APA STYLE DOCUMENTATION

Welcome to CM 107 Unit 4 Seminar

REQUIRED READING: YOU WILL NEED TO READ THE ARTICLE ABOUT PHILIP GLASS AND THE NEW REPUBLIC. TO ACCESS THE ARTICLE, CLICK READINGS, THEN CLICK SCENARIO.COMPLETE THE UNIT 4 DISCUSSION BASED ON THE GLASS ARTICLEATTEND SEMINAR OR COMPLETE THE OPTION 2 ASSIGNMENT

Unit 4 Requirements

FIRST…PLAGIARISM

APA Documentation

What is plagiarism?

Derived from the Latin word plagiarius (“kidnapper”), plagiarism refers to a form of cheating that has been defined as “the false assumption of authorship; the wrongful act of taking the product of another person’s mind, and presenting it as one’s own” (Alexander Lindey, Plagiarism and Originality, 1952).

Taken from the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. (2003, p. 66)

How do I avoid plagiarism?

Provide quotation marks, in-text citations (name, year, page number or paragraph #), and reference page citations for direct quotes.

Provide in-text citations (name, year) and reference page citations for paraphrases and summaries.

Use signal phrases to introduce quotes and paraphrases.

Use your own writing style for paraphrases and summaries—do not use the style, order of ideas, or specific language of the source material!

Cite anything that is not common knowledge.Make sure that you have in-text citations for all

sources listed on your reference page and vice-versa!

Why do I want to use sources?

Sources can1. support our own reasoning and logic with expert

opinion2. add credibility to an idea3. provide additional informationSources cannot1. be the entire essay2. string together to create entire paragraphsAbove all, do not use a series of paraphrases and

quotations as your whole paragraph. Paragraphs are not compilations of sources; we are writing original work, not repeating our sources’ ideas only.

CITING, PARAPHRASING AND QUOTING

NOW. . .

Common knowledge

How do I decide what I need to cite in my paper?

Is this information that most people would know?

Is this information that would be known by those outside of a particular field?

Is the information readily available in general reference sources like encyclopedias?

If the answer to all three is “Yes,” then you don’t need a citation.

For more details, go to http://library.csusm.edu/plagiarism/howtoavoid/how_avoid_common.htm

What is common knowledge?

Which of the following would NOT need a citation?

There are 5,283 hospice programs in the United States.

The critic Stephen Greenblatt argues that the religious conflicts of his period, especially those that occurred during his youth, had an effect on Shakespeare's work.

The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Centigrade.

The teen pregnancy rate declined by two percent between 1999 and 2000.

Borrowed information

“Borrowed information” must always be cited, whether it is paraphrased in your own words or directly quoted.

Always provide citations for numbers!

This includes dates, numbers, percentages, dollar values, statistics. Citation is at the end of the sentence. In 2001, there were 50 million cases of

the flu (Green, 2004). Quotes – word for word –end of

sentence or within the text “All papers must be in APA manuscript

style,” stated Levine (2004, p. 12). Levine (2004) stated, “All papers must

be in APA manuscript style” (p. 12). Paraphrases- end of paragraph if only

one source is cited. Mrs. Horninger says we must follow

standard APA manuscript style to accurately give credit to author’s whose writing we borrow (2004).

In-text (parenthetical) citations

Require three pieces of information: Author’s last name Year Page number (for direct quotes)

(Thompson, 2007, p. 345)(Thompson, 2007)According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population

have computers” (p. 345).

Remember, if you don’t have an author’s name, use the title, and if you don’t have a date, use “n.d.” If you are quoting a web site with no pages, use a paragraph#.

According to “The Growth of Cyberspace,” “50 percent of the population have computers” (n.d., para. 5).

Question: What are paraphrasing and quoting and how do they compare and contrast?

Paraphrasing is putting a source’s ideas in your own words and sentence structure. The idea still belongs to someone else, but you have expressed it in your own writing voice. This is useful because the style remains more constant throughout the essay with paraphrasing than frequent quoting.

Quoting is using the exact words, enclosed in quotation marks, of the source.

Paraphrasing uses your own words, quoting uses the source’s words, but both provide source support and require APA citation to give credit to sources.

How can I avoid plagiarism when I paraphrase?

Ask questions as you read: Be a critical reader!When you take notes, DO NOT use the language of

the source—write notes in your own words and list sources!

Ask yourself what you need to include and exclude in your paraphrase.

Write the main idea of the passage in your own words without looking at the quote.

The paraphrase should use your own style and language. Do not merely substitute a few synonyms. The order of ideas should also be different, especially if the source contains lists.

Include the author’s name in a signal phrase.

When to quote

Language is distinctiveTough to paraphrase in your own wordsImportant as authoritative support for your

argumentReader needs to see the original because the

quote itself is open to interpretationBe sure not to over-quote! The primary voice

in the paper should be your own

How to quote

Be accurate!-check and recheck spelling, grammar, and word

placement. -don’t let your spellchecker change a peculiar

spelling in the quote (i.e. British spellings of colour, flavour, etc.)

