PROJECT – CONEL ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT Student: John Bofarull Guix, 396047

jgb.2009@hotmail.co.uk 396047@student.conel.ac.uk

references: [xyz], links, Physics units [Joule]/kg and W/m2/ºC = W/(m2·ºC). There are 2 types of Energy Performance Certification; EPC and NEPC. Public buildings only have to display a DEC. But to make it simple I will refer to CONEL's DEC as EPC. Kelvin [K] grams [g]. I recommend to read this document while connected to Internet because there are links that the reader may like to check before reading further. To see embedded minimized graphs please click on icons.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ANALYSIS Following previous search (market trends, availability, what affordable and simple technologies can be used by CONEL to reduce the bill mentioned throughout point 2 without committing relevant resources to continuous maintenance), Solar PV panels and Solar Thermal come on the top of my choices to recommend to CONEL, provided CONEL has any intention to invest in energy generation. There may not even be need for batteries, and on Low Voltage (30 to 60Vac, BS7671) straight from roof panels to the classrooms immediately underneath, or perhaps enabling connection to the grid and keeping accurate record of generated power to claim money back to the electrical power supplier; this is in my opinion the immediate option to go for if CONEL wants to invest on alternative power supplies.

3.1 PHOTO VOLTAIC PANELS BACKBONExc Please have a look to energy sources simplified

comparative table 32 in Annex 3.

With all that in mind I choose the following systems to be considered by CONEL to be designed and installed at CONEL premises as a way to improve CONEL buildings energy efficiency reducing dependency upon fossil fuels.

Solar Solar Thermal on site fuel cells

The graph on the left shows current configurations for power supply, including national grid distributing electricity [Rs]. These options show that CONEL may find useful PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV and/or THERMAL) and/or FUEL CELL (residential). The reciprocating engines for commercial buildings can be replaced with Fuel Cells because fossil fuels prices keep climbing, and CONEL although not a commercial building may consume like many commercial buildings given the amount of dwellers.

A Reciprocating Engine at CONEL? No. It would require fuel storage and because CONEL is a public learning centre, not recommended to keep big fuel tanks on site, even when far enough from buildings and buried to comply with regulations. As shown in the previous point research, FUEL CELLS are used with conventional gas including REFORMATION[92], so the gas is supplied through conventional gas pipes, but once the gas reaches CONEL, the gas is REFORMED, H2 is internally produced and burnt. H2 and O2 fuel SOFCs expelling vapour water through exhaust producing energy releasing vapour water. Perhaps we could even take advantage of the energy freed in the process to heat water. There is a basic advantage to CONEL that would come from installing PV and Fuel Cell both systems together: Starting with PV panels connected to grid to reduce power bill, or reducing bill by disconnecting from grid some top floors and connecting them to PV panels through LV. Then gradually setting up one SOFC system per building, all SOFC connected to same 'power bus' where PV panels are supplying power, so that it all brings down electricity bill, which is the main cost for CONEL buildings. Following a basic graph of CONEL internal 'power buses', which may be AC or DC, and AC may be conventional).

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 1

wq3

240Vac / 410Vac (III) or Low Voltage (LV 30 to 60Vac).If at any time CONEL would see it feasible, an electrolysis system (H2OH2) could be added to feed SOCF directly with H2, reducing gas supply. I say reducing, not cutting; Leaving the door open, but reducing gas demand because PV panels would be supporting H2 generation. It's obvious that if PV panels generated power has to go somewhere, CONEL would prefer to reduce electrical supply first because natural gas supply is cheaper, so each kWh of PV panels generated energy would be better used feeding back the grid, or reducing grid load (top floors autonomous) rather than generating H2, at least at the beginning.Ignore the diesel Generator in this picture, CONEL is not a hospital. However, Low Voltage is a really interesting

wq2 recommendation because: It is safer than 240Vac, better learning the

price of careless fingers on 60Vac than on 240Vac, I have been there and you don’t want to go back.

It simplifies classrooms power supply, from the roof to the classrooms on LV.

The 'AC BUS' core wiring in this graph is already in place and working. A PV panels hybrid system is defined as having both PV panels and a diesel back up in case PV do not supply enough power. I do not recommend any kind of alternative hybrid diesel because CONEL is neither a farm or is remotely located.

