2 Conel Buildings Energy Efficiency Improvements INTRO and SEARCH

8112019 2 Conel Buildings Energy Efficiency Improvements INTRO and SEARCH

httpslidepdfcomreaderfull2-conel-buildings-energy-efficiency-improvements-intro-and-search 111

John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency 2 SEARCH 2 1

PROJECT ndash CONEL ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT Student John Bofarull Guix 396047 jgb2009hotmailcouk 396047studentconelacuk

references [xyz] links Physics units [Joule]kg and Wm2ordmC = W(m2middotordmC) There are 2 broad types of Energy Performance Certification EPC andNEPC Public buildings only have to display a DEC But to make it simple I will refer to CONELs DEC as EPC Kelvin [K] grams [g] I recommend toread this document while connected to Internet because there are links that the reader may like to check before reading further To see embeddedminimized graphs please click on respective icons _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 ABRIDGED SEARCH

21 SEARCH BOUNDARIES or LIMITATIONS

I do not hold the relevant accreditation to issue EPCs and I do not have for any CONEL buildings the followingaccurate and extensive building schematics bill of construction materials and no tools to measure Infra Red(IR) building emissions as means to find out building heat loss Heat energy [BTU] or [J]=[Wh] is energy when lostover a period of time = power loss To be able to compare different buildings we have to fix the period of time to 1year and divide each Power loss by each respective (building) Area = the envelope Area of the building [21][22]To mention the following boundary I need first to explain Heat loss or Power loss[W] = Area[m2]middotU[W(m2middotK)]middot(T2 ndash T1)[K] U is called thermal transmittance [McK] table in pg37 I will explain thefactor U in the Analysis point 4 And the figure of merit to compare buildings is Power lossArea where Area is theenvelope total surface including walls area of the building under study Basement and certain walls may be neglectedSo the limitations are obvious No IR Thermal measurements then we dont know T2-T1 accurately It is

possible to measure room temperature from there with a formula approximate wall temperature and measuringoutdoor ambient temperature we may approximate T2-T1 BUT IT IS NOT BY FAR AS ACCURATE AS IRMEASUREMENTS IR thermal footage allows pixel by pixel colour subtraction between building and outdoor backgroundThe colour difference mentioned between background pixels and wall colour pixels is the most accurate way to knowhow well is any building confining heat energy We would also need to know what building materials have beenused Because I do not have accurate building survey details I have to use estimations only I am also limitedby the short amount of time to deliver completed double checked document with all attachments and referencescorrectly arrangedThere is no budget assigned and there is no building energy survey software compliant copy availableNevertheless I managed to key in some guess parameters in a lite demo version courtesy of Epoda web link availablein point 4 Analysis No team and no intention to formally contact external consultants without work contractIf any of the external consultants Id contact ended up being awarded EPC contract by I would not be able to claim

brokerage serviceUncertainty about current CONEL buildings EPC band The energy efficiency assessment of CONEL TTH and ENFbuildings may have been already carried out Annex 5 But the efficiency certificate is not yet displayed or I haventseen it and I have not found exemption to certificate display in regulations once EPC passed This may mean eitherthat the EPC has not yet finished or that there is a regulatory loop I have not found that allows CONEL not to displayEPC It could also mean that CONEL energy performance is bad and that it has been given or CONEL has asked forcertain time to improve before displaying I am going to stop guessing on this issue because bureaucracy does notreduce utility bills but a group of smart alternative energy sources + effective countermeasures may certainly achievesuch target

So having already mentioned search boundaries lets find out alternative energy sources and reasonablecountermeasures One alternative is to burn plants instead of fossil fuels Same car same boiler same engine different

propellant Fossil fuels are obtained by drilling miles underneath Earths surface (ground or sea) they are pumped up orcome up because of their own high pressure Fossil fuels raw materials then have to be transported and refined storedand distributedBut although I am going to recommend to increase CONEL Biofuels academic work I believe that with current worldpopulation growth food crops should have priority ahead of biofuels So lets search for other alternative energysources Some of them may benefit CONEL potentially reducing electrical supply bill or it would be even possible to sellelectrical power back to current distributors Lets bear in mind that as important as developing sources of alternativeenergy it is to avoid wasting it So among my recommendations guidelines and proposals I will includecountermeasures to avoid wasting building energy But before even that I am going to briefly search about CO2emissions and then we will see the surface of the energy efficiency regulations that buildings have to comply with In

Annex 213 I explain why I give such importance to regulations

22 ABOUT CARBON FOOTPRINT

CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has sharply increased since the industrial revolution have a look to [ McK ] pg6CO2 trapped in ice tells how much CO2 existed floating in the air many centuries ago long before meteorology begankeeping exhaustive logs The essential reason why human kind has stopped stumbling from one major armed conflictinto the next one as suffered for centuries is that after WWII (1945) the majority of military strong nations decided to




