AP World History CCOT or Comparison Essay Chapters 4-7 Study Guide

AP World HistoryChapters 4-7 Essay Study Guide

CCOTQuestions to answer:1. What were things like at the beginning of the period?2. What changed?3. How and why?4. What were things like at the end of the period?5. What differences did those changes make?6. What remained the same?

Greece

1. Beginning of Greece: 1150-800 B.C.E. Common language, worship of Olympian gods. Slavery was common.2. Change: Organized themselves into city-states and colonies (ca. 500-338 B.C.E) Powerful city-states were very influential. (i.e. Sparta, the rigid, slave holding dictatorship that created the most effective and feared army. Athens, culturally and politically advanced, gained wealth through trade, and power from its naval strength)2. Change: Democracy began in 508 B.C.E.2. Change: The Greek-Macedonian kingdom.3. How and Why: The Peloponnesian war left both side exhausted which led to conquest by Macedonia. 2. Change: Expansion of Greek territory by Alexander the Great. 3. How and Why: Military campaign launched from Greek-Macedonian kingdom.2. Change: Hellenistic culture.3. How and Why: Caused by Alexander preserving Greek art and learning and fusing it with other societies’ traditions. 4. End of the Period: Flourishing Alexandria, strong culture until sudden fall and Alexander the Great’s death. 5. Differences the Changes Made: City-states cause external and internal conflict, government influences us now, Hellenistic Culture was created, new territories had Greek influence, Greece absorbed into the Roman Empire and the Greeks teach the Romans all they know, set ideals for western culture in philosophy, history, drama, architecture, literature, science, art, and government, great art and philosophy that are still admired today.6. Remained the Same: Highly decentralized government, religion, language, use of slavery.


Questions to answer:1. What were things like at the beginning of the period?2. What changed?3. How and why?4. What were things like at the end of the period?5. What differences did those changes make?6. What remained the same?

Rome 1. Beginning of Rome: Monarchy, large and expanded rapidly (753 B.C.E)2. Changes in Rome: Rebellion created the Roman Republic (509-31 B.C.E). All males play some role in government. This is when Rome expanded into the Mediterranean Empire. 3. How and Why: Patrician and Plebian tension, a long period of negotiation and compromise caused then to gain greater (still not completely equal) social and political say. Patrician- Senate and consuls. Italian peninsula and Punic Wars Victory (Carthage) made Rome the strongest state. 2. Changes in Rome: Rapid expansion caused collapse of Roman Republic (1st Century B.C.E)3. How and Why: Small farmers (middle class) went bankrupt because of falling grain prices and the increased use of slave labor. Urban poor formed violent mobs. Civil war from 91-30 B.C.E. Julius Caesar was the last ruler in this period. 2. Changes in Rome: Roman Empire created by Caesar Augustus. Emperor, order restored, Rome’s strength and wealth revived. Became despotic. Mid 200s C.E. golden age (pax romana). Economic and military might increased, territory from Spain in the west, Asia Minor in the east, northern Africa in the south, British Isles in the north. Christianity legalized in 300s C.E.2. Changes in Rome: The role of women.3. How and Why: In the beginning, strictly Patriarchal. By the late republican period and early empire, woman had more economic rights, could divorce, and had a greater influence over family affairs. 3. How and Why: Roman were master administrators, dividing the Empire into regions governed by proconsuls. Tremendous network of roads, sea lanes, aqueducts, and fortifications. 4. Things at the end of the period: 300s C.E., western half split from the eastern half (Byzantine, capital Constantinople. Overextension of military and political strength made it hard to govern western empire, army gained a lot of control over the government. Economic downturn and Germanic, Goth and Hun people attacks weakened it. Goths took over, fall in 476 C.E. 5. Differences These Changes Made: Ensured that Christianity would be a main world religion, beginning of democracy, technological advances such as aqueducts. 6. Remained the Same: Latin was still spoken, they had a emperor for most of the time. Law system (Twelve Tables- innocent until proven guilty.



