Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
RStORStO 0101RStORStO 0101
44. . LectureLecture0505..1010 . . 20112011
Prof. DR.Prof. DR. Eng. Shafik JendiaEng. Shafik Jendia
Islamic University of GazaIslamic University of Gazayy
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Standard and RegulationStandard and RegulationStandard and RegulationStandard and Regulation
““RichtlinienRichtlinien fuerfuer die die Standardisier ngStandardisier ng desdes Oberba esOberba esStandardisierungStandardisierung des des OberbauesOberbauesvon von VerkehrsflaechenVerkehrsflaechenAusgabeAusgabe ((RStORStO 20012001))””
German Guidelines for Standard Road DesignGerman Guidelines for Standard Road Design
20012001
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Procedure General StepsProcedure General StepsProcedure General StepsProcedure General Steps
Selection of Pavement TypeSelection of Pavement Type
C l l ti f T ffi L dC l l ti f T ffi L dCalculation of Traffic LoadCalculation of Traffic Load
Determination of Pavement LayerDetermination of Pavement LayerDetermination of Pavement Layer Determination of Pavement Layer Thicknesses Thicknesses
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
PavementPavement TypesTypesPavementPavement TypesTypesR d S f With t Bi dR d S f With t Bi dRoad Surface Without Binder Road Surface Without Binder (Untreated Road Surface)(Untreated Road Surface)
Asphalt Pavement Asphalt Pavement (Flexible)(Flexible)( )( )
Cement Concrete PavementCement Concrete Pavement (Rigid)(Rigid)Cement Concrete Pavement Cement Concrete Pavement (Rigid)(Rigid)
Segmental PavementSegmental PavementSegmental PavementSegmental Pavement(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pa ement T pePa ement T pePavement TypePavement Type
Road Surface Without BinderRoad Surface Without BinderRoad Surface Without Binder Road Surface Without Binder (Untreated Road Surface)(Untreated Road Surface)
Country Roads
Bicycle/ Walk Sides
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Road Surface Road Surface With t Bi dWith t Bi dWithout Binder Without Binder
(Untreated Road Surface)(Untreated Road Surface)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
R d S fR d S fRoad Surface Road Surface Without BinderWithout BinderWithout Binder Without Binder
(Untreated Road (Untreated Road Surface)Surface)Surface)Surface)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Flexible (Flexible (AsphaltAsphalt) and) andRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) PavementsRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) Pavements
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Flexible (Flexible (AsphaltAsphalt) and) andFlexible (Flexible (AsphaltAsphalt) and) andRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) PavementsRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) Pavements
wearing
binder
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Flexible (Flexible (AsphaltAsphalt) and) andRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) PavementsRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) Pavements
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Other Ex. For Rigid (Other Ex. For Rigid (CementCementCC ) P) PConcreteConcrete) Pavement) Pavement
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Produce of Rigid Produce of Rigid ((CC CC ) P) P((CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavement) Pavement
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Segmental PavementSegmental Pavementgg(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Segmental PavementSegmental Pavementgg(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)
Border between Netherlands and Belgi m
Prof. Dr. Eng Prof. Dr. Eng ShafikShafik JendiaJendia
Belgium
Segmental PavementSegmental Pavement( C )( C )(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pa ement T pePa ement T pePavement TypePavement Type
Criteria for Pavement Type SelectionCriteria for Pavement Type Selection
Function of Traffic Area (Pavement)
Traffic Load
S f CSituation of local Construction Material
Economic ConditionEconomic Condition
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pa ement T pePa ement T pePavement TypePavement Type
Function of Traffic AreaFunction of Traffic Area
