST normally undertakes in the Socio-Educational Development Phase are
enumerated below:
9
ASSIST’S Development Process
Interventions Anticipated Results
1. Village Study . Total understanding of the community and its resources,
constraints, problems and leadership factors.
. All categories of people in the community are aware of the
human and natural resources available in the community
through participatory learning appraisal techniques.
2. Awareness Generation . Everyone in the community is conscious of the problems
prevailing in their community, and is prepared to overcome
them through their united action.
3. People's Organisations . Self-Help Groups are formed among women, and they have
developed the habit of compulsory savings, internal credit
and linkage with the Government and financial institutions.
. A Village Development Society is promoted and
strengthened in every target village with the representation
of all the families in the community and it has started working
for their sustainable development.
4. Capacity Building . Leaders of Self-Help Groups and Office bearers of the Village
Development Society are capacitated sufficiently to
effectively perform their roles and responsibilities.
5. Women Empowerment . Women have equal representation in the functioning of the
Village Development Society in their community.
. Women enjoy due respect and equal status to men in the
community.
. Women are given due respect in decision making at the
household level and at the community level as well.
6. Child Development . All children in the age group of 5-14 are going to school,
with educational standards fulfilling their needs.
7. Community Health . Community has trained health personnel to cater to the
needs of the sick and needy.
. Community has improved health, hygiene and sanitary
environment and all the categories of people are following
better practices.
10
ASSIST’S Development Process
1. Village Study:
The very first activity taken up by ASSIST upon entering into a new area of operation is to conduct
a detailed baseline survey to identify eligible communities and families for intervention. These
communities are not selected solely based on social conditions, but also on economic and cultural
factors, as well as on infrastructural facilities. Once these communities are identified, a Participatory
Resource Appraisal (PRA) using Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) techniques are used with
the majority of the communities. This participatory exercise helps community members to quickly
assess the prevailing problems, and also lends to the start of serious discussions on the reasons
for such troubles. The discussions further lead to the identification of solutions that are most
appropriate and manageable by the people. Most importantly, this process ensures that a
participatory approach is followed when deciding
the activities and roles to be played for the
execution of plans. The leaders, too, gain clarity
on the plans, and ensure their involvement in
the monitoring and evaluation of activities.
Baseline surveys are conducted annually to
measure the results of the development process
initiated in these communities, and to serve as
action plans for the coming year in each specific
community, based on detailed analysis of the
data.
Village Study
House to HouseBaseline Survey
PRA/PLAExercises
Focus GroupDiscussions
Aware of human &Natural resources
available
Understand theConstaints
Understand theproblems
Understand theLeadership Factors
11
ASSIST’S Development Process
2. Awareness Generation:
The target communities that ASSIST works with are the poorest, most underprivileged segments of
society. Having faced great misery in their lives, these villagers often develop negative apprehensions
towards the present and future, feeling little hope that they and their children could ever escape
their fate of poverty, which has been passed on for generations. These strong feelings of despair
and resignation lead to aversive behaviours towards society in general, converting many youth
into anti-social elements.
Hence, an immediate task at the beginning is to
help transform the mindsets of those targeted
to believe that change is possible. Though these
negative attitudes are deeply ingrained and
difficult to alter, it is nevertheless a critical task
to undertake as a first step in the development
process within these communities. ASSIST has
tried many different methods, including regular
house-visits, group meetings, and mass
meetings; however, the most successful tool has
proven to be delivering messages through cultural performances. The organisation has recognised
that one simple skit can achieve what might take many meetings or visits to people to change their
mindsets.
Based on this realisation, ASSIST has formed a professional cultural team from its field workers.
They have been assigned the task of identifying problems in the target communities during the
daytime, and performing events tailored to the specific villages such as songs, dances, skits, and
play-lets in the evenings. In this way, people are able to reflect on their problems, which in turn
raise confidence among the poor. In all the villages, such events are organised by the cultural
team, as a means of complementing the awareness-raising efforts of the Community Organisers,
who conduct follow-ups through house visits, group meetings, mass meetings, etc.
Rallies:
Another important activity as part of awareness generation is organising mass rallies in cluster
headquarters (covering 4-5 villages) on various issues such as child labour, women's empowerment,
water conservation, usage and management, community health, etc. Rallies are organised with
the involvement of children, youth, women and representatives of people's organisations as a
means of assembling the public for debate and discussions around these different topics. Charts,
placards, and banners are among the methods used to get the attention of the target population.
Posters & Wall Paintings:
Another important item that draws the attention of the people is the creation of posters or paintings,
with pictures posing an array of questions about the status of their village. Solutions to any problem
12
ASSIST’S Development Process
can only occur by instigating a discussion, argument or debate on that particular issue. As such,
posters and paintings are useful starting points for discussion on the burning problems prevailing
in these villages. Posters and paintings are exhibited in all villages, covering various topics such as
education, water, health, hygiene, sanitation, farming practices, etc.
Special events:
ASSIST conceived of an idea for organising special events around important global occasions such
as Women's Day, Human Rights Day, and Water Day, to highlight the universality of these issues to
the target population. These special days include celebrations, exhibitions, demonstrations, and
the invitation of special guests to help underscore the prevailing problems in the community, and to
create a lasting impact on the people. These occasions also provide an opportunity for people of
different target villages to exchange ideas, as it is organised at area level. In past years, some of
the people's organisations have used these events to share their success stories in heading various
activities in their respective villages, which in turn has motivated others to seek similar achievements
in their own communities.
Trauma Counselling:
Trauma counselling and education is gradually emerging as one of the tools to tackle varied
psychological conditions being experienced in the day-to-day lives of many in the targeted population.
Common psychological problems include depression, which is mostly due to societal neglect. This
kind of depression, affecting many of the poorest, can ultimately push people into deeper conditions
of vulnerability. Psychological ill effects are particularly acute in cases of trauma after a disaster,
and among children. Because ASSIST operates in areas with high incidence of natural calamities
AwarenessGeneration
House Vists
Group/MACSMeetings
CulturalPerformance
Rallies
Posters/WallPaintings/Banners
Special Events(Women’s Day,
Human Rights Day,Water Day)
Counselling
Conscious of theproblems prevailing
Community isprepared to unite
Looking ways andmeans to overcome
the problems
13
ASSIST’S Development Process
(eg. cyclones, fire accidents, floods and tsunamis), ensuring positive mental health of the target
population is of particular importance. Elevated rate of psychological distress, including posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) among the people is a serious concern for ASSIST. Unless these problems
are addressed directly, development processes can be greatly delayed. Hence, ASSIST has developed
a practical trauma assessment checklist to identify problematic cases to take further action.
3. People's Organisations:
The cornerstone of ASSIST's operations depends on the establishment and sustainability of people's
organisations at the village level. It is these groups that will be empowered to voice the demands
of the community, and that will eventually act independently to enact development works. Below is
a summary of people's organisations and their critical importance to ASSIST's development process.
Why the people need to be organised:
. To inculcate unity in the villages
. To find solutions for the problems and necessities of the villages
. To implement developmental activities in the villages
. To encourage enterprising members to become good leaders in the villages
. To mobilise funds from Government and Non Government Organisations for Village
Development activities
. To motivate villagers to participate in village development activities
What role the people's organisations play:
. Identifying the problems of a community and the solutions to overcome them
. Mobilising resources to execute activities, and to create a sustained asset in the community
How the people's organisations are promoted:
. Conducting house visits in the villages to explain the importance of social groups
. Giving cultural performances in the villages
. Encouraging Village Developmental activities as a group through Shramadan (free labour)
. Conducting rallies and explaining developmental activities using flip charts and posters
. Organising exposure visits and tours to the villages where successful people's organisations
exist
What is the impact achieved?
. A sense of unity is developed in the villages
. Villagers are aware of existing Governmental and Non Governmental schemes
. Village Developmental activities are undertaken as a community
. Selfless leaders are motivated to direct Village Developmental activities
. Group misconceptions among the people and individual differences are reduced
. Common funds are collected for the Village Developmental activities
. Good qualities among village leaders are increased
14
ASSIST’S Development Process
A VDS is governed by an
elected Executive Committee
(EC). The number of EC
members varies from 7 to 11 -
depending upon the size of the
community. A VDS will have an
elected Chairperson, Treasurer
and Secretary among its
Executive members. It is
registered as a society under
the Indian Societies
Registration Act XXI of 1860.
The VDS is the responsible
body for any developmental
activities to be planned and
implemented in the village.
Further, sub-committees are
formed which are headed by
one or two of the EC members
for specific activities in the
village. Example: Sub-
committee for Water Supply,
Education, Land Development,
Irrigation Management, etc.
Members Governing council Functions
Village Development Society
(VDS)
All families in a village are
members of the VDS
. Village people develop their working skills while working with Governmental and Non
Governmental organisations
. Number of developmental activities increase when compared to situation prior to the
formation of people's organisations
. A well developed and self-reliant village emerges
The membership details, governance and functions of different people's organisations are specified
below:
The EC has the following
responsibilities:
. Preparing by-laws
. Establishing procedures
. Collecting Membership Fees
. Tracking Records and
Registers
. Fixing savings amounts
. Opening bank account(s)
. Registering the VDS
The sub-committee reports back
to the EC at monthly meetings,
and the minutes of the meetings
are documented.
15
ASSIST’S Development Process
. The membership consists of
10-15 women per group.
The group has two leaders
elected among them.
Members are admitted with
a membership fee, and
thereafter, all are
encouraged to deposit a
fixed amount of savings
monthly. The leaders are
responsible for maintaining
records and registers with
all the details of members
and their savings. The
group, with the consent of
all members, will open a
bank account for their
savings, which is operated
jointly by both the leaders.
Members Governing council Functions
. Any individual female from
the community can become
a member in the SHG.
. SHGs, with their monthly
savings, lend internally for
consumption purposes and
for emergency needs. The
group meets monthly on a
fixed date to discuss their
problems and difficulties. At
the same time, the leaders
collect savings and
repayments on internal
loans. The Government
encourages regular savings
and timely repayments of
internal lending, and it
extends support in different
forms: through matching
grants, revolving funds and
linkages to banks for major
loans.
Self Help Groups (SHGs)
MACTS with 250 to 500
members are registered under
the cooperative act in the State
of Andhra Pradesh.
A MACTS is managed by a
committee of 7 to 11 members.
A Chairperson, Treasurer and
a Secretary are elected among
the committee members. The
committee is responsible for:
. Providing memberships
through an individual
member fee
. Linking with the local bank
for matching funds
. Maintaining records and
registers
. Opening a bank account for
the MACTS
Mutually Aided Co-operative Thrift and Credit Society (MACTS) - Model - I
Group of SHGs in a cluster of
villages are brought together
to form a MACTS, which is a
legal entity allowing groups to
take up more viable income
generating activities. Though
SHGs are grouped, the
membership is given to
individual women members of
SHGs.
. Meets every month to
discuss problems and
difficulties, and identifies
solutions to overcome them.
. Starting assets come from
the membership fee, share
capital and matching
contribution, if any, from
ASSIST.
. All members make monthly
contributions of savings to
MACTS as well as to SHG at
the community level; the
amount varies based on
capacity.
. Loans are extended for
income generation
purposes
. Tie-ups with banks and
financial institutions are
16
ASSIST’S Development Process
Members Governing council Functions
developed to extend
sufficient loans
A MACTS tries to help its
members identify
appropriate and viable
means of income generation
based on their skills, talents,
raw material, market
demands and profitability.
Professional support is
received from ASSIST and
other organisations for this
Mutually Aided Co-operative Thrift and Credit Society (MACTS) - Model - II
Because all families in the community may not be represented in the first model of MACTS,
ASSIST has started promoting MACTS covering all the families in a community or cluster of
communities. With this system, membership is given to a family and all the families are covered.
The functions and make-up of the governing council remain similar to the first model of MACTS.
17
ASSIST’S Development Process
Building Capacity of Village Development Societies:
The formation of a Village Development Society (VDS) is the only solution for true, community-
owned development. In order to create a VDS, Awareness Generation Camps inclusive of cultural
programmes are organised in all the target villages to promote the importance of such an
organisation. Once local demand has been created for a VDS, leadership training camps are
organised area-wide to help members of these organisations to be as effective and efficient as
possible in their roles. A VDS has many critical functions, including: organising periodic meetings,
maintaining records and registers, discussing problems and finding solutions in a democratic fashion,
and following transparency in programme and finance management. In short, many skills must be
strengthened to run a well-managed VDS. Thus, qualities and responsibilities of a good leader are
well explained in these training camps, and strategies are discussed for dealing with diverse group
dynamics at different times. Managerial tasks and duties to be performed by a leader are also
taught at this time. In the end, these trained leaders are expected to not only practice, but also
share their new skills with others in their respective villages at regular meetings or special
orientations.