Han

1. Beginning of the Period: Built on foundation of the Qin. Centralized, efficient. Armies absorbed Inner China, much of Outer China, parts of Vietnam, Korea, Manchuria, and Inner Mongolia. (206 B.C.E- 220 C.E.)2. Change: Tributary system established, cavalry warfare and the crossbow introduced. 2. Change: New roads built, defense fortifications, and canals.2. Change: Expansion of the Chinese law code.2. Change: Downturn in agricultural production.3. How and Why: Better irrigation and the invention of the horse collar.4. End of the Period: Overall economic slump, government corruption, and weak leadership. Bandits and rebels made it hard to protect borders. Spread on small 5. Difference the Changes Made: Advancement in military allowed for spread of land. 6. Remained the Same: Strong economy spurred by agriculture.6. Remained the Same: Mandate of Heaven.6. Remained the Same: Confucianism.6. Remained the Same: Efficient bureaucracy, postal service, and tax collecting system.

Persian EmpiresAchaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sassanid

Achaemenid

1. Beginning of the Period: 550-330 B.C.E. Babylon was the capital. Osiris the Great was the first ruler. Zoroastrian religion. 2. Change: New Ruler- Darius the 1st. First drainage system. Palestine and parts of the Middle East added to the empire. Canal connecting the Mediterranean and the Nile River.2. Change: All lands united.2. Change: Developed an alphabet.2. Change: Royal roads. 3. How and Why: New transportation need for trade/communication throughout the expanding empire. 4. End of the Period: Defeated by Alexander the Great, heavy tax burden.5. Difference the Changes Made: New technology, alphabet, and ways to travel.6. Remained the Same: Zoroastrian religion



Persian EmpiresAchaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sassanid

Seleucid

1. Beginning of the Period: 312-63 B.C.E., Syrian Antioch is the capital. Greek style cities/administrative centers.2. Change: Thracian and Chersoneses annexed by Antiochus the 1st.2. Change: Provincial strategies combining military and civil power. 3. How and Why: 4. End of the Period: Internal conflict led to Secleucus’ assassination by Ptolemp. Decline in 3rd century, gained independence by Romans.5. Difference the Changes Made: Expansion of the Roman Empire.6. Remained the Same: Capital, Greek influence, Hellenistic culture.

Parthian

227 B.C.E.-224 C.E. Ctphion was the capital. Feudal system. Cuneiform, Drachma, Greek theater, several economic systems, several languages, Fought with the Romans against the Seleucids, Romans attacked them. Powerful cavalry, conquered Iran and parts of Seleucid. Tension with Romans led to decline.

Sassanid

Middle East, centered in Iraq, 224-651. Priest, Warrior, … class system. Bureaucracy. Women gained more rights. Developments in ship building. Weak central government led to military decline and ultimate conquer by the Muslims.



IndiaMaurya and Gupta Empires

Maurya1. Beginning of the Period: 324-184 B.C.E. They were a bureaucracy that collected a 25% tax on agriculture. They had a network of spies to make sure the people remained obedient. Powerful army that used elephants as well as chariots and cavalry.2. Change: Unified currency.2. Change: Trade with more regions, i.e. Mesopotamia and the eastern parts of the Roman Empire.2. Change: Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism,3. How and Why: Trade with China or want to increase this may have caused his change.4. End of the Period: Ashoka spread justice and wisdom. Collapse due to attack from enemies. 5. Difference the Changes Made: Expansion of Indian empire and culture, religious tolerance, unified currency.6. Remained the Same: Tax, spies, and military.

Gupta1. Beginning of the Period: Smaller, less centralized, relied on diplomacy, Hindu rulers, practiced religious tolerance. Very patriarchal. 2. Change: Decimal System created.2. Change: pi and zero created.3. How and Why: Intelligence was valued.4. End of the Period: Outside pressure caused demise. 5. Difference the Changes Made: Advancements in math that allow us to know a lot more.6. Remained the Same: Hinduism, religious tolerance, patriarchal.


