Alternative fuels and powertrains

David Lamb

Chief Advisor, Automotive Technologies & Strategy

July 2008

Energy Transformed Flagship

Let’s be realistic

• Automotive technological developments in Australia

depend largely on what happens overseas –

• Applies to cars, trucks and buses

• Big payments to Australian auto industry for R&D

have not been directed at fuel efficiency or reducing

emissions

• Australia needs a national plan that recognises:

• The economic exposure to world oil scarcity

• The need for Australian vehicles to use less fuel and reduce

emissions

(Emission saving come free if we reduce fuel consumption)

Stronger moves to reduce emissions

Camry 4 Manual

Locally

produced

Best

local

EU 2006

EU target

BusinessLarge SUV

Compact

SUV

Large car

Med car

Small car

Who buys the big cars & SUVs?

BusinessLarge SUV

Compact

SUV

Large car

Med car

Small car

GovernmentLarge SUV

Compact SUV

Small car

Large car

Med car

PrivateLarge

car

Med

car

Large

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Com

pact

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Smal

l car

Small

Cars

Government buyers

Commonwealth Govt

Large

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Compact

SUV

Large SUV

State Govt

Large car

Med car

Small car

Large SUV

Compact

SUV

Local Govt

Med car

Large car

Small car

Large SUV

Compact

SUV

What are the options for our transport energy future?

• Extend fossil reserves• New fossil fuel discoveries

• More cost effective extraction and processing

• Diversify transport fuels • LPG, CNG, biogas

• New liquid fuel options• Gas to liquids

• Coal to liquids

• Biomass to liquids (ie biofuels)

• Reduce demand

• Efficient engine technologies e.g. hybrid electric, smaller

engines

• eco-efficient urban design

• Public transport

• And in the longer term ….. maybe• hydrogen from coal with carbon capture and storage

• hydrogen from nuclear or renewable electricity.

Source:

http://www.toyota.com/prius/index.html?s_van=GM_TN

_HYBRID_PRIUS

96 % of cars and light commercials run on petrol, about 2% on diesel and 2% on LPG

All long-haul trucks run on diesel and most farm and mining equipment

A few CNG buses.

Transport Fuel Mix - Road Vehicles Australia

19962

14461

4253

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Petrol ADO LPG

52%

11%

37%

Fuel Mix - Australia 2003/04

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Petrol LPG ADO

Millio

ns

of

Lit

res

Series1 Series2

Alternative Fuels

-We need every alternative we can get!

Biofuels?

- ‘First generation’ biofuels (ethanol, biodiesel) only a small part

of the answer - less than 10%. (But it could be different!)

- Maybe ‘second generation biofuels from

lignocellulose or algae, but probably 15 years away.

Australia has gas and coal in abundance

We will have to utilise –

• LPG – probably only a few percent of our fuel needs

• CNG – for depot-based vehicles – Buses, Garbage trucks

• LNG – for long haul trucks point to point

• Gas-to-liquid, coal-to-liquid

(but depends on Carbon Capture & Storage) - 15-20 years away!)

• Electricity – available now!

Fuel consumption/Emissions

Simple rules:

Saving fuel saves emissions.

City cycle emissions are significantly higher than highway

emissions, because of short journeys, congestion, cold starts

The quickest way to achieve GHG savings is to reduce the

number of city vehicles, the size of city vehicles, the number

of city journeys.

Size does matter - but choose the technologyV

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1000

1500

2000

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Tough targets likely in the future

CO2 Emissions

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Toyot

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C g

/km

Toyota & Honda have 10 years of hybrid experience

4.4 L/100km 104 g/km CO2

Time Time Time

Speed

Alternative powertrains

better

Adapted from Ricardo UK material

City Traffic (congested) Urban / MotorwayCity Traffic (flowing)

Conventional diesel engine

Fu

el E

co

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rov

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Source: Schommers, DaimlerChrysler + GM, Aachen Oct 05 + Ricardo Internal Data

PHEV or EV

for city use or

short range

Next generation of Hybrids

CSIRO Automotive Technologies

In partnership with Holden we

built the ECOmmodore, a

parallel hybrid vehicle.With aXcess Australia, a

series hybrid vehicle.

But with oil at $20/bbl, the

technologies were not competitive

60 volt battery pack (VRLA, twin tab)

150 volt Supercapacitor

Sufficient power for good acceleration

Sufficient energy for 15-20 km electric range

CSIRO Automotive Technologies

CSIRO Ultrabattery

longer life and low cost. It can be made in a conventional

battery factory

UltraBattery Pack –

160,000 km and in perfect condition

Benefits of Electric vehicles

Source: Hunwick Consultants

PHEVs and EVs open up new opportunities:

• Can use future energy sources as they become

available instead of exposure to scarce oil.

• Electricity is available now and city cars could be

fuelled from the grid without adding to the emissions

from coal-powered generators.

• Homes or businesses with solar and wind power supply

can power their vehicles free of added cost and

emission-free.

• The ‘Intelligent Grid’ will manage power to be able to

use PHEVs and EVs as load-balancers.

“What about fuel cells?

The advantage of fuel cells over chemical batteries is their

ability to be rapidly refueled as opposed to gradually

recharged, though the argument grows ever weaker with

the advent of improved batteries and ultracapacitors.

GM’s Bob Lutz was asked, “of all the different technologies

GM is working on, how would you prioritize them?" His

response: "Electric. Advanced hybrid. Plug-in hybrid.

Advanced clean diesels. And far out, there's hydrogen."

How about larger vehicles?

Canada 2005 48% fuel saving. Electric to 12 km/h Parallel hybrid

What happened to Melbourne’s 2007 trial?

Hybrid buses around the world

Brazil

Lots of hybrids around the US

since 1999. Several manufacturers

Take-away question: Why is Australia so far behind?

Toyota Coaster was eleven years ago

Thank you for your attention

Energy Transformed Flagship

David Lamb

Chief Advisor, Automotive Technologies & Strategy

Phone: +61 3 9545 8940

Email: david.lamb@csiro.au

Web: www.csiro.au/group

Contact Us

Phone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176

Email: Enquiries@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au