APA DOCUMENTATION STYLES PW21 September 10, 2010

APA DOCUMENTATION

STYLES

PW21 September 10, 2010

IN-TEXT CITATION

• Identify the author(s) of the source, either in the sentence or in a parenthetical citation.


IN-TEXT CITATION

• Indicate the year of publication of the source


IN-TEXT CITATION

• Include a page reference for a quotation or a specific piece of information


IN-TEXT CITATION1. Author named in your sentence:

When the author is named in a signal phrase, follow the name with the year of publication in parentheses


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example: According to Edison (1992), several political parties vie for power at every level during regularly scheduled elections.


IN-TEXT CITATION2. Author name in parentheses:

If you do not name the source’s author in your sentence, then you must include in parentheses, followed by the date and the page number. The name, date, and page number are separated by commas


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:This safety net plus the free market comprise what Germany calls a “social market” economy (Edison, 1992, p. 122)


IN-TEXT CITATION

3.Two to five authors:If a source has five or fewer authors, name all of them the first time you cite the source.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:As Calhoun, Light, and Keller (1997) point out, “Income-based rankings are not necessarily a measure of development” (p. 468)


IN-TEXT CITATION

If you put the names of the authors in parentheses, use an ampersand (&) instead of and


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:Although income-based rankings are important, they “are not necessarily a measure of development” (Calhoun, Light, & Keller. 1997, p. 468)


IN-TEXT CITATION

After the first time you cite a work by three or more authors, use the first author’s name plus et al. Always use both names when citing a work by two authors


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:Another key factor is income distribution within countries (Calhoun et al., 1997, p. 470)


IN-TEXT CITATION4. Six or more authors:

In all in-text citations of a work by six or more authors, give the first author’s name plus et al. In the reference list, however, list the first six authors’ names, followed by et al. for all others.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:As Barbre et al. (1989) have argued, using personal narratives enables researchers to connect the individual and the social.


IN-TEXT CITATION

5.Organisation as author:Treat the organisation as the author and spell out its name the first time the source cited. If the organisation is well known, you may use an abbreviation thereafter.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:The Deutsche Bank’s Economic Department (1991) identified a handful of key problems raised by efforts to rebuild eastern Europe.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Public service announcement were used to inform parents of these findings (National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 1991).


IN-TEXT CITATION

In subsequent citations, as long as you are sure that readers will know what the abbreviations stands for, only the abbreviation and the date need to be given: (NIMH, 1991)


IN-TEXT CITATION6. Unknown Author:

When no author or editor is listed for a work, use the first one or two important words of the title. Use quotation marks for titles of articles or chapters and italics for titles of books or reports.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:The transformation of women’s lives has been hailed as “the single most important change of the past 1,000 years” (Reflections,” 1999, p. 77).


IN-TEXT CITATION7. Two or more authors with the

same last name:If the authors of two or more sources have the same last name, always include the appropriate first initial, even when the years of publication differs.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:M. Smith (1988) showed how globalization has restructured both cities and states.


IN-TEXT CITATION8. Two or more sources cited at

one time:When you are indebted to two or more sources for an idea, cite the authors in the order in which they appear in the list of reference. Separate the tow sources with a semicolon.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:During the World War II, the Nazi regime developed an agrarian ideology while accelerating the pace of industrial growth (Edison, 1992; “Germany,” 1995).


IN-TEXT CITATION9. E-mail, letters, conversations:

To cite the information received from conversations, letters, notes, and e-mail messages, give the source’s initials and last name, and provide as precise a date as possible.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:According to A. Tapolcai (personal communication, April 3, 1996), college-educated Hungarians had long expected this kind of change.


IN-TEXT CITATIONNote:Because readers do not have access to them, you should not include personal communications – e-mail, notes, and letters – in your reference list.


IN-TEXT CITATION10.Indirect source:

When referring to a source that you know only from reading another source, use the phrase as cited in, followed by the author of the source you actually read and its year of publication.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example: A study by Passell (as cited in Calhoun et al., 1997, p. 469) found that investments in education and technology were lower for countries that exported natural resources.


IN-TEXT CITATIONElectronic Source:Cite an electronic source the same way you would a print source, with the author's last name and the publication date. If the document is a pdf file with stable page numbers, cite the page numbers as you would a print source. If the source has paragraph numbers instead of page numbers, use para or ¶ instead of p. when citing a specific part of the source.


IN-TEXT CITATION

Example:According to Gordeeva (2000), by the time the Truehand was disbanded, it had privatized around 14,000 enterprises (para. 2).