ComparativeThings to Know:Year SpanType of governmentClass systemGender rolesLanguageMonetary SystemReligion Interactions with other civilizationsInternal conflictTechnological advancesTransportationMajor rulers

GreeceMinon and Mycenean Civilizations: c. 3500 B.C.E – 500 B.C.E.Overview of Greek Civilizations-Greece Origins 2000 – 1100 B.C.E.-Minoans-Myceneans-City-states (800 – 350 B.C.E.)-Athens (Golden Age)-Sparta-Hellenistic Era (350 – 200 B.C.E.)-Alexander unites Greece and conquers Egypt, Persia and N. India-In 2nd century B.C.E. Roman Empire conquers Greece

Minoan Politics- Ruled by a monarchy, beautiful palace on Island of Crete, King Minos was the most famous ruler.Class System- Typical social hierarchy of ruler, nobles, rich, traders, peasants, women and slavesGender Roles- Women regarded as important; given more freedom than many other early civilizations.Language- Ancient GreekMonetary System- DrachmaReligion- Polytheism emphasizing fertility goddess, snake/fertility goddess probably the origin for Medusa. Temples and rituals to gods and goddessesInteractions with other civilizations- Defeated by Mycenean.Internal Conflict- N/A.Tech. Advances- Beautiful mosaics preserved till today, bull jumping, supposed labyrinth.Transportation- Sea.Major Rulers- King Minos.


MyceneanPolitics- Warlike and absolutist kings over various city states; conquered Minoans. Colonized along Persian coast; Battle of TroyClass System- typical patriarchic society. Rulers, nobles, merchants, farmers then slaves. Gender Roles- Women had less rights than the Minoan Civilization.Language- Consistently Ancient Greek for both, alphabet developed.Monetary System- Drachmas.Religion- Paganism.Interactions- Trojan War.Internal Conflict- N/ATech Advances- Homer’s Odyssey and Illiad, great metal workers, arch for the first time in Europe.Transportation- Sea.Major Rulers- Agamemnon

Greek City-States (1500 - 500 BC)

Uniting Factors and Separating Factors for Greek City States• Common Language, Religion, and festivals• Common enemy (Persia)• Co-operative supervision of certain temples• Common Belief that the Greeks were descended from the same mythological god-

like ancestors• Olympics connected Greeks

Separating Factors• Rugged Mountains• Rivalries for trade, power and influence• separate legal systems• independent calendars, money, weights and measures• Fierce spirit of independence

Brief Timeline• 2500BCE--Beginnings of Minoan culture in Crete• 1500 - 1150—Mycenae• 1250 Traditional date of the Trojan War• 1050-550-- colonization of Asia Minor• 1050--Iron Age in Greece• 776--First Olympic Games• 750-700--Invention and diffusion of Greek Alphabet taken from the Phoenicians• c. 750 Homer's tales written down in Illiad and Odessey• 490--Battle of Marathon• 480—Persians invade via land and sea at the Battles of Artemisium,

Thermopylae, Salamis and Himera• 461-404--Peloponnesian Wars between Sparta and Athens• 447 Construction of Parthenon and Hephaisteion begun• 399 Death of Socrates


• c.386 Plato founds the Academy• 335 Aristotle founds the Lyceum• 336--Alexander the Great united Greek city states• 194--Rome conquers Greece

Politics• polis (city state)• Can tax• Provide safety for locals from attack• Set laws for region• Greek Government systems• Tyranny - (Tyrant) – common at first• Monarchy – hereditary rule (Macedonia)• Aristocracy – 1 person rule (many city states) • Oligarchy – rule by group (some in Sparta and Athens)• Theocracy – Alexander the Great claimed to be a god• Democratic Republic – people elect representatives to make decisions• Democracy – all citizens vote on important decisions• Most Greeks believed in equality before law

