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TUTORIAL APA STYLES

ACADEMIC WRITER (2020)

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Lesson 1 of 21

Overview

Welcome to this tutorial on the basics of APA Style.

APA Style was developed by social and behavioral scientists to help writers achieve clear, precise, and inclusive writing. By the end of this tutorial, you should be able to understand and implement the following basic elements of APA Style:

• paper elements, format, and organization • academic writing style • grammar and usage • bias-free language guidelines • mechanics of style • tables and figures • in-text citations, paraphrasing, and quotations • reference list format and order

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Lesson 2 of 21 Paper Elements

Many kinds of papers are written in APA Style. For example, students commonly write essays, research papers, and reaction or response papers. Student papers always include the following elements: Title Page The student title page includes the following elements:

• paper title • author name • author affiliation, which for students is usually the

department of the course and university attended • course number and name (as shown on

instructional materials) • instructor name (as shown on instructional

materials) • assignment due date (written out as November

14, 2020, or 14 November 2020 depending on the standard format used in your country)

• page number 1 in the top right corner Text The text is the author’s main contribution.

• The text often begins with an introduction that addresses the importance of the work, contextualizes it within the existing literature, and states the aims of the work.

• Paragraphs containing the main arguments follow. • The paper typically ends with a discussion or

conclusion.

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• Headings may be used to break the text into sections.

Reference List The reference list contains a list of the sources cited in the text. The reference list is discussed in more detail later in this tutorial. -- Student papers may also include other elements, depending on the length and complexity of the paper as well as the assignment requirements. Abstract The abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the paper. It is written as one paragraph and is usually a maximum of 250 words long. Footnotes Footnotes are used to supplement or strengthen information in the text and to acknowledge copyright. Tables Tables show numerical values or textual information arranged in columns and rows. Figures Figures include bar charts, line graphs, drawings, maps, photographs, and any other visual display that is not a table. Appendices Appendices supplement the main content of the paper but are not integral to the text (e. g. , detailed instructions to participants might appear in an appendix).

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-- Research papers and manuscripts to be submitted for publication may also include the following sections within the text: Introduction In the introduction, authors describe and review background literature on the topic of the paper and show why it warrants further investigation. Method In the Method section, authors describe in detail how the study was conducted. Results or Findings In the Results (usually for quantitative studies) or Findings (usually for qualitative studies) section, authors summarize the data and the analyses performed on those data. Discussion In the Discussion section, authors evaluate and interpret the implications of the results or findings with respect to the original hypotheses.

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Lesson 3 of 21 Paper Format

Consistent formatting allows readers to pay attention to the ideas in a work rather than the manner of their presentation. APA Style provides rules for the basic setup of your paper, including the following areas: Page Header The page header appears in the top margin of every page of your paper and consists of a page number and, when required, a running head. The page header always includes a page number.

• Insert page numbers in the top right corner using the page-numbering function of your word-processing program.

• The page number should show on all pages. The title page is page number 1.

A running head is a shortened version of the title of the paper typed in all-capital letters. Running heads are required only for manuscripts being submitted for publication. Running heads are not required for student papers unless the instructor or institution requests them. When present, the running head appears aligned to the left in the top margin of every page, across from the right-aligned page number. Font Many fonts are permitted in APA Style papers, including the following:

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• Sans serif fonts: 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode

• Serif fonts: 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or normal (10-point) Computer Modern

Use the same font throughout your paper. Exceptions are to always use a sans serif font within figure images and to use the default font for automatically inserted footnotes (which is usually smaller than the text). Line Spacing Double-space all parts of an APA Style paper, including text, block quotations, and the reference list. However, entries in a table body and words in a figure image may be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-spaced, or double-spaced, depending on which presentation is easiest to read. Add an extra blank line

• on the title page between the title and the byline • between the text and an embedded table or figure

Do not add extra blank lines above or below headings, even if the heading is at bottom of a page. Margins Use 1-in. margins on every side of the page. Paragraph Alignment and Indentation Align text to the left margin. Leave the right margin uneven, or “ragged. ” Indent the first line of each paragraph of text 0. 5 in. from the left margin using the tab key or paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Exceptions are as follows:

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• title page: Center all the elements of a student title page (except the page number).

• section labels: Center section labels (e. g. , “Abstract,” “References”).

• abstract: Left-align the first line of the abstract (do not indent the first line).

• block quotations: Indent a whole block quotation 0. 5 in. from the left margin.

• headings: Center Level 1 headings. Left-align Level 2 and 3 headings. Indent Level 4 and 5 headings like regular paragraphs.