Intensive leadership training camps are provided to summon the inherent talents of individuals, as
well as to impart knowledge on managing an effective organisation. Past experience has taught
ASSIST that these camps help enable distressed and depressed communities to identify potential
leaders among them. It is clearly visible in the villages where ASSIST has phased out its support
that these leaders have now become the elected representatives of their respective communities.
Setting up Self Help Groups and Mutually Aided Co-operative Thrift Societies:
The concept of pursuing microfinance with women in the developing world is not a new one; women
have far better credit ratings than their male counterparts, are more likely to use funds to improve
the family's quality of life, and are able to raise their status in the home and community when able
to manage savings and loans. Thus, ASSIST too focuses on empowering women with the skills to
run micro-credit groups for everyone's benefit.
As a first step towards setting up MACTS,
women's Self Help Groups (SHGs) are formed,
and individuals are given different trainings to
increase their confidence and empower them to
participate in all the developmental activities.
Necessary trainings help build their capacity to
think and decide on political, economical and
social aspects with sustainable empowerment.
The main purpose of the MACTS is to meet the
financial demands of those wanting to take up
18
ASSIST’S Development Process
viable income generation activities, which are not possible with the internal lending money from
SHGs. Since MACTS is a registered entity having substantial share capital and regular savings on
record, it attracts financial institutions to lend money at lower rates of interest. More than meeting
the financial needs, MACTS also create a platform to discuss vital issues hindering growth and
prosperity in the villages. As they become united, MACTS develop as a cohesive force not only to
demand but also to fight for their social and economic rights.
Another important activity planned is to form SHGs based on a family concept, and mobilise them to
join into Mutually Aided Co-operative Thrift and Credit Societies (MACTS) at the cluster level. While
the Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have become successful ventures to meet the domestic needs of their
members, they are getting stuck by questioning what further. Confederating Self-Help Groups and
promoting MACTS are wonderful legal platforms created by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to
sustain the growth of women's movements further and further. However, it is necessary that
MACTS are promoted while keeping the identity and functioning of SHG intact. It is visibly clear that
groups get less attention and feel paralysed after the formation and functioning of MACTS. Keeping
this in view, and having learnt from previous experiences, new MACTS are being promoted under
ASSIST, exclusively with the group membership. It implies that in order to join MACTS, the entire
group has to join, and one or two leaders should represent it; part of the group is not eligible to
join MACTS. To attain the overall goals of promoting sustained village communities through people's
organisations and to continue the process of sustainable development, it is necessary to support
the POs to take up a variety of developmental activities with matching assistance.
Phase out:
Although the 'phase out' status of a particular community comes at the end of the development
process, ASSIST feels that it is worth addressing it here in the Socio-educational development
stage, because the phase out is heavily determined by the strengths and capacities acquired by
the People's Organisations.
ASSIST strongly believes that its task is achieved when the people are able to make decisions after
having obtained the capability to analyse problems, find feasible and amicable solutions, translate
the solutions into action, and monitor the activities independently. It is difficult to fix specific
parameters for when a village is considered completely "developed", however, the following
indicators have been created to guide ASSIST in determining when its role is completed in a particular
community:
. When the Village Development Society (VDS) is strong, united and follows a democratic process
in taking decisions,
. When decisions taken by the VDS are strictly followed, implemented and respected by all the
people,
. When the VDS is practising transparency in maintaining accounts, executing the planned
activities, etc.
19
ASSIST’S Development Process
. When the VDS is capable of developing linkages with the village panchayat, and the other
Government and non-Governmental machineries for taking up any community development in
the village,
. When the people develop the feeling that the self-help approach is an appropriate one for
their own development
Of course, even once the VDS is determined to be a strong and reliable structure for sustaining
community development, one of the key priorities for individuals and organizations alike is still to
have lasting options for economic security and access to credit. As a result of a series of meetings
about the transfer of responsibility to village sanghams, one of the most vital solutions that emerged
was to set up a Revolving Fund, Common Fund and Corpus Fund at the village level. These three
funds are aim at meeting the basic needs of the people, by enhancing their economic status and
helping them cross the poverty line. Additionally, MACTS are another means by which families can
secure loans for income generation activities.
House Visits
Peoplesorganisations
CulturalPerformances
Rallies
Exposure Visits
SHG's, VDS &MACTS formed
Sense of unity isdeveloped
Aware of Govt. & NonGovt. schemes
available
VillageDevelopment
activities undertaken
Misconception &differences amongthe people reduced
Common fundscollected for the
village development
Good qualitiesamong village
leaders increased
Develop theirworking skills
Increaseddevelopment
activities
Selfless Leadersdevelop a self-reliant
village
4. Capacity Building:
Once awareness is raised and positive attitudes are developed among the target population, the
formation of people's organisations commences. However, in the process, lack of managerial skills,
knowledge and abilities become the major obstacles for effective functioning of these bodies. Hence,
right from the formation stage, efforts are made to inculcate the necessary skills, knowledge,
capacities and capabilities for the effective management and execution of programmes by these
people's organisations.
20
ASSIST’S Development Process
POs are strengthened and supported especially
at the initial stages to tackle internal problems.
More than not, POs need direction and guidance
on how to go about solving problems, and the
leaders require much encouragement and
training. As such, training camps tend to focus
on individual leadership strengthening, as
strong leaders lend to capable people's
organisations.
Office bearers are the key actors in any society;
the success of any community depends on the
active performance, commitment and dedication of the team of office bearers. These members
should possess the zeal to work decisively and honestly towards the development of their village.
Through the intensive leadership training camps for these office bearers, ASSIST has been successful
in promoting good leadership qualities, which has often led to these individuals being chosen by
their community to act as their representatives. Despite these initial trainings, ASSIST found that
there were still large gaps in knowledge and ability that needed to be filled. After studying the
present status of the villages, it was felt that the office bearers should be equipped with more
information and required knowledge to adequately govern their respective communities.
Training camps for villagers are organised in their cluster base centres so that participants feel free
to share their thoughts and learn new things. Subjects of common interest are discussed, problems
are analysed and solutions are derived. Office bearers are provided intensive training on the
Leadership Trainings
Capacity Building
Improved skills andtechniques in executing
developmentalprogrammes
Sharing the details onGovt. Programmes
Training on GroupDynamics & Conflict
resolution
Exposure Visits
Training onDocumentation, Planning,
Execution, Monitoring,Evaluation and followup
People's Organisationswith Good Governance
Learned on groupdynamics and conflict
resolutions
Increased habit ofsavings to solve their
long pending problems
Motivated to raisecommon funds
21
ASSIST’S Development Process
following topics: leadership, government programmes, documentation, problem identification,
planning, execution, group dynamics, conflict resolution, monitoring, evaluation and follow-up.
In addition to the leadership training camps, exposure visits are organised to successful village, in
order to further strengthen the capacities and capabilities of these leaders. These visits provide
an opportunity for office bearers to interact directly with similar leaders of successful People's
Organisations, and to learn the skills and techniques in executing various developmental
programmes. Group dynamics, conflict resolution and working with different Governmental
departments are some of the crucial elements that can be learned through these exposure visits.
If it is assumed and agreed that the POs are the real vehicles of change, much effort must be
placed into strengthening them. In addition to the training camps, opportunities are created so
that the groups can gain real confidence by solving some of the problems that have been obstacles
to their development, on their own. As an example, the PO's are motivated to raise a Common
Fund in the form of savings and small contributions from the target families, which is then used to
take up small-scale developmental programmes on their own in their respective communities. In
order to inculcate the habit of savings for the purpose of solving long-pending problems on their
own, the common fund is taken up as an entry point activity in the formation stage of people's
organisations. Under these activities, ASSIST provides matching grants to the POs to the sum
equal to the amount raised by the target families. This amount can only be used to cater to village
needs, such as community centres, water and sanitation works, infrastructure development for
schools, drains, roads and electrification.
5. Women Empowerment:
Women are the axle around whom the family,
community and society revolves. Over the
centuries, millions of women, especially in rural
India, have been carrying the burdens of
poverty, ignorance, superstitions, and outmoded
customs and traditions. Despite the multitude of social disabilities and economic deprivations,
these women have been the embodiment of sacrifice, surrendering all their comforts for the welfare
of children, other members of the family, and indirectly, for the welfare of the community. In fact,
one can call them the unsung heroines, who, without any glare of publicity, contribute their best to
the welfare and progress of the Country.
It is a known fact that the contribution of women in the field of agriculture, animal husbandry and
other rural-based occupations is higher than that of men. Rural women work over 13-14 hours per
day engaged in chores like fetching water for the family, fodder for the cattle and toiling in the fields
for food production and processing. Long working hours, frequent abuse and exploitation, and the
consequential stresses have serious physical and psychological implications.
"Unless women are empowered, issues likehealth, literacy, population will remainunsolved problems"
Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize Winner
22
ASSIST’S Development Process
One of the greatest problems that women face in rural India is the lack of access to medical care.
In case of maternal mortality, many women die in childbirth, not only because of want of proper pre
and post-natal care, but also because of lack of timely help in cases of emergency. Early marriage,
low nutritional levels and unplanned and repeated pregnancies are additional problems that seriously
affect the health of women.
The reasons are many and obvious, but nobody can deny the fact that, even today, women are still
considered secondary citizens of the Nation, being denied opportunities for basic education, nutrition,
health, employment and an equal place in decision-making processes. In sum, the present condition
of women leaves much to be desired, as they are still far from gaining equal status to men.
Considering this general scenario of deprivation, particularly among female population in the rural
areas, ASSIST's immediate goal has been to empower women in two major ways: first, by
encouraging their organisation into POs like SHGs in order to build their confidence to fight for
greater equality and second by building their capacities and enhancing their knowledge about
women's rights.
“Unless a strong movement for women is generated
using the basic needs programme it is not possible
to prevent the falling rates of growth and
marginalisation of a large segment of the
population.”
The strategy includes the following:
. mobilising women to organise themselves by emphasising that there is great strength in
getting united;
. undertaking activities for the promotion and development of women;
. promoting savings and credit as an instrument of socio-economic change and development;
. increasing the knowledge of women on child care, health and hygiene, nutrition and sanitation;
. sensitising on existing government delivery mechanisms, and increasing the visibility of poor
women as a vital and viable clientele with conventional financial institutions;
. forming village-level people's organisations in all the communities to take up developmental
activities, particularly those related to improving the living and working conditions of women in
the villages;
. forming SHGs in order to develop the economic base of women and enabling them to be
liberated from exploitation;
. Eventually, enabling all women to join the SELF-HELP MOVEMENT by establishing SAVINGS
AND CREDIT UNIONS;
23
ASSIST’S Development Process
The following are the package of activities that ASSIST implements at a macro-level:
. Disseminate information on women's legal rights
. Educate women on social, political and economic aspects
. Adult literacy programme
. Monitor government programmes for women
. Conduct workshops to promote women's development to solve the problems of gender equality,
dowries, child marriages, traditions, customs and illiteracy
. Provide legal literacy training to empower women
. Give women access to information and training to make women empowered socially,
economically, politically and in all aspects
. Give skills trainings to women in small-scale industries so as to have individual earnings in a
sustainable manner
. Report on events and occurrences
Though there are still many miles to go in empowering women, one can find a marked difference
and improvement in gender development issues in ASSIST working communities. Women now have
a voice within their families, representation in people's organisations, prominent participation in
group activities, and strong leadership within federations and working women's cooperatives (such
as the all-women run SHGs and MACTS).
Training onlegal rights
WomenEmpowerment
Adult Literacy andeducation on social,Political & Economic
aspects
Training on Govt.Programmes
Workshop on GenderEquality, dowry,child marriages,
tradition & customs
Training to Women and giveaccess to informations to
empower socially,econimically, politically and
in all aspects
Skill trainings in smallscale industries
Marked difference andimprovement in gender
development issues
Women have a voicewithin their families.