Economics• Largely agricultural• FISHING is most important• Grapes, olives and wheat• Sheep and goats• Economic Exchange• Sea and land trade between cities• Exported wine and pottery for• Ivory and gems from Egypt• Cotton and salt from India• Silk from China• Grain from Ukraine

Religion• Polytheistic; human like gods that each have powers over nature• Gods can physically interact with people and sometimes trick them• only public position open to Greek women was priestess of a religious cult• Social Life• Male family heads ruled their households• women could not own land except in Sparta• Theatre and gymnasiums common for daily life• Agora popular for debate and shopping• Intellectual Developments

Philosophy• Pericles —Ruler of Greece during its Golden Age; built Acropolis and Parthenon• Socrates— question everything, know thyself• Plato —philosopher, metaphysics is the answer to understanding truth• Aristotle —observation and scientific method reveal truth; wrote textbooks; built

library at Alexandria


• Greek motto:• “Nothing in excess, everything in moderation”• Archimedes (287-212 B.C)þ• mathematician and engineer• “Give me a lever and I can move the world” (lever and fulcrum)þ• Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)þ• “Father of Western Medicine”• Based ideas on study of the human body rather than mystical explanations• Hippocratic Oath

Architecture• Greek columns,• inverted V roof,• stone construction• “power” architechure• All basis for Western architecture today• History• Herodotus (484-420 B.C.)þ• The “Father of Western History”• First to investigate places and events for himself rather than rely on sources• The Histories chronicles Greece’s war with Persia

Greek Tragic Drama• Theaters• Tragic hero concept created• Sophocles, Euripides great Greek writers• Olympic Games• Gathering of many Greek city states (only men could watch and compete)þ• In 776 B.C.E. - c. 250 CE every four years• Running, boxing, equestrian, and other events• Peace in Greece during Olympics

Art• Symmetrical• Idealized form• Basis for modern W. beauty• (Discuss Thrower at the NY Met)• Nike of Samothrace at the Louvre museumaka Winged Victory• SPARTA – militaristic polis• “Come back with your shield - or on it”• Modern Sparta

Sparta• Military state• art, literature, philosophy, and science supported the military• strength, courage, endurance, loyalty and cleverness most important • Individual freedoms were sacrificed for good of the state• Spartans citizens theoretically equal• Lived simply• freedoms of the individual sacrificed for state,


• Helots - servants used as workers and warriors; useful but constant threat of rebellion

Education• 7 year old males sent to military school• ALL men serve in military• Girls encouraged to go to school• Spartan Women: most rights in Ancient world• well schooled and strong with important responsibilities• owned more than a third of the land.• married later and have much more control over their lives since men are often

gone to war• But, children taken at seven in Sparta

Athens• government based on democratic principles• Citizenship given to adult males• access to courts• no enslavement• religious and cultural participation• citizen duties - taxes, military service• Athenian social classes• Nobility• Merchants, Artisans• Peasant• Slaves – often freed eventually• Metics – foreigners allowed to live in Athens but could not become citizens• Interaction with other Empires• Traded with the Middle East, Africa, Northern Europe,• Persian wars drive Greeks to move to Rome and teach the Romans what they

knowImpact

• Greece absorbed into the Roman Empire and the Greeks teach the Romans all they know

• Set ideals for western culture in philosophy, history, drama, architecture, literature, science, art, and government

• Great art and philosophy that are still admired today

Rome• The concept of a republican form of government governed by a constitution and a fixed body of law that guaranteed the rights of citizens.• Elaborate transportation and communications networks with sophisticated roads, sea lanes linking port cities, and an imperial postal system.

