Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CCOT Overview
• CCOT = Comparison of time periods
= Continuities & Changes
= Major Theme of Historical Analysis
= Cause & Effect essay
• Read the ? Carefully
• Determine: theme, areas, and time periods to
compare
• Be flexible in your organization:
geographic region
PERSIA categories,
changes & continuities
chronologically
3 Parts:
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion
Write a thesis statement that answers the following
prompt:
Analyze the major social and cultural changes and
continuities that have occurred in your life over the
last ten years.
1. Answer the prompt ; don’t just re-state it
2. Be specific – state the specific changes and continuities
that occurred over the time period
3. Give the specific dates that they are asking you to discuss
4. Support your thesis with accurate historical evidence;
5. Show CCOT using relevant historical facts; contrast this with
the starting date and what stayed the same
6. Answer All parts of the question
7. Analyze the process of CCOT and explain how and why it
occurs
•Analyze at least 1 reason for a change or continuity for each
country or time period the prompt specifies
•Don’t just describe the change, spend some time explaining
why the change/continuity occurred
Most effective if you use a cause & effect chain
“________ occurred because. ____ is significant
because….”
• Support the thesis with relevant historical facts
• Contrast change against either the starting point or something
that didn’t change
•If you have questions with multiple themes or
geographic areas, you will also need to complete a
chart for each area
• Actually doing a compare/contrast & CCOT essay
Use the time periods as your organizing
principle
2007 CCOT: “Analyze major changes and continuities in the
formation of national identities in ONE of the regions listed
below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence
from specific countries in the region selected.
Middle East
Southeast Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Use the time periods as your
organizing principle
2007 CCOT: “Analyze major changes and continuities in the
formation of national identities in ONE of the regions listed
below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence
from specific countries in the region selected.
Middle East
Southeast Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Use the time periods as your
organizing principle
Use the time periods as your organizing principle
Changes
1914Present
Continuities
1914 Present
NAME: _____________________________________________________ PERIOD: _______ DATE: ________________
CHART: CHANGE OVER TIME
COMPARISON THEMES (SCRIPTED):________________________ ___________________________ ____________________________
TIME PERIODS: _____________________ _______________________ ________________________
THESIS
BEGINNING TIME
PERIOD
Describe First
Theme
Describe Second
Theme
Describe Third
Theme
Comparison to Wider
World
INTERIM TIME
PERIOD
Key Changes and/or Continuities in each theme from
previous period
Analyze the reasons for
change or continuity
Comparison to Wider
World
END
TIME PERIOD
Key Changes and/or Continuities in each theme from
previous periods
Analyze the reasons for
change or continuity
Comparison to Wider
World
CONCLUSION
+ + +
assert
compliment
demonstrate
embrace
exemplify
illustrate
indicate
portray
reflect
reveal
signify
strengthen
symbolize
undermine
change
continue
eventually
Immediately
at once
at this point
next
afterward soon
then ironically
impressive
despicable
contemplative
authoritative
humble
creative
subtle
ironic
rude
“Power Words” for Analytical Writing
Verbs Adverbs/Time Qualifiers Adjectives
traditional
proud
very
lots
big
small
transform
evolved
emerge
revolutionize
Connect
many
now
gradually
later
haughty
dutiful
2007 CCOT: “Analyze major changes and continuities in the
formation of national identities in ONE of the regions listed
below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence
from specific countries in the region selected.
Middle East
Southeast Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Use the time periods as your
organizing principle
Thesis:
“There were many changes and continuities in the formation of
national identities in the Middle East from 1914 to the present.”
“From 1914 to present day, the borders of Middle East nations
have stayed the same while the ideals with have changed until
national identities were formed.”
“From 1914 to the present, there was a growth in national
identities in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa. Ghana is a key
example of the growth of Negritude in the region. A continuity
for discussion is that most of the region remained in a state of
poverty.”
Just repeats ?; be more specific
Has a chg & a cont but it is wrong; borders have changed.
All true– cont is related to national identity = AP!
Thesis:
“From 1914 to the present, Sub-Saharan Africa has become
independent nations with growing political democracy while still
having to work through social unrest between people of different
groups within the same nation.”
“There are many changes and continuities in SEA after 1914. The
world war fueled independence movements. Regardless of political
changes, Buddhism remained a constant reminder of traditional
values in the new nations.”
“After WWI, nationalism was an important factor in the growing
independence movements of Sub-Saharan Africa. Changes include
the desire for independence and self-reliance while a continuity was
artificial borders which often cut across tribal ties, creating fractured
communities.”