Representation forwomen in People's
organisation
Prominent participationof women in group
activities
Strong Leadershipwithin federations and
working women'scooperations
24
ASSIST’S Development Process
6. Child Development:
Today's children are considered to be
tomorrow's prospective citizens. The
development of our society and nation is
completely dependent on our children's
development. With the prevailing illiteracy,
poverty and with poor communication facilities,
many do not have an opportunity to dream of
their futures. With continuous drought and an
inability to meet the needs for higher investment
in agriculture, many families turn to industries
requiring labour. Due to the poor salaries paid by such industries, parents are often forced to send
their children for any job available to meet the needs of the family. Children are frequently employed
as labourers in slate quarries, lime industries, and handloom industries; they may also be sent to
coastal villages for fishing.
Lack of regular and adequate income - necessary
for the provision of healthy foods - lends to
children being physically weak and anaemic
through malnutrition. Early marriages and the
continuity of severe poverty among the
respective families are forcing an increase in the
child labour problem, and creating an even
greater distance for children to realise their
rights for better health, safe living and
education.
The key constraints to ensuring children's rights and protection are:
. Family poverty, ignorance, and illiteracy that can block co-ordination efforts for child protection
. Insufficient motivation and support from parents that may lead to children dropping out of
school
. Community structures and culture forming stumbling blocks for child protection, namely in
securing their rights, dignity and development
There are 54 universally recognised rights for the children; these are clustered into 4 basic rights of
children:
. the right to survival - to life, health, nutrition, name and nationality
. the right to development - to education, care, leisure, recreation
. the right to protection - from exploitation, abuse, neglect
. the right to participation - to expression, information, thought and religion
25
ASSIST’S Development Process
The recognition of children as individuals with
rights, paves the way for future action. In the
absence of this, all efforts are sporadic,
addressing only some symptoms, and not the
root causes of the problems affecting the
children of this country. As such, there is a clear
need for a holistic development approach, rather
than one that works with children alone. There
must be consideration given to supporting the
family as a whole with income generating
activities, and with facilities (such as housing and sanitation) to live healthy.
Child labour and the right to education: A contradiction
The existing law on child labour allows children to work in occupations that are not part of the
schedule of occupations considered harmful to children. This, however, contradicts the right of
every child to receive free and compulsory education. Implementing the child's right together with
education can make an important difference.
Realising the above, ASSIST initiated a
comprehensive approach to implementing
children's rights by providing development
support to the family, and education to children
in the most affected of its working villages. In
Prakasam district, the Markapur area is famous
for its slate quarries. Because parents could not
cope financially, they used to take their children
to work in the slate quarries, carrying mud,
operating the cranes, painting the slates, fitting
the frames to slates, etc. In turn, ASSIST worked
to reduce the child labour problem by establishing special schools that provided mid-day meals.
Further to this, ASSIST's Melukolupu Cultural team conducted performances to inform the villagers
about the importance of education. The main aim of the ASSIST cultural team is to create awareness
among the parents in understanding the rights of their children, the ill effects of child labour, and
the importance of admitting their children into schools.
Regular follow-up visits by the ASSIST field staff to the families and to the surrounding factories
have been key elements in promoting child development, and in helping to eradicate child labour in
the targeted areas. Once children demonstrate a capacity to join mainstream schools, they have
been helped to continue their studies. Simple vocational education and training has also been
provided to those children who are lagging behind in their studies. This is mainly to prevent children
26
ASSIST’S Development Process
from returning to hazardous jobs, and to help them gain confidence about their future with additional
skills.
The formation of vigilance teams for the elimination of child labour (in slate quarries, lime kilns,
domestic works, etc.) and the sensitisation of factory owners, trade unions, labourers, contractors
and Government officials, have produced considerable changes in the attitudes of all. There are
industries that now proudly claim that there is no child labour in their factories and regular events
are conducted to keep the issue of child development at the forefront of discussions. Parents are
now well-aware of the importance of education for their children. As a result, there was abnormal
increase in the enrolment rate of child labourers in educational institutions, and more importantly,
an increase in the girl child enrolment.
"The child labour project is good and running excellently well. This isone area where every one of us has to concentrate. I appreciate thecollective efforts of ILO, DfID and the executing agency ASSIST"
Mr. Nara Chandrababu Naidu,Ex-Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
Transitional Education Centres:
Transitional Education Centres are often initiated by the village members themselves. It is owned
and operated by the villagers, and therefore is suited to the needs of their children. These centres
provide a realistic alternative to work, and creates an opportunity for education for poorer children
for whom a mainstream school may not yet be a possibility. Once the children are habituated to
attending these centres, their skills, knowledge and talents are improved through non-formal
educational methods. In particular, children are taught the importance of good habits, sports and
games, songs and dances, in addition to Mathematics, Science, English and Telugu. They organise
competitive examinations periodically to exhibit their talents and to promote a competitive spirit.
Through this, within a short span of time, the children's social and educational standards are
quickly lifted, later allowing them to be admitted into the mainstream.
In sum, this activity aims at ensuring that all children in the age group of 6-14 attend schools
regularly, and are adequately prepared to enter into the mainstream system.
Training to Teachers and Village Education Committee members:
Another important problem identified - particularly in the rural areas - is the lack of good will among
teachers towards villagers, and vice versa. The teachers often complain that the parents do not
show interest in the education of their children, and the villagers complain about the performance
and seriousness of the teachers. It is important to develop a cordial relationship between teachers
and parents in order to provide the best possible learning environment for the children of the
particular village. Hence, ASSIST organises training camps for teachers and members of the Village
27
ASSIST’S Development Process
Education Committees to come up with shared goals and to create dialogue on the necessity to
work together to promote high levels of education and literacy in the target villages.
Vocational Training for Adolescents:
Vocational centres cater to adolescents from rural communities who have little or no education,
and few opportunities to obtain a skilled job. Within these centres, adolescents attend classes in
areas such as Leather Goods Making, Radio and TV Mechanism, Carpentry, Tailoring, Motor Winding,
Medical and Lab Technology, Computer Literacy, Corporate Employability, etc. Classes are catered
to the specific job demands of a particular area, and as such, adolescents receive training that is
relevant and applicable, and able to lead them directly into decent employment. The young people
who participate in vocational training have - due to varying unfortunate circumstances - been
unable to complete their studies; these centres aim to compensate for a lack of education by
training them so that they too may have a chance for a better future.
In addition to skills training, the youth are exposed to all the required managerial skills, marketing
skills and day-to-day skill upgrading techniques. Importantly, vocational training also provides an
opportunity for youth to mix with one another, thus teaching them how to live with healthy social
habits and manners, as part of a community.
ChildDevelopment
Considerablechanges in the attitude
of all parents
Cultural Programmeson importance of
Education
Create awareness amongparents on the rights of
their children, ill effect ofchild labour and
importance of admittingchildren into schools
Formation ofvigilance team
for the elimination ofchild labour
Sensitisation of factoryowners, trade unions,labourers, contractors
and Govt. officials
Training to teachersand village educationcommittee members
Vocational,Managerial, Marketingskill training to youth
Parents are well awareof the importance ofeducation for their
children
Increase in theenrolment rate of childlabourers in educational
institutions
An increasein the girl child
enrolment
28
ASSIST’S Development Process
7. Community Health:
Community Health has been identified as one of the most problematic sectors in the target areas.
Poor sanitary conditions, improper drainage systems, lack of safe water and unhygienic conditions
are visible in almost all the villages. ASSIST strongly believes that it is necessary for people to
realise these problems at first before proceeding further to improve the situation. Experience in
this area has taught us that "lack of individual sanitary latrines in a village may be noticed as a
problem by an outsider, but for a villager living in a community it is not seen as a problem". Hence,
the major task for ASSIST staff is to encourage people to realise the problematic conditions that
they are living in, and to prepare them to have a dialogue on the priorities and solutions within the
particular community. Preliminary data generally reveals the need to organise special camps for
these purposes. Additionally, ASSIST organises massive health check-up camps in remote areas
where the people could not dream of seeing a specialist such as a ophthalmologist, gynaecologist,
cardiologist, orthopaedician, etc. because of cost and distance.
A Second activity undertaken is the promotion of primary health care through intensive health
education and the encouragement of values to help attain positive health in these communities.
Particular focus is placed on women in the reproductive age group as well as children under five.
Through concentrated efforts, positive changes were observed in this most vulnerable sector.
The following items are covered in ASSIST's community health programme:
. Family welfare;
. Environmental sanitation and personal hygiene;
. Mother and child care;
. Immunisation;
. Drinking water;
. Nutrition;
. Care of handicapped;
. Patient care
Kitchen gardens and backyard poultries are promoted in order to improve the nutritional status of
rural poor living in these communities. The target families are motivated to raise kitchen gardens
and improve backyard poultries. In addition, high yielding varieties of pulses have also been
proposed for each family to grow in their own backyards.
HIV/AIDS Education and Care Centres:
The first AIDS case was reported in India in 1986, right about the time that ASSIST was starting
out. Since then, millions of cases have been reported, with the State of Andhra Pradesh accounting
for some of the highest rates in the country. HIV prevalence has been found to be low among the
general population, but disproportionately high among high risk groups such as female sex workers.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
For this reason, ASSIST has developed strategies to increase awareness generation and services
to these specific population. With the help of People's Organisations, the following strategy to
combat the problem of HIV/AIDS has been adopted:
. Raising public awareness and social consciousness on the problem of HIV infection and AIDS
among the target area inhabitants
. Working with all stakeholders to promote dialogue, and eliminate stigma and discrimination of
people living with HIV/AIDS
. Identifying High Risk Groups (HRGs) and ensuring that they practice preventive measures so
that HIV/AIDS is not spread to others
. Establishing Education Centres on HIV/AIDS for the general public, and providing services
such as screening opportunities for HRGs
. Rehabilitating sex workers through the provision of alternate employment opportunities, such
as establishing a Revolving Fund owned, managed and controlled by Associations for High
Risk Groups
This strategy is to be adopted in four phases:
. Education Phase : The primary task should be to bring sufficient awareness and consciousness
among the target population on the problem of HIV/AIDS. The target population should realise
the consequences that society at large will face if the alarming situation of HIV/AIDS infections
continue. Without first achieving public awareness, any investment on preventive measures,
screening measures and rehabilitation measures are in vain.
. Prevention Phase : Once the target population recognises the problem of HIV/AIDS, the next
phase is to ensure that High Risk Groups practice preventive measures. In order to make it
possible, High Risk Groups need to be organised, and they have to be educated in groups,
rather than in ones or twos. Because of Indian cultural standards, these High Risk Groups do
not want to be seen as High Risk Groups in the eyes of public. As such, a system of group
organisation creates a safe and enabling environment for members to discuss and enact
preventative measures to the spread of HIV/AIDS.
. Establishing Education Centre on HIV/AIDS with screening provision : Once awareness is
brought among High Risk Groups in particular, they are encouraged to take precautionary
measures to avoid contracting or spreading HIV. They will also be able to get screened for HIV
to know their status, and act accordingly.
30
ASSIST’S Development Process
. Rehabilitation Phase : The last phase after a successful awareness and prevention programme
is rehabilitating adolescents from families of High Risk Groups by providing alternative
employment opportunities. This is only possible if the earlier programmes succeed; meaning,
once High Risk Groups are organised and have some financial security through the revolving
fund, and once members have had attitudinal changes that allow them to believe that the
next generation should take up a different vocation.
ASSIST is currently working to raise awareness and reduce stigma around the issue of HIV/AIDS in
the target areas, mainly through cultural performances. It is also helping refer those living with HIV
to services that will enhance their health and nutrition. Because of the predominant silence that
still surrounds this topic in India, ASSIST will continue promoting dialogue, and hopes to eventually
set up education centres where information will freely be distributed to the general public on this
very important issue. Schema - Community Health
CommunityHealth
Raising publicawareness and social
consciousness
Educate people torealise the problematic
conditions that theyare living in
Health education,personnel hygiene
Environmentalsanitation
Family welfare,mother and child care,
immunisation andnutrition
Drinking water
Care of patient andhandicapped
Improved Hygienepractices
Increased awarenesson environmental
sanitation
Community participa-tion in drinking watersources maintenance
31
ASSIST’S Development Process
B. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Once the people's organisations become active and are able to respond to the problems of their
community, they are encouraged to take up infrastructure development programmes with the support
of the local Government. This phase provides an opportunity for villagers to improve their living
environment. The activities most felt needed in this phase are secured shelter, household sanitary
installations, water conservation, usage and management, and other infrastructures needed for
the development of the community. These activities aim at creating greater pride, confidence and
dignity among the target families, who may be living in very poor conditions. Once living standards
are improved, the target population can focus greater attention on giving more care, attention and
education to their children, following better health and hygiene practices, and maintaining cleanliness
in and around their houses.