• tables and figures: Left-align table and figure numbers, titles, and notes (do not indent them).

• reference list: Automatically apply a hanging indent of 0. 5 in. to reference entries using the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program.

• appendices: Center appendix labels and titles. Paper Length Paper length depends on the assignment and may be measured by either word count or page count. Consult your instructor to determine the desired length for a student paper.

Lesson 4 of 21 Paper Organization

Headings help you logically organize your thoughts and structure your paper. They help readers find key points and track the development of your arguments. Heading Levels

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There are five possible levels of heading in APA Style. Your instructor may tell you what headings to use or leave the choice up to you. An average paper has three levels of heading, but shorter papers may have only one or two levels of heading or even no headings. Format APA Style headings as described in the following table:

Level of heading Format

1 Centered, Bold, Title Case Heading Text begins as a new paragraph.

2 Aligned Left, Bold, Title Case Heading Text begins as a new paragraph.

3 Aligned Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading Text begins as a new paragraph.

4 Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Period. Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.

5 Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Period. Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.

Note. In title case, most words are capitalized.

Page Order

Page order is another 8specto of paper organization that helps readers know where to look to find key information. Arrange the pages of an APA Style paper in the following order:

• title page • abstract (usually not required for students) • text (begins on page 2 of student papers and page 3

of professional papers) • references • footnotes

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• tables • figures • appendices

Start each section on a new page, with the following exceptions:

• tables and figures: Embed tables and figures within the text after they are first mentioned, or place each table and then each figure on separate pages after the reference list.

• footnotes: Use the footnotes function of your word-processing program to insert a footnote at the bottom of the page on which the footnote is called out, or list footnotes together on a separate page after the references.

If a section is not needed, omit it from your paper and begin the next section on a new page.

Lesson 5 of 21 Academic Writing Style

The primary objective of scholarly writing is to communicate clearly and concisely using precise, inclusive language.

Choose words that your audience will understand and that match language in the field. Write about other people, including participants in your study and past investigators in the field, with professionalism, inclusivity, respect, and sensitivity.

We will next explore important aspects of academic writing style: continuity, precision, and conciseness.

Continuity

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Scholarly papers should have continuity, meaning a logical, orderly, and smooth flow of ideas. Readers will better understand your ideas if you have continuity in words, concepts, and themes throughout your paper. To improve continuity in your writing and the flow of your paper, check transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and ideas.

• Use punctuation to signal transitions and demonstrate relationships between ideas.

• Use transitional words and phrases to help maintain the flow of ideas, especially when the material is complex or abstract. Possible transitional words and phrases to use are the following:

Time links then, next, after, while, since Cause–effect links therefore, consequently, as a result

Addition links in addition, moreover, furthermore, similarly

Contrast links but, conversely, nevertheless, however, although

Precision

Scholarly writing should also be precise, meaning you select words carefully and structure sentences so that meaning is unambiguous.

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• Use words and phrases consistently. Do not switch between synonyms because synonyms may have subtle differences in meaning.

• Avoid the use of colloquial expressions, contractions, and jargon. Direct, declarative sentences with simple, common words are usually best.

• Refrain from anthropomorphism, which means attributing human characteristics to animals or inanimate objects, and from making illogical comparisons, which often result from the omission of key words or from having nonparallel sentence structure.

Conciseness

Be concise in your scholarly writing: Say only what needs to be said.

• Where possible, eliminate wordiness and redundancy. • Do not repeat yourself or use long phrasings just to

meet a length requirement. If your paper is too short, do more research and think critically about your topic to develop your arguments further.

• Vary sentence and paragraph lengths. Avoid short and choppy writing as well as overlong and complex writing.

• Look for logical places to break up long and complex paragraphs.

Lesson 6 of 21 Grammar and Usage

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Writers who use APA Style should use appropriate grammar. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition highlights only the most common errors that writers make; for other questions related to grammar and usage, consult a trusted grammar reference work.

Verb Tense

Use verb tenses consistently. Shifts in verb tenses within a paragraph can lead to abruptness and may detract from your intended meaning.

Use the following verb tenses in specific parts of your paper:

Paper section Recommended tense Example

Literature review (or whenever discussing other researchers’ work)

Past Williams (2020) addressed

Present perfect Researchers have studied

Method

Description of procedure

Past Participants took a survey

Present perfect Others have used similar approaches

Reporting of your own or other researchers’ results Past

Results showed

Scores decreased

Hypotheses were not supported

Personal reactions Past I felt surprised Present perfect I have experienced Present I believe

Discussion of implications of results or of previous statements

Present

The results indicate

The findings mean that

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Presentation of study conclusions, limitations, and future directions

Present

We conclude

Limitations of the study are

Future research should explore

Active and Passive Voice

Make word choices that reflect your involvement with a study or topic.

When possible, use the active voice instead of the passive voice to create direct, clear, and concise sentences. For example, use the first person and the active voice to show your involvement in a project or to describe steps you personally took.

First person, active voice

We investigated the effects of the treatment.

Passive voice The effects of the treatment were investigated.

The passive voice is allowed in APA Style, but be careful not to overuse it.

Pronoun Use

Use first-person pronouns to describe your thoughts and contributions as well as steps you personally took in a study.

• Do not refer to yourself in the third person as “the author. ”

• Use “I” to refer to yourself if you are the only author. Use “we” if you are writing a group paper.

• Do not use the editorial “we” to refer to people in general. Use “we” only when referring to yourself and your coauthors, or when you are identifying yourself with a particular group (e. g. , “As social psychologists, we. . . ”).

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Lesson 7 of 21 Bias-Free Language

Write about all people with professionalism, respect, and sensitivity. Just as you have learned to check what you write for spelling, grammar, and wordiness, practice reading your work for bias.

Consult self-advocacy organizations for appropriate language to use when talking about specific groups. If you are working directly with participants, also ask the people about whom you are writing which designations they prefer and use the language those people use to describe themselves. Person-First and Identity-First Language Two approaches to language that are used to write about people with disabilities are person-first language and identity-first language.

• Person-first language puts the person before the disabling or chronic condition (e. g. , “people with substance use disorders” rather than “substance abusers”).

• Identity-first language allows people to reclaim what others may see as a disability and incorporate it into their personal identity on their own terms (e. g. , “autistic people” instead of “people with autism” and “Deaf people” instead of “people who are deaf”).

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Both person-first and identity-first language are good choices overall; it is appropriate to use either approach unless or until you know that a person or group prefers one approach over the other—in which case, use the person or group’s preferred approach. Singular “They”

When referring to specific individuals, use the pronouns the individuals themselves use. Use "she" to refer to people who use "she" as their pronoun, and use "he" to refer to people who use "he" as their pronoun. Use the singular “they” to refer to people who use “they” as their pronoun.

Also use the singular “they” to refer to an individual whose gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context to avoid making assumptions about gender. Do not use “he” or “she” to refer to a generic person.

Writing About Personal Characteristics

It is important to use accurate and specific terminology when describing people’s characteristics and how they impact people’s lives.

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition provides guidance on talking about the following characteristics with inclusivity and respect:

• age • disability • gender • participation in research • racial and ethnic identity • sexual orientation • socioeconomic status • intersectionality

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Lesson 8 of 21 Punctuation

Punctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling readers both where and for how long to pause, stop, or take a detour.

APA Style addresses many areas of punctuation, but the most common question from student writers is how many spaces to use after a period.

Use one space after a period or other punctuation at

the end of a sentence.

See the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition for detailed guidelines on punctuation in APA Style papers.

Lesson 9 of 21 Lists

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Lists helps readers understand a related set of key points.

• Use parallel wording for items in a list. • Use a serial comma between elements in a list of

three or more items. (This means using a comma before the final item. )

• Use semicolons in lists to separate items that already contain commas.

More complex lists can be lettered, numbered, or bulleted. For numbered and bulleted lists, use the automatic list functions of your word-processing program. Select the number followed by a period for a numbered list and any bullet character (such as a small black circle) for a bulleted list.

Lesson 10 of 21 Italics

There are several uses of italics in APA Style. Some of the most common are the following: Introducing Key Terms Use italics the first time you introduce any of the following:

• key terms or phrases, often accompanied by a definition

• words, phrases, or abbreviations from another language with which readers are unlikely to be familiar

Adding Emphasis You can use italics sparingly for emphasis if emphasis would otherwise be lost. In general, however, reword a sentence

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so that the important part appears at the beginning or end instead of getting lost in the middle. Reference List Entries In reference list entries, use italics for the following:

• titles of stand-alone works (e. g. , books, reports, webpages)

• journal, magazine, and newspaper titles and volume numbers

Lesson 11 of 21

Spelling

When determining how to spell words in your APA Style papers, consult the Merriam-Webster. com Dictionary and the APA Dictionary of Psychology.

The following are spellings for common technology-related terms in APA Style.

email ebook database data set internet home page website webpage

Words with prefixes and suffixes are usually written without a hyphen in APA Style. The following are some common examples.

Prefix Example anti antisocial co covariate non nonsignificant over overqualified pre preexisting re reevaluate

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un unbiased under underappreciated

https://www. merriam-webster. com/

https://dictionary. apa. org/

Lesson 12 of 21 Capitalization

Words in APA Style are lowercased unless there is specific guidance to capitalize them. Some types of words that are always capitalized in APA Style include the following: First Word of a Sentence Capitalize the first word of a sentence. However, if a name or other proper noun that begins with a lowercase letter starts a sentence, keep the lowercase letter. Proper Nouns Always capitalize proper nouns, which include • names of people • names of racial and ethnic groups • specific locations • specific university departments, academic institutions,

and academic courses

Trade Names and Brand Names

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Capitalize official trade names and brand names.

• Zoloft, iPhone, Wi-Fi

Do not capitalize generic versions of these names.

• sertraline, smartphone, wireless

Personal Names Within Names of Disorders, Therapies, and So On Capitalize personal names appearing within the names of diseases, disorders, therapies, treatments, theories, concepts, hypotheses, principles, models, and statistical procedures.

• Alzheimer’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Pavlovian conditioning

Otherwise, use lowercase for the names of diseases, disorders, therapies, treatments, and so on. • depression, leukemia, five-factor model of personality,

regression analysis

Job Titles and Positions Capitalize a job title or position when the title precedes a name.

• President Lincoln, Dr. Singh, Nurse Sinclair

Do not capitalize a job title or position following a name.

• Lincoln was president

Do not capitalize a job title or position when referring to a position in general.

• doctor, registered nurse, physician assistant, psychologist, therapist, president, manager

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Title of Tests and Measures Capitalize official titles of tests and measures.

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Do not capitalize generic names of tests and measures.

• an intelligence test

Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters Capitalize most nouns when they are followed by numerals or letters.

• Study 1, Chapter 2, Step 3

Titles of Works and Headings Within Works

Two kinds of capitalization are used to capitalize the titles of works and headings within works.

Use title case, in which most words are capitalized, to capitalize the following:

• titles of works appearing in the text • titles of periodicals in reference list entries • titles of tests or measures • paper titles, headings, sections, and table and figure

titles The New York Times Use sentence case, in which most words are lowercase, to capitalize the following:

• titles of articles, books, reports, webpages, and other works in reference list entries

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Gender typing of children’s toys: How early play experiences impact development.

Lesson 13 of 21 Abbreviations

Use abbreviations sparingly and only when they improve the clarity and flow of your paper. Define most abbreviations upon first use—that means to present the full version of the term and then the abbreviation. However, do not define some common abbreviations, such as the following:

• abbreviations listed as words in the dictionary IQ, AIDS

• abbreviations for units of measurement kg, cm

• Latin abbreviations i.e., e.g., et al.

• statistical abbreviations M, SD, df, p, N

Lesson 13 of 21 Abbreviations

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Use abbreviations sparingly and only when they improve the clarity and flow of your paper. Define most abbreviations upon first use—that means to present the full version of the term and then the abbreviation. However, do not define some common abbreviations, such as the following:

• abbreviations listed as words in the dictionary IQ, AIDS

• abbreviations for units of measurement kg, cm

• Latin abbreviations i.e., e.g., et al.

• statistical abbreviations M, SD, df, p, N Defining Abbreviations Define abbreviations as follows.

• When the full version of a term first appears in the narrative, place the abbreviation in parentheses after it.

major depressive disorder (MDD)

• When the full version of a term first appears in

parenthetical text, place the abbreviation in square brackets after it. Do not use nested parentheses.

(major depressive disorder [MDD])

• If a citation accompanies an abbreviation, place the citation after the abbreviation, separated by a semicolon.

major depressive disorder (MDD; Wald et al., 2019)

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Lesson 14 of 21 Number Use

In general, use words for numbers zero through nine, and use numerals for numbers 10 and above.

However, some numbers should always be written with numerals, including the following:

Statistical or mathematical functions

multiplied by 5

3 times as many

Percentages, percentiles, and ratios

more than 5%

the 5th percentile

a ratio of 16:1

Times and dates

5 days

about 8 months

4 decades

12:30 p.m.