Vehicles
Bicycle/ Walk Sides
Pedestrian Zones
Country RoadsCountry Roads
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic Load
Design Traffic Load (B) & Construction Classes of PavementsPavements
Construction ClassConstruction ClassTotal NumberTotal Number of Equivalent of Equivalent 100 100 kNkN ((10 10 t) t) Single Axle Load Applications During DesignSingle Axle Load Applications During DesignSingle Axle Load Applications During Design Single Axle Load Applications During Design Life Life (Millions(Millions) = ) = Design Traffic Load (B)Design Traffic Load (B)
SV (HT)SV (HT)Heavy Traffic Class
More than 32
IMore than 10 - 32 IIMore than 3 - 10 IIIMore than 0.8 - 3 IVMore than 0.3 - 0.8 VM th 0 1 0 3
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
VMore than 0.1 - 0.3VILess than 0.1
Design Traffic Load (B)Design Traffic Load (B)
There are two methods1. Method: From DTV(SV) ( ADTADT((HH)) )
DTVDTV(SV)(SV) = = AAverage verage DDaily aily HHeavy eavy TTraffic raffic ADTADT((HH))
Heavy Traffic (≥ Heavy Traffic (≥ 33,,55 t + Buses > t + Buses > 99 Seats)Seats)y (y ( ,, ))
B N ADTADT((HH)) f f f f f 365B = N ·ADTADT((HH)) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365
ffAA = Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of Heavy Traffic= Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of Heavy Traffic
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
N = Design Life (years)N = Design Life (years)
Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of HeavyAverage Number of Axles per Vehicle of HeavyTraffic Load
Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of Heavy Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of Heavy Traffic Traffic (Axle Number Factor (Axle Number Factor ffAA) = ) =
ΣΣ Actual Axles of Heavy Traffic /Actual Axles of Heavy Traffic / ( ADTADT((HH)) )ΣΣ Actual Axles of Heavy Traffic / Actual Axles of Heavy Traffic / ( ADTADT((HH)) )
Factor fARoad System4.2Principals Arterial SystemPrincipals Arterial System (Autobahnen)
Interstate, Freeways, Expressways
3.7Minor Arterial System Minor Arterial System (Bundesstrassen)
3.1Collector and Local SystemCollector and Local System
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic Load
Heavy Traffic
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic LoadFactor (qBm) =
ΣΣ 1010tt-- Equivalent Axles /Equivalent Axles / ΣΣ Actual Axles of Heavy TrafficActual Axles of Heavy TrafficΣΣ 1010tt Equivalent Axles / Equivalent Axles / ΣΣ Actual Axles of Heavy TrafficActual Axles of Heavy Traffic
1010tt-- Equivalent Axles = ESAL of Heavy TrafficEquivalent Axles = ESAL of Heavy Traffic
Factor qBmRoad System0.26Principals Arterial SystemPrincipals Arterial System (Autobahnen)
Interstate, Freeways, Expressways
0.2Minor Arterial System Minor Arterial System (Bundesstrassen)
0.18Collector and Local SystemCollector and Local System
A H T k F t f R d fProf. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Average Heavy Truck Factor of Road= fA· qBM
Traffic Load
Lane Factor (f1)( 1)
Traffic SurveyTraffic SurveyTraffic SurveyTraffic Survey Traffic Survey Traffic Survey in Each in Each
DirectionsDirections
Traffic Survey Traffic Survey in Both in Both
DirectionsDirectionsNumberNumber of Lanesof Lanes
1.00-10 90 52 0.90.520.80.530 80 454 0.80.4540.80.4550 80 406 d M
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
0.80.406 and More
Traffic Load
Factor of Lane Width (f2)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic Load
Factor of Lane Width (f2)( 2)
F t fF t fL WidthL Width (( )) Factor fFactor f22Lane Width Lane Width ((m)m)
2.00Less than 2.50
1.802.50 – Less than 2.75
1.402.75 – Less than 3.25
1.103.25 – Less than 3.75
1.003.75 and More
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic Load
Longitudinal Slope Factor (f3)g p ( 3)
Factor f3Slope (%)1.00Less than 2
1.022 – Less than 4 1.022 Less than 41.054 – Less than 51.095 – Less than 61.146 – Less than 71.207 – Less than 81.278 – Less than 91.359 – Less than 10
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
1.4510 and More
Average Annual Growth Factor of Heavy Traffic (fz)
Average Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy Traffic (P)
With a growth in the first year (P1 > 0 f 1 > 1)
No growth in the first year(P1 = 0 f 1 =1)