A good environment is the right index of human development. Any development activity has a
direct and indirect impact on its surroundings. Thus, the crystallisation of development activities
should be in conformity with the fragile living environment; only then can "growth" be added with
enriched sustenance at equal parlance. For this to occur, villagers need to be educated on concerns
relating to the environment and its implications on the present society.
Below is a list of infrastructural interventions that ASSIST is involved with:
32
ASSIST’S Development Process
Interventions Anticipated Results
1. Secured Shelter/ . All the families in the community live in a proper house with
sanitary facilities, and other basic amenities.
. Distressed and deprived families can acquire a sense of
pride and dignity in society.
. Housing provides families with greater hope and desire for
further development of their families and children.
. All families are making proper use and maintaining their
respective houses.
2. Water . Community has access to safe drinking water and is able to
maintain the source properly.
. Available water sources are explored to bring their dry and
unutilised wastelands under utilisation.
. Community is taking care of proper maintenance, usage,
restoration and conservation of water sources.
3. Sanitation . Total population of the community is utilising sanitary
installations and proper disposal system is in use.
. Community follows good practices in taking care of
environmental sanitation and the drainage system.
4. Communications . Community has proper accessibility to all means of
communications.
. Internal roads are being maintained systematically.
5. Educational . Community has good quality school infrastructure with all
the amenities, including playground, and it is being
maintained properly.
6. Land Development and . Total land available for the community is being used.
Reforestation . Community maintains good percentage of forest cover
especially on the coastline.
7. Health . Community has access to primary health infrastructure
facilities within reach.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
1. Secured Shelter / Social Housing
The concept of "social housing" has been widely debated by many NGOs involved in rural
development, with some seeing it as an end in itself, and others, as a means to an end. While
looking back at twenty-five years of experience in implementing this programme, ASSIST has learned
that more often than not social housing serves as an entry point to a more comprehensive community
development programme.
Social housing is not just about building shelters; it is critical to rural development. It paves the
way for better living conditions and creates a host of run-off benefits such as reduced migration,
increased savings, improved family health and increased opportunities for children to attend school.
Additionally, while there are many programmes able to create awareness on problems, find solutions,
and build up strength to demand rights, it is housing that provides scope for the whole family and
community to participate in a shared activity, and that gives equal benefit for all the families
irrespective of socio-economic status. It is an activity that, on the one hand, responds to a basic
need (one that is an unfulfilled dream to a poor family), and on the other hand, simultaneously
satisfies the urge for ownership, and thus creates optimism and hope. The participation of the
people in housing gives them a sense of pride and belonging, ideally setting the stage for an
attack on other problems. In sum, housing gives scope to a change of attitudes through the process
of united action, decision making, shared wisdom and resources. Such an experience builds up the
community to organise themselves for bigger things. It is evident from our experiences that the
leadership built in a village through housing tends to create momentum for further developmental
activities in the community.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken up a housing programme on a large scale for the
benefit of the poor. However, the amount that the Government provides is not sufficient to construct
the designed house. As a result, the real poor are not able to come up with the remaining funds to
take advantage of this housing programme; the ultimate benefits accrue to other categories of
people. Because the poorest segments of society are not gaining sufficiently from these provisions,
and because of the calamitous nature of its target areas (due to regular cyclones, flooding and fire
accidents), ASSIST has motivated People's Organisations in all its operational villages to demand
maximum support from the Government. Though villagers contribute some cash from their meagre
savings, it is not enough for the successful completion of houses. Without external support, it is
very difficult for the target group to have a secured shelter. Hence, ASSIST provides matching
support in the form of required material to enable the construction of secured shelter. The people
"Shelter is a fundamental human need. People require
protection from the elements, somewhere to bring up their
families, a place to work from and a home to call their own.
Yet, at present, a fifth of the world's population are either
homeless or live in very poor housing"
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ASSIST’S Development Process
must lead the efforts of planning and implementation
on the ground.
"Secured Shelter creates good hope in the minds
of people to lead better future. It attains a greater
pride and dignity among the poor families who
had been living in great distress and despair.” This
is not merely a saying, but a true observation found
in the rural areas of Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna,
Rangareddy and Mahaboobnagar districts of Andhra Pradesh, where ASSIST has taken up a massive
housing programme for the disadvantaged poor under the cyclone/flood rehabilitation programme.
ASSIST has extended its support to over 18,781 families for permanent housing, and as a result, it
has noticed many improvements and changes in the lives of the poor. ASSIST's interventions have
received very good recognition in society, and are well appreciated by the Government, as well as
by the donors. The housing programme is one of the major activities for which ASSIST has gained
such a positive reputation.
Multipurpose Community Centres:
One of the most vital items proposed under infrastructure development is the promotion of
multipurpose community centres. These centres are used for various types of village meetings,
cultural festivals, village celebrations, functions like marriages, etc. These centres have also been
used by small income generation units as a venue to raise their common fund. Once villagers
demonstrate a felt need for such a centre and raise their common fund for its construction, apart
from obtaining the required site and the possibilities of obtaining local Government support, ASSIST
will also lend a helping hand in the realisation of the project.
Secured Shelter/ Social Housing
Analyse thepresent living
condition
Discussion onsafe and secured
house
Discuss on theavailable
Government housingprogramme
Develop house designswith communityparticipation and
according to their needs
All families live inproper houses
Sanitary and otherbasic amenities are
available
Housing providesgreater hope anddesire for further
development
Gives a sense ofpride and dignity in
the society
35
ASSIST’S Development Process
2. Water:
In spite of continuous efforts made by the Governmental departments and Non-Governmental
sector, it is very sad to state that there are still major challenges in providing safe drinking water to
the masses, both in urban and rural areas of this region. The immediate solution to address the
current water problems has been either to drill bore wells or to supply water in trucks to the
problematic villages. However, when analysed in depth, the reality of the problem is in basic
provision of water for all needs: drinking, domestic consumption, irrigation and industry. Thus, to
ensure the proper provision of water to satisfy all these needs, one must address problems in
conservation, usage and management of the supply.
Bore wells:
Lack of safe and potable water is a central problem in many villages. Drought-prone areas suffer
for want of safe water all through the year, particularly in the summer months. The situation is
more severe with the failure of monsoon rains year by year. Whenever bore wells were provided,
the government used to concentrate on the main villages, as they have voice and power to get
things done. As a result, the disadvantaged poor have often been neglected for minimal basic
amenities.
Safe drinking water is becoming a scarce commodity day by day, despite great need and rising
demand caused by vast population growth in the rural areas. Thus, optimum use of drinking water
sources is the urgent need of the hour.
In light of this situation, ASSIST has developed the following guidelines for the provision of drinking
water bore wells:
1. A new bore well should be provided only in a community where a group of people are living
permanently.
2. A new bore well should only be fixed in a community place and not in a private place. If there
is no possibility for a public place in that specific locality, a private place may be used for the
provision of a bore well only with the
written agreement from the respective
owner. The agreement should specifically
mention that the facility can be used by all
the needy in the locality, irrespective of
caste or creed.
3. The new bore well should cater to the
needs of a minimum of 150 people or 30
families. It should be open to all categories
of people in the community, irrespective of
caste or creed.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
4. A minimum distance of 100 metres should be maintained from the existing drinking water or
irrigation bore well.
5. Participation of the local community is a must for the provision of a new drinking water bore
well. Based on the socio-economic status of the specific target community, maximum
participation has to be obtained.
Over the past 25 years, ASSIST has helped to install over 1,654 bore wells, which the respective
Village Development Societies are responsible for proper maintenance, including the disposal of
wastewater and drainage.
In order to ensure the proper usage and maintenance of these water sources, a number of activities
are followed by ASSIST:
. Potential youth (two or three per village) are identified to work as mechanics and caretakers
in order to ensure the safe and proper maintenance of water sources in their respective
communities. These youth are given intensive training in cleaning, greasing and tightening
the hand pumps on a regular basis.
. WATSAN (water and sanitation) committees are promoted in all communities as part of the
promotion and strengthening of the POs. This committee plays a vital role in mobilising the
people and implementing all the planned activities to finally achieve the intended objectives of
the programme. To perform all these tasks and to improve their capacities and capabilities,
training camps are organised for the representatives of these committees.
Protected Water Supply Schemes:
Another viable solution to overcome the problem of lack of potable water in the villages is to take
up a protected water supply scheme to cover one or a group
of communities. This is most feasible where the ground water
is not at all usable, and where the permanent solution could
be to draw water from a far water source such as a deep
bore well, an open well or canal water. This is one of the
methods followed by the Government. However, in some of
the villages the Government may overlook the provision of
an extension of pipeline to the deserving communities if they
do not have a strong voice. ASSIST tries to identify such
communities, and plans to either take up the scheme
exclusively for them or extend the existing schemes to them
wherever feasible.
From the beginning of planning up to completion of the water
supply scheme, the VDS members and general public are
37
ASSIST’S Development Process
involved at every stage. The VDS forms a WATSAN committee, and clearly indicates its roles and
responsibilities in ensuring that the scheme is self-sustainable. Based on this, every family pays a
nominal fee for the water on a monthly basis to cover the fees for expenditures such as paying the
operator, the electricity tariff and attending to minor repairs.
Water Treatment Plants:
Another intervention is to provide safe drinking
water through Reverse Osmosis Technique for
villages affected with excessive fluoride and
other dangerous chemicals in the groundwater.
Prakasam is one of the problematic districts in
the State of Andhra Pradesh, with a high
prevalence of excess fluoride content in the
ground water. Latest government reports
identify excess fluoride content above the
permissible limits in 322 habitations. People living
in these habitations have no alternative except to consume the available water, and as a result
entire population are affected from a variety of teeth and bone disorders. Thus, Reverse Osmosis
Plants (ROPs) offer a viable solution for removing dangerous chemicals from the water, and hence
making it fit for human consumption.
The first activity of this intervention is to find a suitable site within the community to establish the
plant. The requisite land is acquired as the voluntary contribution from the villagers or local
panchayat. The second activity involves the drilling and installation of the ROP with all the required
filters to purify the raw water. During these processes, it is a MUST that the community collectively
agrees to take responsibility for the usage and management of the plant upon completion. This is
ensured by hiring an in-charge operator that will be responsible for storing and distributing water,
collecting fees and changing the filters every 6 months. All of the associated salary and maintenance
expenses for the plant are paid from the collection of a nominal fee for the provision of water.
ASSIST experience has shown that villagers greatly collaborate in these kinds of projects, as they
soon realize improvements in their health (such as a reduction in constant body pains due to
excess fluoride), and are therefore willing to maintain the plant in the best possible condition. As
an added measure of sustainability, special Water Committees are also formed in each village to
ensure the proper handling of any water-related issues.
Desalination Plants:
Another intervention is to provide safe drinking water through Desalination Plants for the villages
having the availability of only brackish water adjacent to the Bay of Bengal.
38
ASSIST’S Development Process
The Krishna district has pockets of islands along the Krishna river adjacent to the Bay of Bengal.
Communities living on these islands have major problems due to the non-availability of potable
water sources within their dwelling locations. These communities are surrounded by brackish water,
as the Krishna River is polluted with the salinated waters of the Bay of Bengal.
Average total dissolved solids (TDS) levels in this brackish water are 30,000 ppm. The normal
reverse osmosis technique cannot be employed to purify water in this case, as it is not able dissolve
elements greater than 10,000 ppm. Hence, the only alternative is either to purify the brackish
water with a desalination plant or to provide a water pipe line from inland areas, which is quite
expensive.
Lack of safe water has become a major obstacle for the development of these communities. Many
people are forced to migrate to other places for their own survival, often leaving their fields on
these islands. If the situation continues, there is a danger that these islands will become empty
and the fertile land will become barren. The health conditions of people in these communities are
also affected very badly, as they suffer from chronic diseases and lack proper health care. Water-
borne diseases are common and visible in these villages, and almost all categories of the population
are affected by the consumption of polluted water.
Renovation of existing water sources:
Poor maintenance of the existing water sources in remote villages is one of the major problems,
which is lending to poor health particularly among women and children. Renovation of existing
water sources is one of the felt-needs of the people to promote a good sanitary environment in
their dwelling places. Most of the problems with regard to existing water sources are broken
platforms, damaged hand pumps, improper drainage facilities and stagnation of water around the
hand pump. Respective People's Organisations are motivated to take up these water source
issues on a priority basis, and see that they are resolved promptly, ensuring that proper
environmental sanitary conditions prevail. After the renovation, People's Organisations are charged
with the maintenance of the hand pumps by identifying responsible persons from the body in that
particular locality.
Water for Irrigation
The cropping pattern in ASSIST operational areas
is largely oriented towards food production and
maintenance of livestock. In recent times,
however, the pattern has shifted towards
horticulture in the upland areas, while in coastal
areas the emphasis is being placed on timber
cultivation. In certain areas along the coast,
39
ASSIST’S Development Process
fertile food producing lands have been converted into fish and prawn tanks. This type of shift in
land use though, has only been possible for rich farmers and urban businessmen who are able to
invest sufficient money for changing the natural conditions of the land, especially irrigation and
land development. The small and marginal farmers are gradually losing their land to big farmers,
and are struggling to cope with adverse climatic conditions such as recurrent droughts, untimely
rains and floods. Additionally, the pressure of switching to commercial agriculture has also become
very expensive. Indebtedness and crop failure are said to be inevitable outcomes of the corporate
model of industrial agriculture being introduced in India through globalisation. The value of dry
land is fluctuating yearly according to the level of indebtedness of the farmers. If the farmers have
lost the crop and are in debt, the land value automatically plummets that year. The end result is
that more and more small and marginal farmers are selling their land after poor yields at throw-
away prices, leaving them landless and in need of work.
Water has come to play a very important role in defining agricultural production relationships. Well-
to-do farmers are able to invest in developing water sources for their lands. For example, water is
available for irrigation provided one could lift it to the lands. Therefore, the rich farmers in rural
areas, joined by businessmen in urban areas, are ready to buy the land where the possibility for
getting water exists, particularly at the side of rivers and drains, as a commercial venture. Such
options do not exist for the small and marginal farmers.
It is under these circumstances that ASSIST took up the challenge to work for the small and marginal
farmers. The methodology of supporting this target population has been to form them into groups
according to the location and continuity of their lands, make them aware of various issues related
to their lives, impart training on leadership qualities, and finally, make them collectively explore
solutions to their irrigation needs. The process of enabling them to crystallise the needs and
solutions usually takes about a year. During this period, the government departments are contacted
to represent their problems, the local elected representatives are approached to pursue the matter
at appropriate higher levels, and ultimately, the technical plans and cost estimates are worked out
for implementation of a lift irrigation system for the identified lands. During this process, ASSIST is
continuously encouraging and motivating the people. For implementation, the beneficiaries are
formed into a committee, which takes care of raising local contributions by way of labour and cash,
and liaises with the government. After the completion of the scheme, the farmers are constituted
into a Water Users Association, which then manages the system. During this period of involvement,
ASSIST also entrusts the Village Development Society to oversee management of these interventions.
At the area level, the village development societies are formed into an APEX Body, which takes up
common issues pertaining to the area; responsibilities include conducting awareness camps and
lobbying the government on problems faced by farmers in agriculture such as supply of seed,
fertilisers, power, pesticides, water and marketing of produce.
Using this methodology, ASSIST has implemented several lift irrigation schemes benefiting small
and marginal farmers in Guntur and Prakasam Districts. Even during the course of implementation
40
ASSIST’S Development Process
of these schemes, the programme has had a tremendous influence on small and marginal farmers
in particular. The farmers from other villages are immediately able to sense the fact that these
people in ASSIST areas are now very confident of themselves, and holding their heads high. The
cost of the land in the area has already shot up, increasing the economic status of the families. The
leadership in the community has also improved and their ability to lobby with the government and
officials is clearly visible.
Seeing these obvious changes and having become aware of the methodology of getting water for
their lands, the farmers from other villages have started forming village level groups, making
adjustments amongst themselves to consolidate contiguous land in their ownership, and locating
possible water lifting points on the rivers or rivulets closer to them. This process has generated
significant interest from all sections of the farming community, and ASSIST has once again been
compelled to come to centre stage to take up more of such schemes.
Watershed Development:
Watershed development is critical for the
prevention of environmental problems, and
for the maintenance of the ecological
balance. ASSIST organises the POs and
facilitates the process to take up needy and
suitable measures in relation to water, soil
and vegetative conservation in the identified
watershed area.
Watershed management involves the
management of land, water and greenery
with special reference to socio-economic
aspects of a watershed. Practically
speaking, it refers to the management of the land area such that the overland flow does not carry
any soil load during the rains. It implies growing green foliage on lands through proper utilisation
of the water resources, arresting soil erosion, and thus allowing only clear water out of the
watershed. In due course, it renders the villages self sufficient in food, fodder, fibre, firewood,
fruits, fats, vegetables and clothing, which subsequently leads to the enjoyment of good education,
health and hygiene. Thus, watershed management is a pragmatic programme for restoring soil
regimen, reviving green foliage and rebuilding the rural economy.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
3. Sanitation
Safe sanitation and hygiene practices are hugely lacking across India. In ASSIST areas, poor hygiene
practices in these communities clearly relate to their poor economic conditions. It has become a
normal pattern of living as work places such as tobacco factories, ginning mills, shops,
establishments, petty tea shops, etc. do not provide the scope to practice proper health and
hygienic practices.
As both urban and rural areas, with the exception of metropolitan cities, are not provided with an
adequate number of storm water drains, the rainwater and sullage stagnates at many low-lying
areas becoming a breeding ground for mosquitoes, thereby causing an unhygienic environment in
the communities. Further, when human excreta and industrial waste are not properly disposed of,
it results in the contamination of surface water, ground water and even the soil, causing serious
health hazards for the people. The communities also face high mortality and morbidity rates for
children between 0-5 years of age. The common diseases transmitted because of poor water
quality include diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid and certain viral diseases like infectious hepatitis. In
ensuring better sanitary standards to improve the general health of the people, the proper collection
of refuse, its haulage and subsequent disposal with the minimum possible risk or harm to public
health is a MUST.
Household Sanitation:
In addition to the provision of shelter, the construction of individual sanitary latrines is taken up
after the people have been sufficiently motivated about their use and maintenance. The problems
Water
Analyse thewater availability
Organise culturalprogrammes
Educate therelationship of waterquality and quantity
with health andeconomy
Form Watercommittee
Train youthson the
maintenance ofpumping equipments
Training on theneed for waterconservation,
recharging andmanagement.
Aware on theneed for safe andadequate water
Aware on theneed for water
conservation andrecharging
Active watercommittee to manage
and maintain thewater sources
Trained mechanicsin all villages
Improved hygienepractices
42
ASSIST’S Development Process
encountered in the village due to open-air defecation are explained in detail through a variety of
media until the people feel the necessity of having individual sanitary latrines in their communities.
Studies carried out in all the proposed villages reveal that only 6.08% of families have household
latrines, and the remaining population use open fields and road margins for defecation. The majority
of families allow their small children to defecate either in or in front of the house, leaving the
defecated waste to be eaten by pet animals (ie. dogs, birds, fowls, etc.), or to be swept into the
open drains or road sides. Lack of knowledge on environmental hygiene leads to improper disposal
of solid, liquid and animal waste; pools of drain waste around the bore wells result in the most
unhygienic living conditions, making it a breeding ground for mosquitoes. These practices can only
be changed by creating awareness among the people. Thus, great emphasis is placed on educating
rural inhabitants to realise the best sanitary practises through various awareness generation
activities, and in getting the support of the POs to promote the construction of low-cost household
latrines with local materials through the establishment of Water and Sanitation Committees.
ECOSAN - Ecological Sanitation
Approximately half of humanity lacks any kind of sanitation. The situation is unlikely to change any
time soon so long as conventional approaches are continually promoted. With rapid urbanisation,
population growth, growing income disparities and increasing water scarcity, conventional
approaches are becoming increasingly too costly, too complex, or simply technically inappropriate.
In addition to a changing world affecting sanitation solutions, conventional sanitary approaches
are leading to other problems. Underlying the conventional approach to sanitation is an assumption
that excreta are a waste suitable only for disposal; the conventional technologies are thus designed
to dispose of excreta. These linear approaches fail to recycle nutrients, to prevent pollution or to
protect health. Thus, surface and ground water become contaminated and the resulting soil infertility
leads to costly measures and pollution. Because conventional approaches are not available to half
of humanity, high rates of infectious disease and infant mortality continue to exist.
What is "EcoSan"? Ecological sanitation is an ecosystem approach to waste disposal based on
three key principles: sanitation should be safe from a health perspective, non-polluting, and based
on principles of reuse and recycling of the valuable nutrients in human excreta. In other words,
ecological sanitation is an approach to human excreta disposal that aims at recycling nutrients
back into the environment and into productive systems. These processes have been used in many
cultures and societies, and are widely applied in rural communities in China and Vietnam, and in
urban areas in Yemen. In addition to the obvious health and environmental benefits, ecological
sanitation is crucial because without it, we fail to return natural fertilizer to the land, which means
we deplete the soils of nutrients, and ultimately, we diminish the food supply.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
Benefits of EcoSan System:
Ecological sanitation systems can make an
invaluable contribution to sustainable
livelihoods and poverty reduction, including
in urban areas, by increasing food security
through the return of nutrients from excreta
to the soil, the increase of soil fertility, and
by reducing pollution and health risks. Such
systems also impact positively on food
security through better management of
scarce water resources, and contribute to
health through reducing transmission of disease and increasing nutritional intake. The compost
produced can be sold or used for household food production. The establishment of home gardens
and sale of produce can be facilitated, and the resulting increase in income can lead to greater
nutritional well-being for families. The establishment of an ecological sanitation system can create
opportunities for local entrepreneurs to design and build toilets, as well as provide training on the
building of toilets and the use of the end product, creating further income generation potential.
Ecological sanitation approaches are thus far more appealing than conventional sanitation systems,
both financially and environmentally, and they offer more from a sustainable livelihood and poverty
reduction perspective.
While both the government and ASSIST provide only the technical guidance and supply of all the
required building materials with the help of field staff, the actual work is done by the villagers. The
villagers provide their contribution through unskilled labour as well as small cash contributions. So
far, 13,673 toilets have been built in the working villages.
School Sanitation:
School sanitation is a crucial element in improving
the sanitary conditions in a particular village.
Because older generations have followed
traditional habits for ages, it is difficult to change
the habits of these people. However, it is easier
to convince children, and to use them as agents
of change for both family and community. Hence,
ASSIST places greater emphasis on the provision
of sanitary installations in schools, and ensures
their compulsory use by children so that they can propagate the same habits at home. Classes are
also given on hygiene practices in the school by the Cluster In-charges, with the help of teachers.
. Safe and affordable especially in high water tableand/or water scarce areas.. Does not pollute the ground or surface water, orthe soil.. Does not produce flies or smell.. Uses less water than any other toilet. A waterflush toilet for a family of five needs 54,000 litresof water a year for flushing; the compost toiletsaves all this water.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
Drainage:
Improper drainage systems in the rural areas and urban slums are a major hurdle for promoting
better environmental sanitation. As people still do not feel it is a necessity, ASSIST concentrates
more on bringing the essential attitudinal changes, and tries to create some concrete models to
improve their localities. This is being done in several ways depending on the appropriate solution
in that particular community to improve the environmental sanitary conditions. It could be done by
developing a proper wastewater disposal system without any stagnation based on the levels and
water flowing directions. Wherever necessary, permanent drainage might have to be constructed
to bring water from dwelling places to a pit.
Urban Sanitary Complexes:
The access to sanitation in cities is no different
when compared to villages. In fact, the
conditions in villages are far better because
open spaces are available whereas in the urban
areas, with the congested lanes and with dense
population, there is limited space available for
open defecation. The combination of no
sewerage system and a high population density
means that the conditions are much worse than
in rural areas. Thus, where the demand is clearly expressed, ASSIST works with people's
organisations to construct sanitary complexes in busy commercial areas that can be managed and
maintained by these groups through small public user fees.