-Romulus and Remus: legendary twins rescued by a she-wolf;founded Rome in 753 B.C.E.-Establishment of the republic


a. Rome nobility deposed the last Etruscan king in 509 B.C.E. b. Republican constitution included two consuls: civil and militaryc. Consuls were elected by an assembly dominated by the patriciansd. Senate advised the consuls and ratified major decisions e. Both Senate and consuls represented the interests of the patricians-Conflicts between patricians and plebeiansa. Patricians granted plebeians the tribunesb. Tribunes’ power to intervene and veto decisionsc. Plebeians’ tribunes dominated Roman politics, early 3rd century B.C.E.• Economically specialized regions, either in the development of cash crops for export or in localized industries.• New cities built throughout the empire with unprecedented levels of sanitation, comfort, and entertainment opportunities.• Widespread dissemination of philosophical beliefs and values, like Stoicism, and religions of salvation, like Christianity.- Rome consolidated its position in Italy, 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E. 2) Conflict with Carthage (Punic Wars) and Hellenistic realms-Rome became preeminent power in eastern and western Mediterranean- From Republic to EmpireA. Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems-Military commanders recruited rural and urban poor--intenselyloyal armies

-Julius Caesar: very popular social reformer and conqueror (Gaul)a. Seized Rome in 49 B.C.E.b. Claimed the title “dictator for life,”46 B.C.E. c. Social reforms and centralized controld. Assassinated in 44 B.C.E.-Octavion brought civil conflict to an enda. Senate bestowed title “Augustus”, 27 B.C.E.b. Monarchy disguised as a republicc. Created a new standing army under his control d. The imperial institutions began to take rootC. Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire

-Roman expansion into Mediterranean basin, western Europe,down Nile to Kush-Pax romana, Roman Peace, for two and a half centuries 3) Well-engineered Roman roads; postal system-Roman law--tradition: twelve tables (450 B.C.E.)


HanHan Politics- Liu Bang 1st Han Emperor replaced Legalism with Confucianism. Chang’an is capital. Confucianism teaches that Emperor is responsible for keeping harmony. Must model goodness and virtue. Often attacked from central Asian nomads.Confucian Civil Service Examination- Han government officials chosen by scores on a Confucian poetry and moral code test. Han started schools to train candidates. Curriculum is Confucius’s teachings, Chinese history, and Chinese law.Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.- Started public Confucian schools, great military leader, colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam, larger land Empire than RomeHan Economy- Peasant life- Military service required of oldest male, a month’s labor for gov’t per year. Textile manufacturing, water mills, iron casting led to steel.Chinese traders were able to sail into the Indian Ocean, expanding trade tremendously.Silk Road across Asia to Middle East connects China to Persia, India and RomeHan Religion/Philosophy- Confucianism is VERY influential in gov’t and social life. People follow Confucian morals in all aspects of life. Buddhism came to China via the Silk RoadHan Society- Population tripled to 50 million, less land per person, farming techniques improved. Many people moved to cities, Chinese migrated into central Asia. Government must provide peace & prosperity, & education. Fore Aft Sails, Fishing reel, Water wheel, rudder.Han Technological Advances- Han Great Wall, extended the Q’in wall 1500 miles, many more towers and soldiers to guard ChinaFall of the Han Dynasty- Han rulers love for wealth and pleasure weakened the government; often corrupt and brutal. The Han dynasty fell in A.D. 220. Fiscal crisis (they were broke) led to raised taxes. Peasants get angry, revolts lead to the downfall of the gov’t. The Huns attack over the wall. China descends into chaos and warlike states rule for 350 years

PersianThe Persian Empire Begins

The Persian dynasty was established in 550 BC by Cyrus the Great in Western Asia and it ended in 336 BC. The Persians Empire started out not very big and grew to over 8 million square kilometers, the biggest empire the world had seen at the time. It spanned from the Indus River Valley to the northeast border of Greece and down to Egypt and included about 50 million people or about 44% of the world’s population lived within the borders of the great Persian Empire. The Empire was located below the Black and Caspian Sea, above Africa, above the Arabian Sea, and along the top of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East.The Persians had an extensive road system called the Persian Royal Road. With such a great road system and the biggest empire of the time, Persia had a very vast culture. It ranged from the Egyptian cultures to some European culture and even to the Indian Culture. They also established a spoken language across their empire.