Ages was 2 years old

15-year-old students

Scores and points on a scale scored 4 on a 7-point scale

Exact sums of money received $5 in compensation

Numerals as numerals the numeral 6 on the keyboard

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Lesson 15 of 21 Tables and Figures

All tables and figures consist of four main components, as described next. Table and Figure Number Number each table in the order it is discussed in your paper (e.g., Table 1, Table 2). Write the number in bold and align it to the left margin (not indented). Number figures in the same way (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2). Table and Figure Title Give each table and figure a title that is brief, clear, and explanatory. Left-align the title, double-space it, and capitalize it in italic title case. Table Body The table body consists of

• column headings used to identify and organize the data underneath them

• cells containing the data Use the tables function of your word-processing program to create tables.

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Figure Image The figure image consists of • the image containing the data • a legend explaining or defining the symbols, line styles,

or shadings or patterns used in the image

Use graphics software (e.g., Excel, Word, Photoshop) to create figure images. Table and Figure Notes Notes explain the data in more detail for readers. They appear below the table or figure in the following order:

• general note • specific note • probability note

The following examples show the proper format for a table and a figure.

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Lesson 16 of 21 In-Text Citations

Whenever you use the words, ideas, or images of other researchers, you must provide appropriate credit in the text and reference list. The failure to provide appropriate credit is called plagiarism. Plagiarism is unethical and, even when unintentional, may result in a failing grade on an assignment or disciplinary action at your institution.

Provide one or two sources for each key point in your paper that is not either common knowledge or your own thoughts and contributions.

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APA Style uses the author–date citation system to provide credit.

• Each work cited in the text is identified by its author and year of publication.

• For each in-text citation, there is a corresponding reference entry in the reference list.

With only a few exceptions such as personal communications, each work cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text.

The following table shows examples of the basic in-text citation styles.

Author type Parenthetical citation Narrative citation One author (Luna, 2020) Luna (2020)

Two authors (Salas & D’Agostino, 2020)

Salas and D’Agostino (2020)

Three or more authors (Martin et al., 2020) Martin et al. (2020)

Group author with abbreviation First citation a Subsequent citations

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) (NIMH, 2020)

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020) NIMH (2020)

Group author without abbreviation

(Stanford University, 2020)

Stanford University (2020)

a Define the abbreviation for a group author only once in the text, choosing either the parenthetical or the narrative format. Thereafter, use the abbreviation for all mentions of the group in the text.

In parenthetical citations, the author and year appear in parentheses. In narrative citations, the author appears as part of the sentence, followed by the year in parentheses.

For multiple works by the same authors, separate the publication years with commas. When citing works by

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different authors in one parenthesis, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons. (Adams et al., 2019, 2020; Shumway & Shulman, 2015)

Lesson 17 of 21 Paraphrasing and Quotation

To incorporate the words or ideas of other researchers into your paper, either paraphrase or quote directly.

A paraphrase restates an idea in your own words.

A direct quotation reproduces someone else’s words exactly. Try to paraphrase more than you directly quote—paraphrasing allows you to use your own writing voice and provide appropriate context for information. Paraphrases To format a paraphrase, use either a parenthetical or narrative citation format. Parenthetical format:

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Personality develops over the lifespan (Redford, 2019). Narrative format: As discussed by Redford (2019), personality develops over the lifespan. Short Quotations To format a short direct quotation (less than 40 words), incorporate the quotation into your sentence. • Place the quotation in double quotation marks. • Include the author, year, and page number (or

paragraph number or section name if the work does not have page numbers) of the quotation in the same sentence as the quotation.

Parenthetical format: Personality traits are thought to be “relatively stable across the lifespan” (Redford, 2019, p. 25). Narrative format: Redford (2019) stated that personality is thought to be “relatively stable across the lifespan” (p. 25). Block Quotations To format a long quotation (40 words or more), place the quotation as a freestanding block of text (block quotation).

• Indent the entire quotation 0.5 in. from the left margin.

• Do not use quotation marks. • For a parenthetical citation of a block quotation,

include the author, year, and page number in

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parentheses after the final punctuation mark of the quotation.

• For a narrative citation of a block quotation, include the author in the narrative followed by the year in parentheses. Put the page number in parentheses after the final punctuation mark of the quotation.

• Do not add a period or other end punctuation after the closing parenthesis.

Parenthetical format:

Narrative format:

Lesson 18 of 21 Reference List Entries

The works cited in the text of the paper should, in most cases, have corresponding reference list entries that provide

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the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve the cited works.

All references consist of four components that appear in the following order:

Author the person, persons, and/or group responsible for the work

Date the date the work was published (or the indicator “n.d.” if no date of publication is available)

Title the title of the work being cited Source the location where readers can retrieve the cited work Here are some of the most common APA Style reference formats and their accompanying in-text citations. Journal Article

• Parenthetical citation: (Ouyang et al., 2019) • Narrative citation: Ouyang et al. (2019)

Book

• Parenthetical citation: (Rabinowitz, 2019) • Narrative citation: Rabinowitz (2019)

Edited Book Chapter

• Parenthetical citation: (Baldacchino, 2019) • Narrative citation: Baldacchino (2019)

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Report

• Parenthetical citation: (World Health Organization, 2015)

• Narrative citation: World Health Organization (2015)

Webpage on a Website

• Parenthetical citation: (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016)

• Narrative citation: National Institute of Mental Health (2016)

Lesson 19 of 21 Order and Format of the Reference List

Start the reference list on a new page after the text. Center the label “References” in bold on the first line of the page.

Then, arrange reference list entries as follows:

• Place entries in alphabetical order by author. • For multiple works by the same author(s) in the same

order, place works in chronological order. Place works with no date first, followed by works with dates in order from earliest to most recent. In-press references are listed last.

• For works with the same author(s) in the same order and the same date, use lowercase letters after the year to differentiate the references. Order the works according to which title comes first alphabetically.

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Format the reference list so that each entry has a hanging indent of 0.5 in. Double-space the reference list, including both within and between references.

The following is an example of an APA Style reference list; it is also available as a downloadable Word document.

Basics of APA Style Reference List.docx References

Baldacchino, L. (2019). Intuition in entrepreneurial cognition. In A. Caputo & M.

Pellegrini (Eds.), The anatomy of entrepreneurial decisions (pp. 29–56).

Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19685-1_3

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Hammer, D., Melhuish, E., & Howard, S. J. (2017a). Do aspects of social, emotional

and behavioural development in the pre-school period concurrently predict

later cognitive and academic attainment? Australian Journal of Education,

61(3), 270–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004944117729514

Hammer, D., Melhuish, E., & Howard, S. (2017b). Millennium cohort study

(ICPSR36952.v1; Version 1) [Data set]. ICPSR.

https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36952.v1

McCrae, R. R. (2015). A more nuanced view of reliability: Specificity in the trait

hierarchy. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 97–112.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314541857

McCrae, R. R. (2018). Method biases in single-source personality assessments.

Psychological Assessment, 30(9), 1160–1173.

https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000566

National Institute of Mental Health. (2016, February). Schizophrenia. U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml

Ouyang, K., Cheng, B. H., Lam, W., & Parker, S. K. (2019). Enjoy your evening, be

proactive tomorrow: How off-job experiences shape daily proactivity. Journal

of Applied Psychology, 104(8), 1003–1019.

https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000391

Rabinowitz, F. E. (2019). Deepening group psychotherapy with men: Stories and

insights for the journey. American Psychological Association.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000132-000

World Health Organization. (2015). World report on ageing and health.

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/186463/9789240694811_

eng.pdf?sequence=1

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© Copyright 2020 American Psychological Association

Lesson 20 of 21 Other Parts of APA Style

This tutorial presents only the basics of APA Style. However, APA Style encompasses much more than what has been covered in this tutorial, including

• ethical standards to follow when planning and conducting research

• journal article reporting standards (JARS) for reporting quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research

• detailed information on how to use punctuation marks including colons, dashes, and slashes

• information on how to present complex statistics, including factor analyses, structural equation models, and regression analyses

• information on copyright and permission that is relevant when reproducing content such as images from the internet in a paper

• specific reference formats for many different types of references

• guidance on publishing your work and sharing it after publication

Browse the quick guides and tutorials in Academic Writer as needed and see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition for the full details about APA Style.

https://digitallearning.apa.org/academic-writer

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Lesson 21 of 21 Related Resources

APA Style provides guidance on a wide range of topics to help writers navigate the writing process. It encompasses not only how to format and organize papers and credit sources but also how to write about people with inclusivity and respect.

To learn more about APA Style, see the following resources.

• Learn about seventh edition APA Style and view full sample papers in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition.

• Access a digital library of lessons and samples, find and create references, and write papers in APA Style using Academic Writer.

• Review style and grammar guidelines, access instructional resources, and read the blog on the APA Style website.

This tutorial has been adapted from the tutorial featured in Academic Writer, APA's tool for teaching and learning effective writing. For more information about Academic Writer, please visit our Digital Learning website.

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https://digitallearning.apa.org/academic-writer

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