Don’t EVER use quotes as a thesis statement or a topic sentence

Do use quotes as evidence to support an argument you have constructed

Integrate your chosen quotes into YOUR writing (signal phrases—don’t leave quotes “hanging”).

Cite religiously!

Quote examples

Martha Saxton’s assertion that Louisa May Alcott Alcott wrote Little Women without “rewriting or rethinking a word” contributes to the continued aesthetic devaluation of the novel and its creator (2004, p. 295).

Susan Warner’s The Wide, Wide World ironizes the situation of women in the nineteenth century, for as Jane Tompkins reminds us, “sentimental heroines rarely get beyond the confines of a private space,” much less traverse the “wide world” (1987, p. 150).

OriginalOriginal PlagiarizedPlagiarized

Polls confirm that these World War II-era children have aged into the most war-and casualty-averse Americans, the most ardent supporters of the UN, and the biggest advocates of committee-scripted process.

This passage comes from Howe & Strauss, 2002, p.

31.

Statistics demonstrate that these World War II-era children have matured into the most battle and victim-averse American citizens, the most enthusiastic defenders of the United Nations, and the largest supporters of bureaucratic process (Howe & Strauss, 2002).

Paraphrase example

Appropriate paraphrase

Why is this paraphrase better than the one on the previous slide?

What differences do you notice between the two?

The generation now in the their 60s and 70s remember World War II from their childhoods; therefore, they are violently against war and the casualties it inflicts. They believe in the power of the United Nations and other bureaucracies to solve world conflict (Howe & Strauss, 2002).

Further resources on paraphrasing

The following are web sites which will give you more details on plagiarism and paraphrasing:

The Purdue University Owl Writing Lab (my personal favorite!)

The Kaplan Writing Center

What is APA?

• American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology.

Why cite sources?

Enhance credibility Provide proper credit to your sourcesGive reader necessary information to find

sources and do further research

Document formatting

• Title page: include title of project, author, institution, course, instructor, and due date

• Double-space and center information on title page• Include header and page number in top header.

Title has all letters capitalized and is flush with left margin. Page number is flush with right corner. Use “Running head:” on title page only.

• Document should be in 12 pt. font, double-spaced, header/page number on each page, first line of each paragraph indented one tab space.

• Center title on first line of page 2. Only capitalize important words. Title may be two lines long.

Document formatting

Running head: ROLL THE CREDITS 1

Roll the Credits:

Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism

Maggie Durham

Kaplan University

CM 220-03

Professor Smith

November 10, 2009

• Header: Title and page number in upper right-hand corner of each page

• Running head (optional) on the left

• Center project, author, and course information in two sections of the page. Double-space.

• See guidelines for formatting document in the APA folder of Doc Sharing and in the Kaplan Writing Center.

Reference page formatting

Start on a new page, titled References, centered in upper- and lowercase letters.

Include a page header and page number.Alphabetize by author’s last name.Double-space throughout.Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry

flush left, indent subsequent lines 5 spaces).Match with in-text citations.Italicize titles of books and periodicals

Reference page formatting•Start on new page.

•Use hanging indents.

•Double-space throughout.

•Alphabetize by author’s last name (use corporation name or article title if no author is available).

•End with database or URL for library sources and web sites.

ROLL THE CREDITS 5

References

About APA style. (2006). Retrieved from

http://www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html.

Landau, J., Druen, P., & Arcuri, J. (2002). Methods for helping students

avoid plagiarism. Teaching of Psychology, 29(2), 112-115. Retrieved

from Academic Search Premier.

Segal, C. (2006). Copy this. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(4), 54-54.

Retrieved from Professional Development Collection.

What you need to know about plagiarism. (2006). Retrieved from Kaplan

University:

http://kucampus.kaplan.edu/DocumentStore/kupdocs/pdf/DocsForms/

ku_plagiarism.pdf

.

Villano, M. (2006). Taking the work out of homework. T H E Journal,

33(15), 24-30. Retrieved from Professional Development Collection.

Common source types

BooksJournal articlesMagazine articlesNewspaper articlesWeb sitesInterviewsSpeeches

Remember, each source has a specific formatting style!

Books with one author

Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology of

being. Princeton: Van Nostrand.

Author. (Publication year). Title. City of

publication: publishing company.

Journal article

Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs.

Journal of Social Issues, 21(10), 1-28.

Author. (year of publication). Title of article.

Journal name, volume #(issue #), page

number(s).

Remember…

You will need to look up how to cite each type of source, so use the Writing Center or find a guide which you feel comfortable with.

If you need help or have questions, don’t hesitate to ask! Plagiarism is a very serious offense. Don’t get caught up in it!

Thank you for being with us today!