Cultural performance togenerate awareness
Awareness Generationcamps on
environmental sanitation
Create demand forhousehold sanitary
latrines
Train the schoolchildren on usage ofSanitary facilities and
hygiene practices
ImprovedEnvironmental
sanitation
More demand forsanitary latrines
Increased usage ofSanitary facilities
Improved hygienepractices
Sanitation
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ASSIST’S Development Process
4. Communications:
Basic mobility within the community and from one community to another is an essential need to
improve the social condition of the people living in remote areas. It is quite common that most of
the isolated communities do not have proper access to the rest of the world. As a result, they
continue to live in isolation with ignorance, illiteracy and a different mindset generally characterised
by negative attitudes. Not only is there a danger that they will become depressed and remain
removed from society, but this level of ignorance can make them vulnerable to exploitation when it
comes to managing their land, human and other resources.
Accordingly, ASSIST - by strengthening the respective People's Organisations - tries to improve
accessibility and contact to the rest of the world in order to broaden knowledge and enable those
in remote areas to lead better lives. These goals can be achieved through the formation of internal
roads, access to nearby main roads, and access to work places, postal, radio and telecommunications.
5. Infrastructure for Educational Institutions:
While ASSIST endeavours to set up non-residential centres so that it is easier to transition working
children into mainstream schools, the velocity of the problem varies across the region. Whereas
non-residential centres are feasible in villages, it is extremely difficult to run non-residential centres
in the squatters. Support for children's education in these areas is highly ineffective, as young
people are generally situated right next to work zones, where they can be regularly removed from
school for labour purposes. Additionally, the environment can be hostile and hazardous, making it
inadvisable to start centres in such an unhealthy atmosphere. Accordingly, the only solution is to
build residential complexes for the children living in the squatters. These centres are built in a safe,
child-friendly rural setting, at close enough proximity for families to visit on foot. These centres offer
a favourable environment for promoting mainstream education for these working children.
It is clearly observed that the existing infrastructure facilities in the villages are inadequate, and
are not meeting the needs of the children attending the schools. The problems identified in the
villages are: lack of educational material and equipment, congested rooms, lack of sitting benches
for the children, absence of table and chairs for the teachers, and no sanitation facilities. These
are some of the problems contributing to child drop-out rates. More than this, the existing school
infrastructure is not creating child-friendly atmospheres that could encourage students and their
parents to attend regularly. Hence, ASSIST focuses its efforts on making these schools
environmentally friendly to the stakeholders.
6. Land development and reforestation:
Rural Development takes place within a physical environment of land, climate, vegetation and
animal order. The diversity of this environment presents opportunities and challenges in any effort
46
ASSIST’S Development Process
of Rural Development. Land is the most vital resource for development in any part of India. ASSIST
tries to understand the following elements for consideration while taking up interventions related
to land development and reforestation:
. location - whether inland, coastal, ease of
transportation;
. extent of available land owned by the
community;
. terrain - its nature, whether slope or on a
plain;
. access to fresh water - surface versus
underground;
. soil - quality and its viability for use;
. hazards likely to be faced by this land from floods, salt water, tides, etc.;
. mineral resources available from the land, determined through soil testing;
Land Reclamation after Tsunami Disaster:
Following the Tsunami of 26th December 2004,
fishing communities experienced dissatisfactory
results, which frightened them for the first time
into thinking about alternate livelihood
opportunities. These fishermen were of the
opinion that the disaster had disturbed the
natural environment in the sea in the region,
and that continued fishing might not yield future
results.
As an alternative, the people started looking at
the only other resource available: land.
Back in the 1980s and 90s, these communities were able to use the land for various income-
generating purposes, most notably through aqua farming. Unfortunately, due to frequent cyclones,
floods, indiscriminate use of fertiliser and change in climatic conditions, aqua farms started suffering
with viral infections; beginning in 1995, aqua farming began to fail miserably, and the Tsunami of
2004 made the situation much worse, as salt water seeped into parts of these lands on the coast
in Prakasam, Guntur and Krishna Districts.
Fishermen in 12 coastal villages affected by the Tsunami in Krishna District requested for the
reclamation of these abandoned lands converted under aqua culture as it is an alternative livelihood
for their survival after the disaster. Private enterprises holding aqua farms had already converted
47
ASSIST’S Development Process
their lands and started making use of them by cultivating agricultural crops. Hence, the villagers
were convinced that their lands, too, could be converted by undertaking reclamation works and
desalinising them with the use of gypsum and fresh water. Accordingly, abundant lands to the tune
of 2,960 acres (1,184 hectares) owned by the fishermen community were identified for land
reclamation in these 12 Tsunami-affected villages under two mandals of Krishna District. All these
families were hit by the Tsunami and were not in a position to get their lands cultivable by large
financial investment. However, they strongly felt the need to bring their tiny land holdings back
under cultivation to try and gain an assured annual income from the land resource.
Tree plantation:
Tree plantation is another activity that is taken up by the POs to improve the vegetative conservation
in the proposed villages. Plantation will occur in vacant places, backyards and on the roadside.
The POs identify potential areas, and recommendations are sought from the expertise of the
department of Social Forestry prior to plantation. Even after the trees are planted, the POs take
the responsibility to protect and grow the plants; they take care of watering and other safety
measures required to ensure their healthy growth.
6. Health:
As part of promoting and strengthening the Community Health Programme in order to attain
sustainable development in the target communities, ASSIST acts as a facilitator to enhance the
infrastructural facilities occasionally being provided by the Government.
Primary Health Centres:
Primary Health Centres (PHC) are the nearest hospitals or referral centres for the target population.
The majority of centres lack basic infrastructure such as buildings, equipment, etc. ASSIST attempts
to enhance these basic facilities so that the poor can have access to primary health
services within their vicinity. The construction of basic health clinics within remote villages are also
promoted where it is difficult for the people to reach PHCs. ASSIST supports these initiatives with
training for the resident health worker as well as through provision of basic equipment and
medicines.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
C. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The third major phase of intervention is Economic Development. Whatever efforts one makes in
enhancing human development indicators have to be linked with income generation to achieve
sustainability. Economic development and poverty reduction are major policy goals for the poorer
communities. While sustainable poverty reduction is inherently linked to local economic growth, it is
also connected to the creation of responsive and accountable public institutions that bring
marginalised population into the governance process. Hence, this phase aims at improving the
economic status of the target families by identifying permanent and sustainable income sources.
Working children may be withdrawn from work after motivating the parents, but in order to sustain
this change and ensure that the parents are not forced to send their children back to work, livelihood
promotion opportunities must be enhanced, and the income levels raised among target families.
With this focus, ASSIST aims at making provisions for people's organisations to take up viable
income generation schemes continuously.
After building strong community organisations, discussions take place on how to improve the
economic status of the target families and community in general. The common solution derived in
these regions is to optimize the utilisation of land, water and human resources. Land-based
activities to improve production and increase profit, and work units to upgrade people's skills in
order to market their products are the best solutions in ASSIST's target areas. Once some solutions
have been identified, the next step is to support People's Organisations to take up Economic
Development activities in relation to livelihood promotion such as providing matching grants to
MACTS, initiating household income generative units, and simultaneously installing irrigation wells
and other land development activities to ensure sustainable farming.
The following are a list of different interventions that constitute the process of Economic
Development:
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ASSIST’S Development Process
Interventions Anticipated Results
1. Sustainable Farming . Farmers are practicing sustainable farming techniques to
have constant returns from their fields.
. Farmers are inclined towards organic farming measures by
controlling the usage of fertilisers and pesticides.
. A crop rotation system is being followed to safeguard the
soil and its fertility.
2. Skill up-gradation & . Human resources have been studied in depth and their skills
Vocational Trainingare upgraded to match the present trends in order to obtain a
reasonable income.
. Adolescents are exposed to different trades and are trained
to enhance their economic status.
3. Livestock . The majority of families are rearing livestock in a profitable
manner and are improving their economic status.
4. Micro Enterprises . Feasibility studies are conducted, and the most viable
income generation opportunities in the community have been
identified based on the available resources, raw material
and market demands.
. Target families have established respective units and are
making good profits in their ventures.
. Community has a sufficient revolving fund owned, managed
and controlled by the target families.
5. Non-Conventional Energy . Community is conscious of protecting and safeguarding the
environment and making optimum use of natural resources.
. Appropriate non-conventional measures are in practice in
the community, making use of waste material in order to
protect the community, society and environment in general.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
1. Sustainable Farming:
During the 1970s, the barter system was used in much of rural India, where people exchanged
essential commodities for their living. Since then, new technologies have created more opportunities
for income generation; however, the quality of life of rural dwellers has not improved. In fact, the
livelihoods of these people are in greater peril now than ever before. Seventy percent of people
today depend on agriculture for their livelihood sources, out of which most are small farmers. In
previous years, farmers mostly cultivated tobacco, but then gradually started taking up cotton
cultivation, a commercial cash crop. Farmers did not practice crop rotation methods to enrich the
soil; instead, they continuously cultivated cotton crops year after year, which depleted the fertility
of the soil. Due to the unlimited use of fertilizers and pesticides, the soil became infertile and pests
developed resistance to pesticides. Heavy losses in cotton cultivation led to farmers becoming
increasingly indebted, with some farmers even going to the extent of committing suicide.
All of these consequences occurred because there was an insufficient spread of technical know-
how that could inform farmers on the latest farming practices. In some areas, due to the presence
of granite industries, the entire area has become a dumping ground for noxious gases and toxic
elements. In others, infertile soils have forced farmers to leave their lands, and migrate to the
cities in search of work. The gap is also widening between marginal and rich farmers, as the latter
is able to utilize the latest technologies and expertise on farming practices, which the former cannot
afford. At present, small farmers are seldom able to have their soil samples tested, and accordingly,
apply needed nutrients to the crops in the fields. The resulting situation is one of over-dosage of
fertilizers, which in turn leads to increasing investment costs and further burdens on the farmer.
In light of these circumstances, ASSIST's programme is mainly intended for the betterment of small
and marginal farmers, particularly in seeing to it that farmers will never incur losses in cultivation.
ASSIST promotes demonstrative farms to expose farmers to the latest technical knowledge on
farming practices, and to teach farmers how to produce quality agricultural products that will fetch
better market prices.
Crop rotation methods and organic farming to produce crops with low investment (and thus save
the fertility of soil for years to come) are the main areas attended. Nursery farms are formed to
raise healthy, disease-free seedlings to be distributed to farmers at minimum cost. Through nursery
demonstration plots, farmers are able to learn seed treatment against fungal and bacterial diseases,
which largely reduces the need for pesticide application after transplantation. Through organic
farming demonstration plots, farmers learn the latest technical methods in cultivating mainly vegetable
and fruit crops. Generally, the heavy application of pesticides leaves residues in these farm products,
which have an adverse affect on the health of consumers. Nowadays, consumers of farm products
are more aware of their health, and are interested in purchasing vegetables, pulses and other
cereal grains produced under organic farming practices. Through Vermicompost demonstration units,
farmers are taught to produce organic manure from farm waste and cattle dung, and to use it for
growing vegetable and cereal crops that fetch higher prices in the markets.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
Through a dairy farm demonstrative unit, farmers learn to rear high yielding milch animals. Women
members of farming families can take up the rearing of milch animals as a subsidiary income unit.
When drought prevailed in the target areas, farmers completely depended on the income derived
from milch animals, which were low yielding animals. This type of demonstration farm can help
farmers to learn proper rearing methods to gain higher yields.
In the social forestry demonstration unit, various types of forestry plants are grown to show farmers
how they can protect the soil from erosion and prevent annual crops from winds and gales, in
addition to providing income to farmers every four years.
The farmers of this area are facing much difficulty in getting their soils tested to understand the
levels of different nutrients, and to take the necessary measures to make the soil more productive.
Soil test reports would help inform the appropriate application of plant nutrients to crops for better
growth, and the means of obtaining greater yields with less investment.
Training camps and exposure visits are conducted for farmers to create awareness on various
aspects including dairy farming, nursery raising,
organic farming and social forestry. Farmers are
trained in bio-pesticide preparations, and
integrated pest and disease management.
Farmers are also trained in collecting soil
samples for analysis. Every year, it is essential
to collect soil samples after the crops have been
harvested to know the available nutrients in the
soil for taking up the next crop. Thus, farmers
can potentially save in the application of excess
dosages of fertilizers and other micronutrients.