3.2 PV PANELS SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAMWe have reviewed quite a few PV panel covered roofs to understand best practice. PV installation professionals have ways to cover large roofs without much space lost between panels and being able to perform regular maintenance at the same time, click on this icon to have a look. Following, a basic PV panels system configuration: tbw

zsa zsb

Markus Garvey main building has a roof area of 6950m2 approx. I have supplied an example, roof example 2 (page 2.9) that has 10,000m2 supplying 1.1·106kWh/year among the largest roof systems in Germany back to year 2004. Another PV panel private site I have mentioned is Freiburg-Tiengen, I have taken 28kWh/year to simplify. This site updates PV power generated online and public.This example is where I get the 2 graphs in page 4.2, to show that solar power is far from constant [1.12.30] Friburg-Tiengen post code D-79112 (installers Firma Hagios Electronic in 79224 Umkirch and PV supplier Solar Fabrik). This system only comprises 200m2 PV panels, regulators, PC and grid connection 199 PV panels

tg1 tg2

covering ~200m2, it means ~1m2/PV panel average. Have a look below on the control screen on Heute and Gestern, this system supplied in a given day 8kWh/24h= 333W. From efficient light bulb specs (3W/light

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 2

bulb), that small system could have kept 100 light bulbs 3W each, switched on round the clock (assuming batteries), or 4 PC consuming 130W each one for a bit more than 15h all for that day that 8kWh had been generated. But the day before yesterday only 4kWh yielded. tg3 Some one may argue that

such gap between daily production is a problem.I disagree; yearly 28862kWh, AND IT IS PLUGGED TO GRID. 1 year has 8760 hours, then system has been feeding back to grid 3294W round the clock. BEAR I MIND THAT IF NO BATTERIES, THEN THERE IS NO POWER BY NIGHT, and the 24h round the clock is an equivalent figure. And this is for a 199 PV panels single roof, (very roughly) estimated 1m2/panel with similar weather conditions and expertise than Haigos local installer and Solar Fabrik PV panels quality supply.

For CONEL PV panels alone on single roof is not enough to keep 8 floors packed up with PCs and servers like Tower building. But from all CONEL roofs to upper floor classrooms there are really short distances (low voltage drop), (again BS7671). Perhaps classrooms lighting could be solar powered round the year leaving computers to conventional grid, ALL through same AC BUS. With an average of 4 floors per building, if all roofs PV covered, perhaps lighting bill might fall down 75% approximately of cost if no PV installed.

3.3 PV PANNELS CONNECTION TO GRID:pv5 pv6 Provided that roof structures

are robust enough (expert inspections required), CONEL could provide cheap hand work (IN HOUSE APPRENTICESHIPS) and run the project while MARKUS GARVEY centre would benefit from low cost project management and execution by using CONEL and apprentices without having to hire external contractors.On the left top, PV connection to grid using a low frequency transformer. This transformer is expensive. The higher the frequency the smaller all components become f=c/ f[Hz] c[light speed m/s] and [m] wavelength. Left down, high frequency transformer is cheaper.For more details about how to connect an alternative power generator to grid visit the Energy trust[93].

3.4 SOLAR THERMAL: CONEL has a WaterThames water allowance of 100,000m3 and this is a lot of water.

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 3

thrcourtesy of Solarex[200]. Hydraulics are not required in PV panels system, that may mean that if no proper PREVENTIVE maintenance, it may incur higher costs. BUT have a look to Building Heating Systems comparative graph on page 3.6; HEAT PUMP is the more efficient way to convey heat. The heat is collected by water, good heat collector and holder, not like metals. Water has thermal inertia. In point 2 search I have mentioned the possibility of a joint venture with Markus Garvey leisure centre because the swimming pool roof has more solar power generation potential than all CONEL TTH roofs together. That building is public too, so there is common interest on both sides belonging to the same company, UK government, to join efforts to reduce costs and maximize through output. 3.5 ON SITE GAS/H2 FUEL CELLS: So far the obvious options. Please visit the Energy trust micro-CHP[94] page. What Energy Trust calls micro-CHP is nothing else than a FC based onsite boiler, generating heat and electricity, with 1 of 3 different technologies: 1. Stirling engine, 2. Fuel Cell, 3. Internal combustion engine. Actually FC microCHPs have two burners, one conventional and one FC based.FC based Micro-CHP is what I recommend to CONEL, one micro-CHP FUEL CELL for each CONEL building, all connected to the grid. The Energy trust says the technology is on pilot run, they have just started deploying samples.