p N+ 1)1( p N+ 1)1(
(P1 > 0, fz1 > 1) (P1 = 0, fz1 =1)
NppfZ ⋅
−+=
1)1( ( )pNp
pfZ +⋅⋅
−+= 11)1(
Np Np
N = Design Life (years)Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
N = Design Life (years)
Traffic Load
Average Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy Traffic (P)
PRoad System0.03Principals Arterial SystemPrincipals Arterial System (Autobahnen)
Interstate, Freeways, Expressways
0.02Minor Arterial System Minor Arterial System (Bundesstrassen)
0.01Collector and Local SystemCollector and Local System
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic LoadAverage Annual Growth Factor of Heavy Traffic (Fz)
(P1 = 0)Average Annual Growth Ratio of HeavyAverage Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy
Traffic PYearsYearsNN
0.030.020.01 0.030.020.011.0621.0411.02051 1461 0951 04610 1.1461.0951.046101.2401.1531.073151 3441 2151 10120 1.3441.2151.101201.4581.2811.130251 5861 3521 15930
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
1.5861.3521.15930
Traffic LoadAverage Annual Growth Factor of Heavy Traffic (Fz)
(P1 > 0)Average Annual Growth Ratio of HeavyAverage Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy
Traffic PYearsYearsNN
0.030.020.01 0.030.020.011.0941.0621.03051 1811 1171 05710 1.1811.1171.057101.2771.1761.084151 3841 2391 11220 1.3841.2391.112201.5021.3071.141251 6331 3791 17130
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
1.6331.3791.17130
ExamplesExamplesTraffic Load
ExamplesExamplesExample Example 22Example Example 11ParameterParameter30303030D i LifD i Lif NN 3030 yearsyears30 30 yearsyearsDesign LifeDesign Life NN1166Number of LanesNumber of Lanes33..0033..7575 mmLane WidthLane Width3 3 %%4 4 %%Long. SlopeLong. Slope500 500 Veh/Veh/2424hh1900 1900 Veh/Veh/2424hh
In both directionsIn both directionsADT(H) in in 11. Year. Year
PP 00PP 00A A l PP11--6 6 == 00PP1 1 == 00PP22--4 4 = = 00..0202
Average Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy Traffic (Pi) PP77--3030 == 00..0303PP55--3030 == 00..0303Heavy Traffic (Pi)
44..2 2 Ax/VehAx/Veh44..2 2 Ax/VehAx/VehffAA
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
00..262600..2626qqBMBM
SolutionsSolutionsExample Example 1 1 (from (from 11. . –– 44. year). year)
B = N · ADT(H) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365B1-4 = 4 ·1900 · 4.2 · 0.26 · 0.4 · 1.0 · 1.05 · 1.03 ·
365
B1-4 = 1.31 · 106
(P1 = 0)N
pfN
Z−+
=−1)1(
)41( = 1.0304Np
fZ ⋅)41(
N = 4 P = 0 02Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
N = 4 P2- 4 = 0.02
SolutionsSolutionsExample Example 1 1 (from (from 55. . –– 3030. year). year)
DTV (SV)PN190001 (P > 0)190001
A2=19000.02219380 023
(P1 > 0)
N 26 P 0 0319380.0231976,760.024
N = 26 P5 = 0.03
A = A (1+ p) n-2
A5=2016.30
0.035An = A2 (1+ p) n 2
A5 = A2 (1+ 0.02) 3
2076.780.0361 527( )pf
N −+ 11)1(
n = 2 or greater
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
= 1.527( )pNp
pf Z +⋅⋅
=− 1)(305
SolutionsSolutionsExample Example 1 1 (from (from 55. . –– 3030. year). year)
B = N · ADT(H) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · f · 365B N ADT( ) fA qBM f1 f2 f3 fz 365B5-30 = 26 ·2016.3 · 4.2 · 0.26 · 0.4 · 1.0 · 1.05 · 5 30
1.527 · 365
B 13 40 106B1-4 = 13.40 · 106
B Total = 1.31 · 106 + 13.40 · 106 = 14.71·106
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
ExamplesExamplesTraffic Load
ExamplesExamplesExample Example 22Example Example 11ParameterParameter30303030D i LifD i Lif NN 3030 yearsyears30 30 yearsyearsDesign LifeDesign Life NN1166Number of LanesNumber of Lanes33..0033..7575 mmLane WidthLane Width3 3 %%4 4 %%Long. SlopeLong. Slope500 500 Veh/Veh/2424hh1900 1900 Veh/Veh/2424hh
In both directionsIn both directionsDTVDTV(SV)(SV) in in 11. Year. Year
PP 00PP 00A A l PP11--6 6 == 00PP1 1 == 00PP22--4 4 = = 00..0202
Average Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy Traffic (Pi) PP77--3030 == 00..0303PP55--3030 == 00..0303Heavy Traffic (Pi)
44..2 2 Ax/VehAx/Veh44..2 2 Ax/VehAx/VehffAA
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
00..262600..2626qqBMBM
SolutionsSolutionsExample Example 2 2 (from (from 11. . –– 66. year). year)
B = N · ADT(H) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365B1-6 = 6 ·500 · 4.2 · 0.26 · 1.0 · 1.4 · 1.02 · 1.0 · 365
B1-6 = 1.71 · 106
fz1-6 = 1.0