Training camps:
This is one of the major activities to educate identified farmers in the target villages. The topics
covered in the training camps are as follows:
. Soil management technology
. Crop rotation system
. Seed production
. Weed management
. Water management / drainage facility
. Integrated nutrient management
. IPM / IDM (Integrated Pest Management / Integrated Disease Management)
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ASSIST’S Development Process
. Marketing management
. Soil selection and cultivation package of management practices of various orchards
. Different propagation and multiplication of various floriculture plans
. Cultivation of various vegetable crops
. Income generative activities related to agro-based products
. Maintenance of milch animals and Heifers
. Poultry management
. Pest and disease management in cattle, sheep and goats
Cultural camps:
The cultural performances are the best medium to educate and convince farmers on the above said
topics. Through small skits, songs, dances, role-plays, street plays and palle suddulu (traditional
plays), the farmers are provided with important information. ASSIST's well-experienced cultural
team lies at the centre of bringing awareness among the farmers on the various problems and
issues.
Farmers' Field Schools (FFS):
In addition to the training camps, Farmers' Field School activities have been organised in all the
target villages. The FFS is a school without walls organised in a farmer's field itself. The objective
of this activity is to educate farmers on the
various pests and diseases that attack from time
to time in their fields, and allow them as
professionals to identify various measures to
overcome the identified problems. With this
approach, farmers can learn various monitoring
techniques to control pests occurring in their
fields, and take immediate action as a result.
Exposure visits:
Exposure visits are another means of educating
the identified farmers on various measures that are being followed by progressive farms to achieve
sustainable farming. ASSIST identifies such farms, and the identified farmers from the working
villages are taken there to have direct interaction with these successful farmers. They are also able
to witness first-hand the various practices being adopted at these farms, and thus are more easily
convinced of their benefit.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
Opening of Demo Plots:
In addition to the above-mentioned activities, ASSIST has promoted the creation of demonstration
plots by selected farmers in all the villages. In each village, a one- acre plot is used for demonstration,
where all the IPM / IDM practices are adopted by the farmers. The purpose of this activity is to
impart practical education to the farmers on IPM / IDM practices and to enable them to practice
strictly without any deviation. This is the best way of educating other farmers in the village. Once
the neighbouring farmers practice all the IPM methods, it is easier to convince other farmers too.
In addition to the Demo plots, check plots also have to be maintained in the same villages to
assess the performance of the Demo plots and to do comparative studies.
Vermicompost Demo units:
To attain the ultimate objective of getting farmers to internalise the importance and benefits of
sustainable, organic farming, ASSIST promotes Vermicompost demo units in all the target villages
to educate farmers on the usage of organic manure. The necessary knowledge to set up and
maintain a Vermicompost is imparted through training camps.
SustainableFarming
ImprovedAgricultural practices
Training camps on SoilManagement, Crop
Rotation system, SeedProduction, Water Mgmt.
Training camps onmaintenance of milchanimals and heifers
Better crop andwater management
Increased milkproduction leadsincreased income
More organic farmingpractices for
sustained production
Training campson Poultry
CulturalProgrammes
Farmers FieldSchools / visits
Demonstrationplots
Vermi compostingunit Demonstration
2. Skill up-gradation & vocational training:
As India grows in leaps and bounds, rural India still struggles with basic issues such as lack of
employment, education and health care. There is a pressing need to bridge this divide in order to
enable a more harmonious social and economic order. India has seen high economic growth rates
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ASSIST’S Development Process
for over a decade now and with globalization, the economy has opened huge avenues for
employment. Indian youth today are keen to pursue education, which makes them capable of
taking advantage of these opportunities, but a large section of youth belonging to the
underprivileged strata of society are constrained in doing so primarily because of their poor socio-
economic conditions. Young people having studied up to High School or Higher secondary level find
themselves without skills relevant for employment in the job market. The result is widespread
unemployment and unrest among the youth, creating social stress and upsetting the whole nation's
development.
Skill constraints:
In the last few years, the service sector has been at the forefront of Indian economic growth, and
sectors like Retail Marketing are in huge employment demand. Sadly, many sectors such as Retail,
IT, BPO, and Banking are facing huge mismatches between their need for skilled personnel (market
demand), and their supply, especially at the bottom of the delivery chain. The situation is alarming
and acute, and the need of the hour is quality secondary education and good technical skills among
prospective employees, especially among the underprivileged. ASSIST's thrust is on providing access
for youth to education, employment, health and other services to afford them better living conditions.
In the other words, efforts are made to provide youth with ample opportunities to develop their
skills, capabilities, and personality to become good citizens of the country.
Important features:
Fishing and agriculture are generally the only sources of occupation available at the village level.
Hence, youth, having no alternate employment opportunities are forced to continue the same
occupation pattern as their parents. In order to meet the needs of these young people (especially
adolescents), ASSIST feels that the most viable alternative is to provide vocational training in
specific skills or trades, depending on the aptitude of the respective adolescents. Groups of
adolescents (both male and female) above the age of 14 are identified yearly to be trained in
various trades. Some of the trades are as follows:
. Carpentry . Masonry
. Cement fabrications . Radio and television mechanism
. Plastic moulding . Electrical wiring
. Leather works . Medical Lab Technology
. Tailoring and Embroidery . Motor Winding
. Computer Applications . Four Wheel Driving
. Corporate Employability Skills . Weaving
. Toy making
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ASSIST’S Development Process
These trainings provide important, practical skills as well as non-formal education for adolescents
to improve their academic standards. These youth are also trained on marketing and on how to be
an entrepreneur, once they have attained the successful completion of a particular skill. Based on
the skill involved, individuals are trained between six and nine months. After this time, they are
assisted in establishing either individual or group work units to enhance the economic status of
their families by arranging loans from the MACTS.
3. Livestock:
Prakasam district is currently the second largest
producer of milk in the State of Andhra Pradesh. As
the ownership of livestock is more evenly distributed
in the coastal districts among landless labourers and
marginal farmers, the progress in this sector resulted in a more balanced development of the rural
economy. The diseases that commonly attack an animal's health like rinder-pest have been eradicated
from the region due to the wide network of milk cooperatives, and through better dissemination of
knowledge and practices of animal rearing.
The rearing of milch animals is done on an individual basis, which means that there has been no
collective effort to work on the problems related to the livestock, such as insurance or green fodder.
Though all input services were provided during and after the project period, the families were not
able to access the many services required for livestock management such as veterinary care. Hence,
to sustain the process of livelihood development in these villages, ASSIST identified the need to
take up long-term measures and interventions through an integrated delivery approach. After
identifying the gaps, ASSIST developed a strategy to incorporate the following:
. Fodder cultivation: ASSIST will provide adequate technical and financial assistance to the
local community to raise fodder. The activity is carried out on common lands, and in the absence
of suitable lands, the program may consider providing financial assistance to lease the lands.
. Capacity Building Programs: Capacity building on livelihood context is about strengthening
the ability of community organisations and its members to lead, govern and manage their
business to deliver outcomes.
. Village Level Volunteers: Training personnel so that the community is self-reliant in attending
to the immediate and basic health needs of the animals.
. Provision of animals: ASSIST identifies vulnerable households, and provides assistance to
buy animals. The beneficiaries must repay these loans to the community revolving fund, which
will then give an opportunity to extend the facility to the other needy families in the region.
. Formation of Producer cooperatives: ASSIST provides technical, managerial and financial
assistance to set up a producer cooperative in each village. Efforts are made to congregate
the smaller units through the promotion of an apex body, which would govern and manage
Milk being highly perishable commodity,requires proper storage facility to protectthem from wastage until it reaches themarket.
56
ASSIST’S Development Process
the cooperatives. Care is taken to see that the asset is insured on an individual basis. Micro-
insurance services are complemented with other financial services like credit or savings with
beneficiary contributions, to facilitate concrete protection to the milch animal.
Sustainability plan
The use of manure from the livestock is a viable alternative to the farming community buying it from
the outside. This intervention ensures that the women are also empowered through these various
activities, thus encouraging greater gender equality in the community as well as in their families.
Enriching small farmers and landless labour families through a more holistic and self-reliant approach
will not only result in terms of improvement of income, employment and nutritional status, but also
in terms of fostering community development, gender empowerment and protection of the
environment. As such, the larger canvas of 'rural development' is accomplished using dairy as a
tool.
Promotion of Renewable Technologies
An increase in the animal population paves the way for the adoption of indigenous renewable
technologies. The people can use the dung for natural energies and gas, thus bringing down the
costs on fuel consumption for cooking, as well as
electricity for lighting. Furthermore, the use of
Vermicompost units can fetch additional income for the
families. Both biogas technologies and Vermicompost
units require animal dung as a by-product for energy
production; with the provision of dairy in the target
villages, the availability of dung increases, thus
opening the doors for villagers to take up these new
technologies. Establishment of these units is now
being subsidised by the Government, enabling the
beneficiaries to access them more easily.
4. Micro Enterprises:
While the target population possesses basic skills about production processes, they may be outdated
in their knowledge, or may require some value additions to be able to explore market potential and
come into line with market realities.
A further gap that has been identified among many
farmers is a lack of knowledge on marketing techniques.
To give an example, the packing of a product is a great
art, which can greatly serve in attracting a consumer. In
fact, consumers are often tempted to buy products that appear neat and tidy, irrespective of the
quality (although, the quality of a product is also important in later stages). Hence, the producers
in our target communities should be oriented on product-promotion activities.
Producers in the targetcommunities have to be orientedtowards product promotion
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ASSIST’S Development Process
Livelihood Promotion Activities:
To break the cycle of the poverty, ASSIST believes in the necessity of providing some livelihood
promotion opportunities depending on the skills and capabilities of the target population. Possible
schemes include sheep and goat rearing, poultry boxes, dairy, and occupational activities. Sometimes
loans are arranged to help village members to start their own petty businesses. These schemes
are the starting point for increased economic stability, which creates the conditions necessary for
improving other areas of well-being, such as health and education. Income generation schemes
make it easier for parents to send their children to school, and in the case of working children, it
can offset the costs of wages that the child would have earned, so that the family does not suffer
financially.
Social Forestry:
Social forestry is the process by which an ecological balance is maintained by planting trees on
unused and fallow lands. It is also a means of creating income-generating options through the use
of timber, fuel wood and fodder. This intervention is being executed through the following four
activities in ASSIST:
a) Jungle clearance and Levelling the land:
The first step of social forestry on community lands is to clear any jungle area manually. Once the
jungle clearance is over, the land is levelled with tractors to start the cultivation of various plants.
This process optimizes the use of land, and ensures the free flow of water to the entire area.
b) Restoration of seepage ditches for
water sources:
Seepage ditches ("Doruvu" in Telugu), which are
traditional ponds, are famous in sandy soils along the
coast. These ponds are deepened manually to increase
their storage capacity for the purposes of watering newly
planted seedlings.
c) Procurement and planting of Casuarinas plants:
Casuarina plants are popularly sown in areas where soils
are hard and not good for any crop cultivation, or where
there is a scarcity of water; this is because casuarinas
have a stronger resistance to environmental hazards.
Procured Casuarinas plants are planted at a rate of 3,000
plants per acre, and after initial maintenance, the belt is
handed over to the community to guard the planted
species by community watching and monitoring.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
Agro Forestry
Agro forestry is done on individual lands where the soil
conditions are not suitable for regular cropping, and also
where limited water is available to meet the demand of the
crops. The seedlings of fruit bearing trees are purchased
from the nursery and planted in the farms. In most cases,
intercropping is encouraged which is mostly rain fed. The
advantages of intercropping are to have better vegetative
cover, which reduces the soil erosion as well as adds some
income to the farmers. The varieties promoted are also
considered for fodder to the cattle. A limited number of water sources can be created for the
planted seedlings; watering is particularly important in the first summer to save the seedlings.
5. NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY:
Energy is clearly an area of priority concern and its consumption is linked with economic progress
and environmental resources. The annual per capita energy used in Andhra Pradesh is at least
400 kg of Coal equivalent. This emphasises the necessity of conservation of energy resources in
rural areas. The high dependence of villagers on traditional fuels, coupled with an increased need
for land area to grow food for the masses, has led to the decimation of village forests. This has
resulted in the reduced availability of fuel wood and an increase in its prices; this itself is a warning
against the destruction of forests, and the scarce availability of this commodity in the future. It is
therefore essential to educate people on different conservation methods of fuel wood to mitigate
an environmental crisis in rural areas.