Persian Rulers- Persia began when Cyrus the Great united two original tribes, the Medes and the Persians. First, Cyrus founded a government for his newly found empire which incorporated both Median and Persian officials. He had done this to rebel against his grandfather, who was the Mede King, and he did this because he didn’t appreciate his grandfather or the way he ruled his empire. The result of this was the Persian Empire that Cyrus had made with the joining of the two Iranian tribes. He greatly expanded the empire and conquered many empires. Cyrus the Great was very liked among the people because he tolerated different cultures and religions. His son, Cambyses II, conquered Egypt and Babylon. Later, Darius the Great fought hard against Greece and almost conquered them but failed. This eventually led to their decline. The decline started when Alexander the Great conquered Persia. It caused chaos across the empire and after his death the empire was split and could no longer flourish.The economy Darius had created involved silver and gold coins, and it was very sustainable and heavily regulated. He had also made a very strict tax system which was different for each layer of the caste system. Cyrus had started the Government and tax systems but Darius had added onto them and evolved them. Also, the trade was very extensive and it was very efficient. The Persians expected their commoners to pay taxes along with providing goods for trade. At first the Persians thought traders were traders and liars and they were greedy, and that is the conquered people who mainly traded.Persian Inventions- The Persian alphabet consisted of 32 letters that were derived from 18 shapes and it was written from right to left. The Persians mostly wrote on Cuneiform scripts and those principles form the basis of the modern western European alphabet. Which the Persians did not just make up their own alphabet, they incorporated a couple of different alphabets including the Arabian alphabet. There is a depiction of a Persian King sitting on a chariot and he is shooting arrows at lions. This piece of art proved to us that the Persians had the wheel. The Persians did not only have the wheel for transportation, but also a water wheel. They used this water wheel to raise the water from the Nile River. The water wheel greatly improved their agricultural output in certain regions. With wheels you need something to travel on. And thus became the roads that the wheels could travel on. The roads allowed Darius to communicate with some distant parts of the empire. The roads along with the wheels allowed for more efficient communication and travel.Indian India begins to Unite c. 400-300BCEPersia first united NW India under Cyrus and Dariusc. 330 Alexander the Great conquered Persia Greek empire failed when Alexander diedNow a native Indian Empire would begin. The Mauryan Empire 321-180 BCEMauryan PoliticsFounded by Chandragupta Maurya ( 324 to 301 B.C.)Increased centralized govt control over regional kingdomslarge army of 700,000secret police to watch for treason


301 BCE gave up his throne to & became a Jain monk (extreme Buddhism) Ashoka MauryaAshoka 268-232 BCMost important ruler in ancient IndiaBrutal military commander who extended the Empire throughout S. and E. IndiaBattle of Kalinga - 260 BC100,000 Kalingans died150,000 Kalingans driven from their homeMore died from disease & starvation in the aftermath of the destruction brought on by the war“What have I done?” he is credited with saying after the battleAshoka and many Indian leaders converted to Buddhism after this battle and became pacifistsHe spent the rest of his life encouraging non-violence, moderation and Buddhist principles to IndiaMauryan Trade/EconomyIndian AgricultureState farms operated and cultivated by slaves.Grew Rice, Pepper, Wheat, Barley, Mustard, Sugar Cane, Medicinal Roots Mauryan ReligionBuddhism growsbuilt thousands of Stupas for Buddhist followers.built Buddhist schools and universitiesthe unnecessary eating of animals was abolished.Wildlife became protected including the first national parks in the worldpromoted vegetarianism and built animal hospitals.Ashoka’s empire died out slowly after he diedBuddhism architecture spread from India when Buddhism spread aver the next 1000 yearsAfter the Mauryans: Regional Rule and the Rise of Jainism and BuddhismRegional Kingdoms and local rule - 185 BCE to CE 300Northern IndiaInvading HUNS built new small regional kingdomsHindu Kush civilizationsMost powerful regional kingdoms for trade across the region and along the Silk RoadJainism grew in influence during this time of confusion since the leaders pushing Hindu and Buddhism were weakenedJainism – somewhat like Hindu and BuddhismBelieve in karma, dharma and Mokshaexpected to follow five principles of living:Ahimsa: "non violence in all parts of a person -- mental, verbal and physical."Satya: speaking truth; avoiding falsehoodAsteya: to not steal from othersBrahma-charya: (soul conduct); remaining sexually monogamous to one's spouse only