Before analysing buildings energy efficiency, I found it interesting to know what a manifold SOCF is and how does it look like, in case CONEL wants to develop a prototype. First sight to me, it looks like a conventional heat exchanger:fc25 fc26

The same way that PV panels have an V/I curve (roof example 3 on page 2.9) FCs show the following V/I and P/I relations [h2.DOE]:fc27 fc28

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 4

And on the right hand side, FC connection to grid basic block diagram, and below main components circuit for same purpose.

fcc3fcc8

3.6 BUILDINGS ENERGY EFFICIENCY SURVEY: I do not include CONEL information like building schematics, accurate areas, and detailed budgets because such details have not been supplied. There wouldn't be time to process it anyway. When working down to such detail, a proper work contract between assessor and CONEL should be arranged beforehand. Let's bear in mind that most of times the aim of measuring buildings energy efficiency is to produce Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) and turn page. What is an energy survey about?

Calculating the thermal comfort element of your Decent Homes evaluation. Achieving Energy Performance Certificates for social housing. Annual reporting requirements under National Indicators 186 and 187 (from April 2008), HECA, BVPI

63 and RSR. Developing energy strategies for housing associations and local authorities. Developing fuel poverty strategies.

A. Survey starting steps: Decide if there is need for a project. Get copy from Landmark of whatever they already have. Project objectives. Possible project targets; power bill reduction? reducing heat leakage to climb on

EPC? achieving ZERO CO2 emissions to be example among thousands? Would it be satisfactory to the board with power supply switch to gas? Financial support required? government aid available? talk to Markus Garvey centre ASAP.

A Project assumption: Basements don't leak heat. Main Project constraints: time and money. CONEL has to decide, not the project manager. Terms may

be negotiated but the client, CONEL, is the one to decide project main lines.

B. Scope management plan: According to targets, for instance to end up with 3 alternative systems reducing electrical bill: PV panels, solar thermal and 1 SOCF system I each building within 5 years, then I would human resource = responsibilities; when targets met, rewards. If problems, penalties.

C. On the contract, known to everyone involved: start time, end time, budget, system requirements specifics.

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 5

D. NHER initial contact, I'd ask for rough budget to achieve EPC considering CONEL building characteristics, service rendered, buildings population. They train EPC assessors and are the experts.

E. In-house certification. Get 1 CONEL staff trained to issue certificate, (NHER contact 01908 442111.) training[95]. Here some examples of readily available crash course training examples that CONEL is already missing; Domestic Energy Assessor - Training and Assessment[121] 19th-23rd/09. On Construction Domestic Energy Assessor[122] 13th/09. Land Law for Residential Surveyors[123] 29th/09. An Introduction to 'Epoda' Taking the Chaos out of Carbon[124] 9th/09.

F. ENERGY LEAKAGE BUDGET: buildings heating/cooling consumption [W/m2] and buildings total power consumption [£]

EPODA[96] building energy efficiency demo software used for simulation: I found a demo version, the kind of approved software used by assessors to collect relevant building details and to estimate how efficient is a building WITHOUT actual IR heat leakage measurements. I say this because one or more details keyed in erroneously or intentionally because client beefing up building characteristics (expecting to save possible upgrades required to meet targets), and these kind of calculations all go wrong. IR measurements don't cheat, as long as the instrument is correctly calibrated and properly used. The program takes the surveyor through the following fields, I don't know for sure how to fill then out because I don't have accurate data, so I will abstain from completing it. As I said, 1 single field goes wrong, and although output data may look nice, it is false, and then, there was no need to start filling out forms at all: DATA: CASE DATA

SITE DATAENERGY COSTBILLINGBUILDING FABRICLIGHTINGBOILERSWATER HEATINGCHILLERSHVACPHOTO VOLTAICS

SOLAR THERMALHOT&COLD WATERITELECTRICALANCILLERYWATER TEMPERATUREREFERENCE: ENERGY CONSUMPTION

DEGREE DAYSBOILER AND CHILLER

SUMMARY: SAVING SUMMARYBENCH MARKINGDEC CARD

Keyed in data should be agreed by CONEL. I checked on other building energy assessors offering similar service, Upton Energy[97] claims to have DCLG's ORCalc required software it is quite the same as EPODA's. Similar service. INPUT DATA is grouped as follows:

1. credits required (m2 to coefficient).2. start date, common billing period, Y/N reclaim VAT, electricity, gas, oil, water.3. floor area, population, occupied/full operation hours/day, days/week, weeks/year, post code, degree day

region, marginal boiler efficiency, seasonal boiler efficiency, COP of chiller plant.4. electricity: carbon kg/unit, VAT split domestic/non-domestic, summer day p/kWh supply DUOS

CCL(p/kWh) Cost(p/unit), electricity bill: DATE READING COST £ estimated Y/N, 3 monthly readings.

5. gas: carbon kg/unit, VAT split, supply (p/kWh) CCL (p/kWh) Cost (p/unit) cu m, 100 cu ft, kWh.6. petrol (if any).