N = 6 P1- 6 = 0
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
SolutionsSolutionsExample Example 2 2 (from (from 77. . –– 3030. year). year)
DTV (SV)PN DTV (SV)PN50001
(P1 > 0)
5000250003
N = 24 P= 0.035000350004 fz 7-30= 1.4775000550006
z 7 30
5000.0375150 038
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
5150.038
SolutionsSolutionsExample Example 2 2 (from (from 77. . –– 3030. year). year)
B N DTV(SV) f f f f f 365B = N · DTV(SV) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365B = 24 500 4 2 0 26 1 0 1 4 1 02 1 477 365B7-30 = 24 ·500 · 4.2· 0.26· 1.0· 1.4· 1.02 ·1.477· 365
B7 30 = 10 09 · 106B7-30 10.09 10
B Total = 1.71 · 106 + 10.09 · 106 = 11.8 · 106
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Design Traffic Load (B)Design Traffic Load (B)
2. Method: From DTA(SV) = ADA(H)
DTA(SV) = = AAverage verage DDaily Number of aily Number of AAxles of xles of HHeavy Traffic eavy Traffic ADA(H)ADA(H)
B N (ΣADA(H) (L / L )4 ) f f f f 365B = N · (ΣADA(H) · (Lk / L0)4 )· f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365
Lk = (Average) Axle Load
L = Standard Axle Load =10 t (100 kN)Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
L0 = Standard Axle Load =10 t (100 kN)
Axle Load Equivalency Factor
0 t)
acto
r (10
(Lk / L0)4 = le
ncy
Fa
Load Equivalency
Equ
iva Equivalency
Factor
xle
Load
Ax
A l L d
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Axle Load
Examples for Axle LoadsExamples for Axle Loadspp
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Examples for Axle LoadsExamples for Axle Loadspp
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Examples for Axle LoadsExamples for Axle Loadspp
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Examples for Axle LoadsExamples for Axle Loadspp
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Examples for Axle LoadsExamples for Axle Loadspp
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Design Traffic Load (B)2 Method: From DTA(SV)2. Method: From DTA(SV)
Example
5050Veh.
7 t 19 t 14 t 20 t
100
7.5 t 11.5 t 24 t Veh.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Design Traffic Load (B)2 Method: From ADAADA(H)(H)2. Method: From ADAADA(H) (H)
Solution A
B = N · (ΣADA(H) · (Lk / L0)4 )· f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365
(Σ ADA(H) · (Lk / L0)4 ) =50 [ (7/10)4 2(9 5/10)4 2 (7/10)4 3 (6 7/10)4]50 [ (7/10)4 + 2(9.5/10)4 +2 (7/10)4 +3 (6.7/10)4]
+ 100 [ (7.5/10)4 + (11.5/10)4 + 3 (8/10)4]
=50 [2.95] + 100 [3.29] =
476 5 Stand Axles (10t Equiv )Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
476.5 Stand. Axles (10t-Equiv.)
Design Traffic Load (B)2. Method: From ADAADA(H) (H)
Solution B
TotalTotalEF (LEF (Lk k //1010))44NumberNumberLoad ClassLoad Class
1919 444400 1296129633 505055tt 77tt 1919..444400..1296129633 x x 505055t t –– 77tt
225225 505000 414133 x x 5050 ++
77tt 99tt 225225..505000..41414 4 x x 100100
77t t –– 99tt
1001001122 505099tt 1111tt 1001001122 x x 505099t t –– 1111tt
207207..404022..07407411 xx 1001001111t t –– 1313tt
552552..3434Σ of Axles (10t-Equiv.)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Example for Example for Traffic LoadTraffic Load
Determine in the following table:
•the average truck factor (current)•the total ESAL for the design lane•the total ESAL for the design lane
h t d i lif 20where: pavement design life =20 years, number of lanes= 4, direction factor = 0.5
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
... Example for ... Example for Traffic LoadTraffic Load
VehicleDaily Curre
Annual Groth
Design Traffic
TruckFactor
Design ESALVehicle
Type(1)
Current
Traffic
GrothFactor
(3)
Traffic(4)
Factor(5)
ESAL(6)
(2) P (1) = 0 % P (2 10) = 2% ------------
Type 1 3000P (2-10) 2%-----------------P (11-20) = 3 %----------------
--------------
0.004
---------------- -
T 2 1500
P (1) = 0 % P (2-10) = 2 % ------------
0 4Type 2 1500 -----------------P (11-20) = 3 %-----------------
--------------
0.4
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Other Ex. For Pavement Types and FunctionsOther Ex. For Pavement Types and Functionsypyp
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Other Ex. For Rigid (Other Ex. For Rigid (CementCementConcreteConcrete) Pavement) Pavement
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia