City University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar

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SARDAR MOHAMMADDEPUTY DIRECTOR – IT

COMMUNICATION & WORKS DEPARTMENTKHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PESHAWAR

An Overview of IT & GIS

Layout

ITComputerSoftwareComputer Science & Software EngineeringAreas ITNetworkInternetWebGIS

Data Vs. Information

Data is raw material for data processing. data relates to fact, event and transactions. Data refers to unprocessed information.

Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it. it is any thing that is communicated.

The Value of Information

Timeliness

Accuracy

Accessibility

Information Technology

• An organized combination of people, hardware, software, communication network and data resource that collects, transforms and disseminates information in an organization

What device does the processing???

How Information is disseminated???

What is Computer?

Computer is an electronic machine operating under the control instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce result and store the result for future control instructions Memory Accept data Manipulate Result store

A calculator

Parts of Computer

Input Devices

Process – CPU

Output Devices

RAM

Storage Devices

Input Devices

Keyboard

Mouse

Motherboard

Motherboard - the main circuit board in the computer.

Everything else attaches to the motherboard through connections called ports.

Expansion slots - “plugs” on the motherboard for expanding the PC’s capabilities via additional circuit boards.

Processor

Processor chipA tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of

miniature electronic circuits.

Front Back

Processor

Memory Unit

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Control Unit

Memory

• The area in the computer where data or information is held Temporary Memory or primary memory RAM – Random Access Memory

Secondary storage

The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently

Also simply called: Storage

Storage capacity is measured in:

1 byte - 1 character is represented using 1 byte.= 8 bits (a bit is a 0 or a 1)

1 kilobyte - 1,024 characters.= 210 bytes (approx. 103 bytes)

1 megabyte - 1,048,576 characters.= 220 bytes (approx. 106 bytes)

1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters.= 230 bytes (approx. 109 bytes)

1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters.= 240 bytes (approx. 1012 bytes)

Output

Speakers

Speaker output requires a sound card.

Sound card

A video card

Put all the hardware together and…

Block Diagram

Central Processing Unit

Memory Unit

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Control Unit

Input or Data

Output or Information

Types of computers

Analog The computers that deals with variable or continuous flow of data

E.g. Temperature, forces, voltage, distance etc.

Digital The computers that provides physical output from input of data

represented in digital form

Hybrid Computers have both the above characteristics

Categories of Computers

Super ComputersMainframesMiniMicroHandheld

Super computers

Fastest computer Can cost one million to 350 million

dollars looks like rows of refrigerator-size

boxes Consists of thousands of processors

and can carry out several trillion calculations per second.

Used for computer simulations tracking hurricanes, biological

contamination, or understanding ocean currents.

Mainframes

Small mainframes (mid-size computers or minicomputers).

5,000 to 5 million dollarsUsed in large organizations –

banks, airlines, insurance companies, colleges.

Processes billions of instructions per second.

Often used with a terminal.

Minicomputers

usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations and for computer-aided design

Example: designing airplanes, special

effects in movies

Microcomputer

$500 - $5000Personal Computer (PC)

Tower PC Desktop PC Laptop / Notebook Personal digital assistants

(PDAs), also called handheld computers or palmtops

Mac While a Mac is a PC, most

people relate the term, PC, with systems that run the Windows operating system.

Servers

Server - a central computer that holds collections of data & programs for clients

Clients - PCs, workstations, & other devices attached to a server

Designed Server and Server Operating System

What runs computers??

You still need the software!

System software

Helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the application software to run

Computer Program and Software

You still need the software!

Application software

Enables you to perform specific tasks--solve problems, perform work, or entertain yourself

Before concluding the Software

How Software Product is different from other Engineering Products

Some engineering products33

Some software products34

Software is different because..

Software is an intangible product.

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Software is different because..

We can not see the software being developed to determine its progress.

But we can see the bridge being built to determine its progress.

Software is different because..

We can not prove that software will not fail.

But we can prove that a bridge will not fall.

Characteristics of IT Projects as compared to other Engineering Products

Lack of constraints IT projects are not subject to the laws of physics

and the associated constraints in the same way as, for example, civil engineering projects.

Visualization Software is effectively invisible. This visualization

problem is a source of many potential IT project failures.

Flexibility "The ability of software to change easily in response to different

user and system requirements.“

Characteristics of IT Projects as compared to other Engineering Products

Complexity "Complexity is hidden more than in a

conventional engineering project" In IT, complexity is multi-dimensional,

diversityUncertainty

“The outcome of any software project is necessarily uncertain…There is no problem ‘producing’ software – the problem is knowing what to produce”

Major Fields in IT

Computer Science

Software Engineering

Computer Science

It is the study of principles, applications, and technologies of computing and computers.

It involves the study of data and data structures and the algorithms to process these structures; of principles of computer architecture-both hardware and software; of problem-solving and design methodologies; of computer-related topics such as numerical analysis, operations research, and artificial intelligence; and of language design, structure, and translation technique.

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What is Software Engineering?

The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software.

Goals production of quality software, delivered on time, within budget, satisfying clients’ requirements

What is a software development process?

A set of activities whose goal is the development or evolution of software.

Generic activities in all software processes are: Specification - what the system should do and its development

constraints Development – Design and Implementation of the software system Validation - checking that the software is what the customer wants Evolution - changing the software in response to changing

demands.

Some Areas in IT

Some Areas in IT

Database

A shared collection of logically related data Relational Database Management System - RDBMS Tables Relationships Tools

MS Access SQL Server My SQL

Structured Query Language - SQL

Networks

Types Local Area Network - LAN Wide Area Network - WAN Wireless Fidelity - WiFi Virtual Private Network -

VPNTopologies

Bus Star Ring Token ring Mesh

Internet

Network of NetworksBrowserUses

Email Searching News File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

How to Search Efficiently

Use the plus sign (+) to force a search for an overly common word.

Use the minus sign (- ) to exclude a term from a search. No space follows these signs. A minus sign directly in front of a word or phrase will exclude if from the search

To search for a phrase, supply the phrase surrounded by double quotes (" ").

A period (.) serves as a single - character wildcard.An asterisk (*) represents any word.The Use of AND and OR.The number range operator ‘..’ looks for results falling

inside your specified numeric range……FileType:pdf

The Web

Browser - URL

Static & Dynamic

Hosting

Domain Name Registration

Web Programming

Web Designing

Web Site

Artificial Intelligence

Machine TranslationSemantic WebExpert SystemImage ProcessingNeural Network

Virus & Anti Virus

Virus A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on

real programs. For example, a virus might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the spreadsheet program runs, the virus runs, too, and it has the chance to reproduce (by attaching to other programs) or cause destruction

Anti Virus A utility program that searches a hard disk for viruses

and removes any that are found. Most antivirus programs include an auto-update feature that enables the program to download profiles of new viruses so that it can check for the new viruses as soon as they are discovered.

What is a GIS?

A means of storing, retrieving, sorting, and comparing spatial data to support some analytic process.

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Information System

Geographic Position

Topographic

REAL-WORLD

Contour lines

Parcels

MAPS AND SPATIAL DATA

SPATIAL DATA

City blocksLand use

001 Institutional 002 Commercial 003 Commercial 004 Residential 005 Residential 006 Residential 007 Industrial 008 Residential 009 Industrial 010 Industrial 011 Residential 012 Industrial 013 Residential 014 Residential 015 Residential

Map: City blocks

NON-SPATIAL DATA

SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL DATA

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 R T1 R T2 H R3 R4 R R5 R6 R T T H7 R T T8 R9 R

Real World

Vector RepresentationRaster Representation

Concept of Vector and Raster

line

polygon

point

Representing Spatial ElementsRaster

Stores images as rows and columns of numbers with a Digital Value/Number (DN) for each cell.

Units are usually represented as square grid cells that are uniform in size.

Data is classified as “continuous” (such as in an image), or “thematic” (where each cell denotes a feature type).

VectorAllows user to specify specific spatial locations and assumes that geographic space is continuous, not broken up into discrete grid squares

We store features as sets of X,Y coordinate pairs.

Representing Spatial Elements

Entity Representations

Points - simplest element

Lines (arcs) - set of connected points

Polygons - set of connected lines

We typically represent objects in space as three distinct spatial elements:

We use these three spatial elements to represent real world features and attach additional information to them.

Visualization

Spatial Analysis/Modeling

Buffering

Overlay

Spatial Operation

Spatial Data Mining

Proximity Analysis

Buffer: Delineation of a zone around the feature of interest within a given distance. For a point feature, it is simply a circle with its radius equal to the buffer distance.

Topography

Digital Terrain Model

Slopes

Soil

Land-use

Risk area

AnalysisWHAT IS BE THE BEST ROUTE?,

LEAVE IT UPTO GIS

Alternative 1 Alternative 2

Alternative 3

Decision makers

National park

Cadastral parcel

Analysis

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

?

Recreationalpark

Swamp

PrivateParcel

? ? ? ?

Kohat

Peshawar

SELECTION OF SUITABLE ROUTE BETWEEN PESHAWAR AND KOHAT

Bara River

Spatial Analysis

Overlay function creates new “layers” to solve spatial problems

Thank you

Any Question