G. BUILDING HEATING/VENTILATION SYSTEMS: Here is time to gather as many details about maintenance as possible; What boiler manufacturers, what models, versions of all the electrical, heat, water, gas supply to CONEL buildings? This is maintenance domain, but in case to proceed to improve efficiency, it is important to avoid leaving any device behind. Combined Heat Power / micro CHP. Heat pumps are superior in efficiency to condensing boilers, even if heat pumps are powered by electricity from a power station burning natural gas. Is there any outdated or faulty unit?

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 6

bol23

3 ways to increase building energy efficiency: Reduce temperature demand:

Thermostat down. reduce heat leakage: Improve

Thermal insulation. Increase insulation performance

coefficient: low thermal conductivity for ALL wall materials.

The energy assessment and accreditation could be performed by the same company that runs periodical air conditioning, water and gas pipes maintenance in CONEL buildings. QUIDOS offers such pack. If CONEL runs maintenance, then all required is a valid accreditation.

On page 2.7 I have included void leakage budget tables to be completed when accurate data available.I would like to include actual IR thermal measurements of at least one CONEL TTH building.I insist on this because IR thermography is cheap compared to external consultants. All it takes is to buy the right camera, and you DIY the rest. I chose Fluke IR cameras because they sent me a leaflet showing building thermal survey done with software included in price of the camera. Building Capacity to retain heat inside:Thermal efficiency = T2/(T2 – T1)

H. CHECK THE BILLS:Data supplied WITHOUT SEEING BILLS, MONTHLY FIGURES: Water £19,802. Electrical supply £12,673. Gas costs £2,362. 1st pie chart on the right; costs ratio [£/month]. These figures were taken by averaging just 2 months out of 1 year, most expensive month and cheapest month. In my opinion this is NOT an accurate way to work out yearly averages because if cheapest month was an odd sample, with the rest of months significantly higher, then the entire year average would be pulled down because of an odd sample. In my opinion Best practice is to average all bills. ALWAYS use as many samples as viable. Many times there is no way round hard work to stick to best measurements practice. I will use these figures because nothing else available.

pie1

At CONEL water is not being used as fuel or recycled. I have already shown that there are ways to use water as fuel; Electrolysis although I have not found commercial electrolysis units. But even if not considering FC, Gas supply is far more efficient than the electrical supply. Electrical power = 198,818kWh/month while the above Gas power = 146,909kWh/month. So excluding water gas-electricity ratio on 2nd pie chart. In other words, for every £1 paid to the current electrical supplier CONEL gets 15.68Wh while for every £1 paid to the current gas supplier CONEL gets 62.19Wh. This would be time for the project manager to visit Energylinx and find out what would happen if CONEL cancels current electrical supply contract and reverts all power supply to

pie2

the gas supplier. This is only a College assignment and I am not a project manager, so I will carry on with the building survey analysing building heat loss. On this page, void tables for conductive leakage and ventilation leakage. Heat loss, power leakage or Power loss = Area[m2] · U[W/(m2 · K)] · (T2 – T1)[K]. U is called Thermal transmittance [McK] reminder.So after assessing utilities costs the surveyor would collect buildings data; roofs area (we have done it already for CONEL TTH), walls area, number of windows, number of doors, rooms temperature, air conditioning ventilation circuits. Let's assume basements do not leak heat compared to roofs but we still have to consider walls, and my rough count is that ~60% WIDOWS OPEN and it shouldn't be a trauma to anyone, TO LEAVE THEM CLOSED! all the time.

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 7

Then the building energy surveyor might want to fill out conductive and ventilation heat leakage tables, and perhaps it would be a good idea to check buildings heat loss with infrared (IR) imagery. You can either check a complete façade on IR, and you can hunt hot spots, for instance safely walking on the roof looking for leaking pipes underneath the roof, no need for flying camera. I. HEAT LOSS BUILDINGS TAKEN AS

REFERENCES: Time to compare how energy efficient is a building. From [McK] I have copied the reference buildings (front page of this assignment) for the EPC ranking because it may be useful to whoever carries out the survey here introduced. I repeat, Landmark answered my query confirming that CONEL TTH and ENF have been EPC registered, which means that the energy efficiency survey is being carried out or has already been carried out but.

Building heat-loss parameter (total area) required: 1.1W/(ºC·m2) required to new building codes.

Passivhaus standard [98](looks like procedures came first and then regulations were built copying already accepted test procedures) aims at heating/cooling power consumption around 15 kWh/m2/year = 1.7W/m2, total power consumption 120kWh//m2/year, it is; 13.7W/m2.

uht2

UK service sector average energy consumption; 30W/m2. Continentals may complain all they want by they keep coming to buy British goods and services, and to sell them you need to illuminate shops floors, no way round this, money (wining and keeping it) costs energy, no amo, no fun.

Modern building energy efficient example WGates CU 25W/m2 (N 52.198664º E 0.1211493º)[99]. In 2002 UK average domestic consumption was: 21kWh/day/person; consumption in the service sector was

8.5kWh/day/person. Source: Dept. of Trade and Industry[100], renamed to Dpt. for Business Innovation & Skills.

Another reference [McK]: In 2006–7, Cambridge University’s gas consumption was 16kWh/day per employee. In term 2006-7 Cambridge uni gas and petrol consumption (not including the Colleges) was 76GWh. considering 13,300 people (8,602 staff and 4,667 postgraduate researchers). Its electricity consumption, incidentally, was 99.5GWh. Source: Cambridge University utilities report.

leakage tables to compete: Thermal Power transfer = Area· U· (T2 – T1), please bear in mind that 2 consecutive walls would make equivalent Ueq=U1 U2;

cl42 CONDUCTIVE leakage

area U leakage

Horizontal surfaces ft2 m2 W/(m2· ºC) W/(ft2· F) W/ºC W/FPitched roofFlat roofFloor

Horizontal surfaces ft2 m2 W/( m2· ºC) W/(ft2· F) W/ºC W/FMain wallsExtension wallsThin wall (5in)Single glazed doors windowsDouble glazed windows

TOTAL conductive leakage:heat capacity of air: 1.2 kJ/m3/K recommended air changes/h, N: kitchens and bathrooms N=2, dinning room , lounge N=1, bedrooms N=0.5

cl43 VENTILATION leakage area U leakageHorizontal surfaces ft2 m2 W/(m2 ·ºC) W/ft2· F) W/ºC W/FClassroomsLibraryHall, Canteen

Office RoomsTOTAL ventilation leakage:

Note U units [W/(m2 ·ºC) ] usually come as W/m2/ºC. In Physics the magnitude Q combining 3 different units (x,y,z) in the way Q x/(y+z) is shortened Q[x/y/z]. Some useful U values are available in this same document 5.6

pkr7 conductivity water quartz granite Earth's crust dry soilk [W ·Kelvin/m] 0.6 8 2.1 1.7 0.14

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 8

pkr8 area [m2] MW/year kWh/m2 W/m2

I would fill out 2 tables like the following one to find out energy market offer. I am not doing it because from Energylinx and without knowing CONEL gas electricity and water suppliers, without having seen electrical bill, or knowing how much electrical Wh is consumed per year on average, there are too many combinations and it is the task of the assessor producing the official certification.1st table would be to know current suppliers and second table to know available offers, then match power / volume required to best offer, if it is a different supplier than current one, arrange price reduction or change supplier:

sk38

pkr9Energ

y

Supplier, including contact details

Wh/ unit

m3/gas

cost

3.7 KEEPING ELECTRIC VAMPIRES AT BAY

Electrical Consumption table example: og7 Gadget reference

Gadget location

Power Consumption [W]ON & ACTIVE ON & NOT

ACTIVESTBY OFF

I have included a bit of detail about why electric vampires happen in further reading annex 2.10 .

3.8 How would I log IR measurements? heat loss happens through all building area. There is no need for IR bird eye, enough waling on the roof recording IR footage and from the Tower building (flat roof) you can see most of all other CONEL roofs. Each measurement in following table requires material type to choose adequate U. I bet £5.- that shutting ALL windows ALL the time would greatly improve CONEL building energy performance, and IR would prove it.og8 building name roof area

[sqft,m2]walls [sqft,m2] windows doors

3.8 ABOUT MEASURING IR EMISSIONS OF BUILDINGS: Following, an example how IR surveys work, from IRT Surveys 2010 (SC227199)[101] tel 0845 519 3474, e-mail[102]. IRT uses the Fluke thermal camera.

I am aware that CONEL doesn't have IR tools to assess buildings heat leakage but because such measurement is the most accurate and there is no need to fly over the buildings to check roofs heat leakage, I have mentioned it in case it is of any use to any reader actually carrying out buildings energy efficiency surveyorship (Penguin English Dictionary).

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 9

So far, we know what regulations to comply with, how to do it, what alternative energy sources are out there available, and I have suggested use gas mainly, set up PV panels, set up solar-thermal, install SOCF (micro-CHP) and feed back electrical generation to reduce electrical power supplier.

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 3. ANALYSIS 3 . 10