GENERAL GUIDELINES for the list of REFERENCES IN APA STYLE

1. Begin on a new page.2. Begin with the centered title

“References”3. Include a reference for every in-text

citation.4. Put references in alphabetical order

by author’s last name.



5. Give the last name and first or both initials for each author.

6. Put the publication year in parentheses following the author or authors’ name.

7. Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in titles. Also capitalize the first word following the semicolon in a subtitle.



8. Use italics for titles of books but not articles. Do not enclose titles of articles in quotation marks.

9. Include the city and publisher for books. If the city is not well known, include the state, using its two-letter postal abbreviation.



10.Include the periodical name and volume number (both in italics) as well as the page numbers for a periodical article.

11.Separate the author’s or authors’ name, date (parentheses), title, and publication information with periods.



12.Use a hanging indent: Begin the first line of each entry flush left, and indent all subsequent lines of an entry one-half inch (five spaces).

13.Double-space within and between entries.


BOOKS1. Book with one author:

Example- Brown, J. F. (1991), Surge to freedom: The end of communist rule in eastern Europe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.


2. Book with two or more authors:Example:

a. Brown, L., Lenssen, N., & Kane, H. (1995). Vital signs 1995: The trends that are shaping our future. New York: Norton.

b. Zelikow, P., & Rice, C. (1995). Germany unified and Europe transformed: A study in statecraft. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.


BOOKS

BOOKS3. Organization as author:

To credit a subdivision like “Economics Department”, put its name after the name of the parent organization. When the publisher is same as the author, use the word “Author” instead of repeating the organization’s name as the publisher.


BOOKS

Example:Deutsche Bank, Economics Department. (1991). Rebuilding eastern Europe. Frankfurt, Germany: Author


BOOKS

4. Two or more works by the same author:

List the works in publication order, the earliest one first.


BOOKSExample:a.Brown, J. F. (1988). Eastern Europe

and communist rule. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

b.Brown, J. F. (1991). Surge to freedom: The end of communist rule in eastern Europe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.


BOOKS

5. Book with editor(s):Add (Ed.)or (Eds.) after the name. If a book lists an author and an editor, treat the editor like a translator.


BOOKS

Example:Stares, P. B. (Ed.). (1992). The new Germany and the new Europe. Washington , DC: Brookings Institution.


BOOKS6. Unknown author or editor:

Start with the title. When alphabetizing, use the first important word of the title (excluding articles such as The, A, or An)

Example:Give me liberty. (1969). New York: World.


BOOKS7. Edition other than the first:

After the title, put the edition number in parentheses, followed by a period.Example:Smyser, W. R. (1993). The German economy: Colossus at crossroads (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin’s Press.


BOOKS8. One volume of multivolume

work:If the specific volume used has its own title, put it before the title of the whole work. note that no period separates the parenthetical volume number and the title that precedes it.


BOOKSExample:Kinter, E. W. (Ed.), (1978). The Clayton Act and amendments. In The legislative history of the federal antitrust laws and related statutes: The antitrust laws (Vol. 2). New York: Chelsea House.


BOOKS9. Republished book:

Example:Le Bon, G. (1960). The crowd: A study of the popular mind. New York: Viking. (Original work published in 1895).Note: In-text citations should give both years: “As Le Bon (1895/1960) pointed out …).


PERIODICALS1. Article in a journal paginated by

volume:Do not put the article title in quotation marks, and do not use pp. before the page number. Italicize the title of the periodical and the volume number.


PERIODICALS

Example:

Arnold, E. (1991). German foreign policy and unification. International Affairs, 67, 483-491.


PERIODICALS2. Article in a journal paginated by

issue:

Include the issue number (in parentheses). Notice that the issue number is not italicized as part of the journal’s title.


PERIODICALS

Example:Lowe, J. H., & Bargas, S. E. (1996). Direct investment positions and historical cost basis. Survey of Current Business, 76(7), 45-60.


PERIODICALS3. Article in a magazine:

After the year, add the month for magazines published monthly or the month and day for magazines published weekly. Note that the volume number is also included, as it is for journals.


PERIODICALS

Example:Klee, K. (1999, December 13). The Siege of Seattle. Newsweek, 134, 30-35.


PERIODICALS4. Article in a newspaper:

Use p. or pp. with the section and page number. List all page numbers, separated by commas, if the article appears on discontinuous pages: pp. C1, C4, C6. If there is no identified author, begin with the title of the article.


PERIODICALS

Example:Andrews, E. L. (1999, February 7). With German craft rules it’s hard just to get work. The New York Times, p. A16.


For more information on APA style, please visit : www.apastyle.org/

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APA DOCUMENTATION STYLES PW21 September 10, 2010