Aparigraha: detach from people, places and material things. Avoiding the collection of excessive material possessions, abstaining from over-indulgence, restricting one's needs.

GuptaGupta Dynasty Re-Unites India (Classical India)375-550 CEGuptu PoliticsChandra Gupta (320-335 AD) is the first ruler and conquered much of N. IndiaGupta Alliances & Conquest in northern India grew the empireConsolidated Power & Territory with marriage, alliances and warfareDrove out the Kushans from the northSamudra Gupta (335-375 AD)Chandra Gupta II (375-415 AD)Decentralization of power allowed regional rulers to keep power and maintain local policiesPeace & Prosperity were the result of Gupta ruleChandra Gupta I (reigned AD 320-c. 330),Pataliputra : Mauryan capital: magnificent palaces, temples, parksPath to PowerIncreased the power and territory of his regional kingdom by marrying Princess Kumaradevi whose family controlled northern India/Nepal.Other N. Indian territories joined this alliance for protection and trade as his power grewSamudra Gupta (son of Chandra)launched wars of conquest across N. IndiaBuilt a larger Gupta empireWealth came from many mines owned by govtGupta Economyowned gold mines, silver mines, and vast lands.rent money from farmers funded government (govt owned the land)Silk Road served Gupta, Han, Rome and Persia DynastiesIndian merchants shipped ivory, jewels, and textiles, salt and ironThe Romans traded glass, jewels, and clothes.Chinese merchants traded silk, spices, tea, and porcelain.The Gupta Empire profited greatly from religious trade and religious pilgrims.Gupta social lifeVERY wealthy civilizationenjoyed gardens, music, and daily bathingate lots of variety; rice, bread, fish, milk, fruits and juices.slave laborHinduism became more organized & temples became more important.Women lost rights compared to under BuddhismChild marriage became common for girlsHINDUSIM returns as dominant religionGupta Math/ScienceInvented numbers 1-9, decimal system, piZero invented by AryabataCharted planets and star movements


recognized the Earth is round and rotates on its axis and revolves around sun.Indian physicians excelled in medicines, caesarean section, bone setting, and skin grafting, smallpox vaccinationGupta Buddhist ArtAJANTA CAVESdepict the stories of Buddhism spanning from the period from 200 bce to 650 ce.During the 4th century c.e.Buddhist monasteries and prayer halls.twenty-nine cavesadorned with elaborate painting and sculpturesThe Ajanta caves depict the stories of Buddhism spanning from the period from 200 bce to 650 ce.The 29 caves were built by Buddhist monks using simple tools like hammer & chisel.The elaborate and exquisite sculptures and paintings depict stories from Jataka tales.The caves also house images of nymphs and princesses.the Sarnath BuddhaGupta DeclineLater Gupta rulers lived extravagantly, which weakened the people’s loyalty.Guptas weakened by the expense of the War with White Huns and competing India kingdomsWhite Huns c. 500ce invade through Kyber Pass and Ganges Valleydestroyed cities and reduced Hindu temples to rubble.Feudal provinces declare independence when Gupta are destroyedIndia separates into independent kingdoms.not unified again until the Muslims in the 11th century

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AP World History CCOT or Comparison Essay Chapters 4-7 Study Guide