Half a century ago, firewood was so abundant that it would have seemed strange to pay for it.
People could collect dry sticks almost at their doorsteps. Large shady trees were a normal feature
in most of the villages; the spread of banyan and other large trees being the customary gathering
place of the elders. Naturally, the growth of trees depends on the fertile conditions of the soil; but
the banyan, peepal, tamarind and neem (Azadirachta Indica) are valuable, shady and long-life
trees growing in any area.
With the difficulties being faced, those who have cattle use its dung as alternatives to firewood.
This practice, however, lessens the availability of manure going to the soil, which causes farmers to
spend more on buying the equivalent in inorganic fertilizers. Based on this reality, ASSIST seeks to
educate villagers on alternative solutions for getting energy, such as using compressed paddy
husk stoves or biogas plants. By motivating communities and linking them to the NREDP (National
Renewable Energy Development Programme), ASSIST was able to facilitate the construction of the
first bio-digester plant in all of Andhra Pradesh in 2009. This system produces gas that can be used
for all cooking needs, as well as a slurry output that can be put back into the earth as healthy
nutrients for the soil. Moreover, these energies are solely produced from the collective human and
food waste of a community, which makes this system perfectly sustainable and environmentally
friendly. Thus, ASSIST will look to promote this form of renewable energy among other villages in
the future.
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DIFFICULTIES AND CHALLENGES
One might read this document and come to the conclusion that the evolution of ASSIST's development
process has been akin to walking through a path full of flowers. This in fact is not so; it has been
more like treading carefully through a trail of thorns. One has to be constantly alert and prepared
to remove the thorns, and to proceed with patience, determination and confidence to achieve the
stated goals. While ASSIST has gone through several difficulties over its 25 years of experience,
the major challenges faced can be summarized as follows:
1. Most of the poorer communities have developed negative apprehensions and feelings of apathy
after 60 years of independence with few signs of improvement to their daily lives. Their
desperation stems from the feeling that nothing has changed from generation to generation,
and that their fate is to continue as labourers forever. In such a state of withdrawal, rural
communities are often not receptive to listening and understanding the concept of sustainable
development through a community-based approach. They do not believe that they have the
power to bring change. As such, it has been a big challenge for ASSIST to build confidence and
trust in the communities to start the process of sensitisation that would lead to greater
development goals.
2. Strong, age-old traditional structures of leadership linked to existing political or higher caste
leadership in the village limits the formation of people's organisations in the respective
communities. Often, it is a Herculean task for the actors to promote people's organisations
owned, managed and controlled by the respective families in a democratic way.
3. Another challenge is in building the capacities of people's organisations from their original
state of ignorance, illiteracy, dependency, and most of all, lack of confidence.
4. Lack of sincerity among the policy makers and executors perpetuates the improper designing
of programmes aimed for the development of the poor, which naturally increases the dependency
among the poor.
5. Very rare coincidence of acceptable and understanding partnerships between the funding
agencies and the executing organisations can thwart the systematic development process
that is in line with the community and its need and priorities.
6. Human resource potentiality of the executing organisations is often affected by the
discontinuation of project funding.
7. Unfortunately, discontinuation of funding on many occasions creates a bad working environment
between the executing organisations and its personnel, which has resulted in controversies.
8. A major limitation today is that there is no sound theoretical support for NGO work in the
macro context. That is why it often appears lost after achieving a limited amount of success in
its work. NGOs often believe that one particular approach is the only solution to all the problems
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faced by the poor. This belief is steeped in theoretical, not practical notions, and the NGOs
need to grow out of this way of thinking. Reality often calls for the need to evolve a particular
approach for a particular issue in a specific geo-political zone. Since the issues are different,
the contexts are diverse and the forces that operate in each situation vary, there is a need for
different approaches in each context.
9. Social transformation is a macro process and therefore needs to be initiated, sustained and
consolidated on a larger scale, in macro contexts. This is made possible by the formation of
collectives where the macro context can be operationally defined by a delimited geo-political
area, based on a key issue of the belt, shared commonly by an ethnic group, or a social group
or a class or gender, within a social stratum.
10. Of all the above-stated difficulties and challenges, the biggest one being faced by many of the
grassroots-based voluntary organisations is being able to obtain and keep a committed task
force that will follow the systematic development process in their target villages. As the concept
of voluntarism is almost turning into non-governmental private initiative, many such
organisations are coming up even from the corporate sector and the demand for human
resources is increasing day by day. Hence, it is becoming extremely difficult to obtain the
services of the necessary qualified people for a long duration at lesser remuneration, compared
to the private or public sectors.
LESSONS
Keeping in view the challenges mentioned above, one has to be very cautious while following a
systematic development process to attain the sustainable development of a community. ASSIST
has learned that the most important factors to remember are as follows:
1. In order to attain the sustainable development of a community, a participatory approach is
essential. The most important factor here is: who is participating in whose programme? As an
implementing organisation, one has to be cautious and see that the community feels the
ownership of the programme, and that the external organisation understands that it is
partnering with them in their programme, and not vice versa. The implementing organisation
should never create a feeling that it is their programme, and they should always ensure that
the community is executing the programme with their support. This is crucial.
2. While entering into a village, one might be disturbed by the poverty-stricken conditions of the
area. Often as an external person, one might conclude that certain works have to be attended
to first. However, people in the community have been living in that situation for decades, and
they are habituated to living in those circumstances. They may not see or believe in the
urgency of certain issues. They might feel that earning daily bread is a greater priority, for
instance. Hence, the actors have to sensitise the population sufficiently to ensure that they
realise the problems prevailing in their community as problems. Hence, one should not be
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haste in jumping to conclusions and drawing up priorities in a community, unless the community
feels it as a priority.
3. The biggest lesson that ASSIST has learnt over the years is to ensure that the community
mobilises resources for any activity to the "optimum level" - this is the level where communities
feel the strain of their commitments (financial or otherwise) but it is still just manageable. This
has become a fundamental element in the history of ASSIST, as it tries to mobilise resources to
the optimum extent both within the community and from the government, prior to seeking
external aid. Not only does this system engender a feeling of pride and ownership among the
target families, but it creates (at least partial) accountability from the government, and also
shows initiative to donors in raising funds. Local involvement also reduces external dependency
on aid, and ensures greater sustainability of projects over time.
4. In spite of the changing development trends in society, the poor are still considered as
beneficiaries in the nomenclature used by the Government. Bureaucrats act as benefactors
even though it is simply tax money being collected and coming back as a subsidy. Unfortunately,
the same trend is continuing even in the development sector. If one would like to see true
sustainable development, this attitude needs to change, and the poor have to be considered
as the partners in progress. In fact, it is the poor who providing us the opportunity to extend
our helping hands, and as such, it is necessary to treat them with due respect.
5. Another caution worth mentioning - especially at times of disaster or emergency - is that
outside organisations are not aware enough of their effects in disturbing the balance of
systematic development. After the Tsunami of 2004, for instance, a massive influx of
organisations appeared in the area for a few years, and then disappeared. Now, it is up to
the local actors to restore normalcy in the region and untie the dependency that was created
during this time. One of the major defects in executing rehabilitation programmes by these
agencies was that some planned to give fixed amounts based on discussions with the
government, while others gave much more. Because these relief organisations are not in the
field of development, they did not analyse whether their various interventions could be replicated
across villages. For instance, permanent housing was done at the cost of 2,000 USD per
family, without the involvement of the respective family or government, and the house was
handed over to the family as the beneficiary. This disturbed the whole development balance in
the region, by creating false expectations from other villages that were not participating in
their programmes. Hence, one has to be extremely cautious in executing a programme in a
village by questioning whether the same can be replicated either by the Government or another
organisation. If it is not feasible, it should be considered as "disturbing the development
process" in that particular region.
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CONCLUSION
It is always a valuable exercise to periodically review one's progress over time, and to highlight
both the successes and stumbling blocks within that process. In the past 25 years, ASSIST's value
base, ethos, and vision have been seriously challenged in many regards. The organisation has had
to tread carefully as a lack of resources and also their excess have changed the dynamics of
people's demands on the ground. The role of resource agencies - their control and compulsions -
have been understandable but often restricting in terms of responding to the real and immediate
needs of a given situation. The changing landscape of development work and the entry of
professionals has provided a fundamentally different way of serving communities, for better or for
worse. At the same time, increasing global warming has caused new strains on the environment
that challenge even the brightest minds in the ever-expanding field of science and technology. All
of these shifts have tested ASSIST's resolve over 25 years, and have affected the poor and the
larger society in ways that may take many more years to fully digest. However, it is valuable to be
aware of some of these trends, and to know that the organisation has been able to evolve an
operational strategy that has influenced (if not changed) the course of certain trends within its
power. Working from a strong value base, ASSIST has striven to infuse new dreams, aspirations,
hopes and vision among the poor, and it has been encouraging to see the many ways in which
people's power has emerged as a result of this prolonged work with the marginalised.
The foremost achievements of ASSIST have been in establishing a grass root link. Truly, after the
missionaries it was and is the NGOs that have reached the villagers, tribals, the dalits, the women,
and the poor on a much larger scale. The difference here is that this NGO has showed the people
an alternative way of coping with their problems. Wherever ASSIST has spread, it has organised
the people in to groups, be it in the name of People's Organisations, Self Help Group, Youth
Associations, Sanghams or beneficiaries. People remain at the centre of all efforts. People have
been organised, educated, and empowered to resist exploitation, be it caste based or class based.
People have been able to demand their rights and get the benefits meant for them from the
government, and they have done this by creating their own forum called Village Development
Society.
ASSIST's work has uncovered the clear contradictions and total failure of the approach followed by
the government to change the existing conditions of the poor. A powerful resistance has been put
up in opposition to the dominant model of development, namely, the modernisation model. Special
focus has been given to the problems of Dalits, tribals, the landless, and the plight of women and
children. Issues like declining water resources, ecological crises, environmental degradation, and
the non-functioning of the government machinery in light of these problems, have been brought to
the forefront. Sensitising the bureaucracy, government officials and the media to the issues of the
poor, the environment and the overall functioning of the system which still does not cater enough
to the poor has been partly accomplished. Influencing government policy formation and even playing
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a limited role in evolving schemes within the system, however marginal they may be, have been no
small achievements.
The exploration of alternative systems to education, health, and farming, as well as alternative
power bases - all opposed to the dominant model of development - have been attempted by
ASSIST. However, funding patterns that generally come in fits and starts with no guarantee for long
term investment has made it particularly challenging for the organisation to explore these various
alternate endeavours with full vigour.
Social transformation is a political process necessitating confrontation with the beneficiaries and
custodians of the system. It therefore requires a critical proportion of those who are marginalised
by the system to organise themselves into people's organisations to serve as the vanguard for
issue-based movements. This will ensure a sustained process of "power struggle" in order to gain
access to the decision- making structures, and transform social, economic and political institutions.
Social transformation is a continuous process and it warrants a sustained struggle in different
forms. Such struggles can be sustained only from within, by the people themselves. Therefore, the
formation of people's organisations, their cadre and alliance building is the crux of the social
transformation process.
Promotional NGOs and support organisations can play a crucial but limited role in such a process.
As long as promotional NGOs are sustained by external resources, they can only be considered as
interventionists from outside. Their role, the need for their involvement, and the form it takes
should be determined by the people's organisations themselves. Hence, NGOs and support
institutions should always remain primarily be accountable to the people, for it is from their will and
strength that true transformation will take place across rural India.
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ASSIST’S Development Process
ASSISTBuilding Rural India
6th Line Ramnagar,Ongole - 533 001. Prakasam DistrictAndhra Pradesh, India.Tel : +91 8592 233776E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]
321, Mayuri Apartments,6/15 Brodipet, Guntur - 522 002.Guntur District Andhra Pradesh, India.Tel : +91 863 2252153
Web : www.assist.org.in
Head Office :
Chilakaluripet - 522 616, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIATel : +91 8647 253971, 254934, Fax : +91 8647 254815
E-mails : [email protected]; [email protected]
Liaison Offices :
Sre
e L
aksh
mi
Pre
ss,
Guntu
r-2
Ph:
22
30
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