Good! Social cont & political chg
Good! Relig cont & political chg
Good! Geographic/social cont & political chg
Evidence:
“Change continued to happen…” “There was continuous change…”
“In 1914, China was still under British influence and in truth had lost
much of the influence it once had over SEA.”
“European influence remained constant throughout the time period in
Sub-Saharan Africa.”
Vague; change is change; cont is lack of change, not
perpetual change
China is in E. Asia; off topic
True statement but it isn’t linked to national identity = AP!
Evidence:
“Many Sub-Saharan countries gained independence after WWII;
however, European influence remained constant throughout the time
pd
“Many Sub-Saharan countries gained independence after WWII.
However, European influence remained throughout the time period
and complicated efforts at nation building.”
“Social unrest and tensions remained a problem throughout Sub-
Saharan Africa. Tensions between European and Africans which had
been a problem since the Europeans’ arrival didn’t change.”
Minimally acceptable; still a little vague
Concise, relevant, and solid. Addresses the issue of
national identity = good writing!
Excellent = analyzes all of the question’s issues: global
context, causation, change, continuity, effects, content
Industrialization CCOT
Directions: You are to answer the following question: You should spend five
minutes organizing or outlining your essay. Write an essay that:
• Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate
historical evidence
• Addresses all parts of the question
• Uses historical context to show change over time and/or continuities
• Analyzes the process of change over time and/or continuity
Describe and analyze the impact of industrialization from 1750 to
1914 on ONE of the following countries. Be sure to discuss
continuities as well as changes.
United Kingdom
China
Japan
Russia
Ottoman Empire
Thesis
3 Body Paragraphs
1 for each tm pd
topic sentences for each paragraph
connectors to explain change/continuity
Conclusion
Sample Continuity-Change-Over-Time Essay:
Directions: You are to answer the following question. In writing your essay, you
should use the first 5 minutes planning your essay. Your essay should:
• Have a relevant thesis supported by appropriate historical evidence.
• Answer all parts of the question.
• Use historical context to show change and/or continuity over time
Explain how the globalization of commerce brought about major
continuities and changes over time among the peoples of two of the
regions listed below between 1450 and 1750. Note major
developments, exchanges, shifts of power, and demographic
changes.
• Eurasia
• Africa
• The Americas
Major Developments: You might include the following topics in your
discussion about the globalization of commerce between 1450-1750
• Scientific Revolution
• Acceleration of change, cultural diffusion
• Columbian Exchange
• Transoceanic linking of major regions
• Shift in trade routes from the Mediterranean to Atlantic
• Globalization of trade
• Spanish conquer/colonize Central/South America
• British in North America
• Dutch & Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and island nations
• Global demand for Asian goods
• Global demand for African slaves
• Capitalism emerges as dominant system for
Organizing labor
Production
Trade
• Urbanization
Exchanges
• Europe to Americas:
slavery, plantation system
Disease
Genocide
Plants: wheat, melons, grapes
Animals: cattle, pigs, goats, chickens, donkeys, horses
Western clothing
Carpentry, locksmithing
Wheeled vehicles
Organized education
Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism
Spanish, Portuguese, & English language and culture predominated
Africa to Americas
• Plants: bananas, coconut palms, coffee, sugar cane, okra
• Farming methods
• Cooking styles
• Ironworking
• African languages and culture
Americas to Europe
• Gold
• Silver
• Other jewels
• Plants: corn, beans, squash, tomato, chocolate
Europe to Asia
• Cartography
• Astronomy
• Mathematics
• Plants: corn, potatoes from Andes Mts.
• Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism
Asia to Europe
• Guns
• Gunpowder
• Silk
• Porcelain
• Metalwork
• Block printing
• Paper
Shifts of Power
• Spain = most powerful European country
Conquered/colonized Americas
Seized Philippines (link to Asia)
Gold and silver from the Americas disrupted the economy,
price revolution
• Portuguese power declined globally
• Chinese
Ming Dynasty’s power declined
Qing Dynasty’s power rose
• French power declines in
India
Africa
North America
• African power declined = negative effects of the slave trade
• British power rose in
India
Africa
• European competition in the Caribbean, North America, & Africa
Dutch
French
Spanish
English
Demographics
• Slave trade ravages African populations
• Enslaved Africans transported to Americas
• Catastrophic decline of Native Americans
Genocide
Enslaved
Disease
• Migration of Europeans to Americas
• Global population increases
Agricultural Revolution, higher food production
Better crops
More known about disease
Other Points to Consider
Mercantilism
• Mother country must export more than it imports
• Colonies provide
Resources
Raw materials
Markets for goods exported from the mother country
• European effort to control & manage
Regulation of trade
Selling of trade monopolies
Establishment of protective tariffs
Economic Changes in Europe
• Upsurge in prices (price revolution)
• Population increase
Greater demand for goods
More need for services
Urbanization
• Rise of modern capitalism
Directions: You are to answer the following
question. You should spend 5 minutes
organizing or outlining each essay. Write an
essay that:
•Has a relevant thesis and supports that
thesis with appropriate historical evidence
• addresses all parts of the question
• makes direct, relevant comparisons
Change Over Time Essay
Change Over Time Essay
Cities were an important part of the expanding
world trade in the period 600 to 1450. Discuss the
major similarities and differences between two of the
following cities, involving their economic as well as
non-economic characteristics:
• Guangzhou
• Timbuktu
• Venice
• Baghdad
The Thesis
• tells the reader your argument
• previews the direction your essay is heading in
• sets up the body paragraphs
Both Constantinople and Timbuktu were both important
trade centers between 600-1450 C.E; however, they were
two very dissimilar cities. Constantinople was a major
crossroads for Eurasian trade routes. Several diverse
cultures interacted in Constantinople. Timbuktu had
less cultural diversity because it was located on the
outskirts of the world trade system. Their different
geographic locations reflected their distinct commercial
diversity.
The thesis
• tells the reader your argument
• addresses all parts of the question
• each of the 3 pts. will be one of the body
paragraphs
The two cities are far more different than they are
alike, particularly in regard to their roles in world
trade, their diversity, and their goods.
Comparison Paragraphs:
• Make a comparison
• Similarities & Differences
• Focuses on the time period
• Discusses economic & non-economic factors
A major difference between the two cities was in the goods
that each city traded. Constantinople’s wealth was based on
goods that arrived mainly from Asia, or from the North and
occasionally Europe, as well. On the other hand, Timbuktu,
largely traded with the North African coast. Goods from the
Middle East and beyond were available also.
Relevant, direct comparison
Each example of the comparison should take up a
paragraph
Can group smaller examples together
Argue in favor of one similarity or difference
Spend a little time acknowledging the option not
selected = recognizing the “opposite” of the thesis
No 2 things are totally alike or totally different
Keep the alternative discussion brief – don’t want to
detract from your overall argument & thesis
Historical substantiation
• Prove the difference/similarity
• Offer specific evidence
As a result of their respective geographies, the two cities were
quite different in their levels of diversity. Constantinople was
mostly a Greek city, but as a former capital of the Roman
Empire, it had many Latin influences. It was also close
enough to the Middle East to have a distinctive Persian
element to its culture, such as the custom of separating men
and women in church. Hellenized peoples from Egypt and
Syria, along with Europeans, Russians, and Muslims (like
Ibn Batuta) could all be found in the city’s streets. As all of
these people came to trade, they could all be found in the
varying “quarters” of the city. Timbuktu, however, was much
harder to get to. Its population was mostly African – i.e.,
peoples from the empires of Ghana, Mali, and surrounding
areas. Muslims came in greater numbers from North Africa
and the Middle East, especially after Mansa Musa’s hajj to
Mecca between 1324-1325.
Yet, despite its ever-growing influence as an economic,
cultural, and even religious center (it had several
universities and many mosques by 1450) its level of cultural
diversity was much less than that of Constantinople. There
were, however, some similarities between the two cities.
Obviously, both relied heavily on the Islamic world for
trade goods during most of this period. Both were capitals
of their respective empires, economically and culturally, as
well as politically. Finally, Islamic forces captured both
cities: Constantinople in 1453 (by the Ottoman Turks) and
Timbuktu in 1590 (by Muslims from Morocco).
Conclusion
• Restate the thesis and main points
• Reminds the reader of what you were saying
• Do not include any new information in your
concluding paragraph
• All supporting ideas should be included in your
body paragraphs
In conclusion, the differences between
Constantinople and Timbuktu outweighed their
similarities, particularly in regard to their roles in
world trade, their diversity, and their goods.
Constantinople was central to the Eurasian trade
routes of the era, whereas Timbuktu was on the
fringe of the world trading system. As a result,
although there were many peoples and cultures
represented in Constantinople, Timbuktu had fewer
influences. Finally, the products for trade in these
cities were as different as their geographies suggest.
Both cities, however, were important centers of trade
in the period between 600-1450 C.E.