solve problems talking in places like UN G8 or world meetings like the one that took place in Kyoto Japan in 2003 tofind out and agree upon ways to bring carbon emissions back to at least where they were in year 1990 the EU tookpart in the Kyoto Protocol[1] (components[2]) and committed own future CO2 reduction by 8 meaning by 2010 to be52 below 1990 levels EU Directive 200291EC (EPBD 2003)[3] But human kind has managed to build a reasonablelevel of abstraction where jobs and money are won and lost instead of human life most of times It doesnt mean thatthe existing and future conflicts for resources have diminished I would like the reader to understand that that militaryopen fighting may have slowed down but economical competition has increased hand in hand with technologicaladvance and inevitable globalizationDeveloping countries and recently developed powers keep trying to hack the first world In year 2000 White housecandidate G W Bush opposed Kyoto because it excluded countries like China from compliance (Issues2000)[4] off-site

strategy and China countered recently by agreeing to comply with Kyoto agreement link [5] This point highlights thefact that politics and economy are war by other means [Clausewitz][6] I mention politics because of the importance oftechnology and engineering to keep the edge in any conflict solved or yet to come but politicians bankers and militaryare the ones in control to whether bet on nuclear power mainly or to fan out and invest on a wide range of alternativeenergy sources Burning Fossil fuels produces CO2[7][8][9] along with a long list of heavy metals and fossil fuelreserves are diminishing while world population is growing above Earth life support growing rate Increasing electricalpower demand is also requesting attention In other words increasing green alternative energy sources is an strategicnecessity

Accurate timely affordable speedy and reliable simulation is the intelligent way to design from basic goods throughcomplicated tools to even more complex systems before starting productionI found an online simulation calculator sponsored by the UK Government (IET[10]gtgtDECC[11]) that claims to forecast

world energy demand according to different assumptions like scattering a considerable percentage of current fossil fuelsdemand among different alternative energy sources I tried different configurations Annex 2

[McK ] chooses the same approach as DECC calculating different future scenarios according tochoices of alternative energy sources Click on MacKays forecast icon on the right to see theirrespective configurations So how energy efficient is Europe [12] Carbon Footprint (CF) ofa person a city or a country is the equivalent amount of fertile ground (HA or hectares)necessary to satisfy respective demand I am not getting into how such equivalent area is

mc1

calculated According to table1 (following) the most developed countries are the ones that spend more CF Between1960 and 2010 human kind has more than doubled CF global demand on Earth and to Worldmaper[13] 2000-2005 thecountries that spend more CF are the ones that have

more money per capita Have a look to the following world maps pondered to wealth distributionand internet users so we understand that power and energy are the same thing So historicallyspeaking we have reached a singular point something that had hardly ever happened beforeWWII like having all major military powers around a table and agreeing upon ICBM ware headsreduction

Now 1st world polluting countries a majority of the wealthiest countries are agreeing at least on paper to self-restrainenergy consumption Not to cut consumption but to make smooth transition to green sources But if we do not burncoal petrol or natural gas (fossil fuels) can we burn something else instead of having to erect wind turbines and fill outroofs with solar panels I find very useful AFDC[14] classification of alternative fuels before searching for otheralternative energy sources Enough of the broad line and lets focus on energy efficiency regulations

23 REGULATIONS ACCREDITATION and CERTIFICATION

Since 2008 the UK government ( Communities[15] [ref034] domestic [refs03123] non-domestic archive 2008 e-mail]) wants non-domestic buildings to display an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) [ref035] When I found itsuch regulation alone was enough for me to recommend CONEL acquiring such certification despite I did not findpenalties or time deadlines in order to comply with [ref031-4] However in Annex 5 copy of Landmark [16] contactdatabase for energy efficiency checked addresses and they answered that both Tottenham and Enfield CONELbuildings have been registered which means that an energy efficiency assessment has been or is being carried out Icannot get more detail without CONEL authorization and that would extend this assignment beyond above mentionedsearch boundaries

There are building maintenance companies that offer service packs including Non-Domestic Energy Performance

Certificate (NDEPC) along with regular air conditioning routine checks which is the kind of Energy PerformanceCertificate (EPC) that I think CONEL needs to meet the above mentioned regulation To know more about EPC expertsand how to contact them read Annex 9




The exact name of the buildings energy regulation is The Energy Performance of Buildings Certificates andInspections (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 This is a direct link to the register that includes all buildingsholding EPC and NEPC NDEPC Registry[17] [ref037] non-domestic buildings on construction sale and rent 1 st from

April 2008 all such buildings with area gt 10000m2 2 nd from July 2008 all such buildings with Area gt 2500m2 and 3 rd from October 1st 2008 all will require a Non-Domestic Energy Performance Certificate (NDEPC) standard voidcopy in [ref0311] and [ref0321] And band G lt150Wm2 (the worst bar) has been banned which means thatbuildings with such poor energy efficiency have to improve energy efficiency to achieve EPC to avoid possible penalties

From [ref037] I understand that CONEL facilities are non-Domestic public buildings with Areagt1000m2 and since year2008 such facilities require EPC Building energy efficiency surveys or assessment are non-intrusive measurements that

include extensive compilation of energy consumption building population area construction materials to find out thefigure of merit Power per unit floor area [Wm2] or [Whym2=W(yearmiddotm2)] have a look on front page graph Thispower comprises ALL power sources that are used in a given building This allows buildings energy efficiency rating atglobal level Sometimes IR measurements are carried out to measure temperature difference between the building andair surrounding the building But as far as I have understood the idea behind this software standardization and EPCcertification is that if there are enough accurate building details then there is no need for IR test Its my opinion thatthere is nothing comparable to direct measurements I think that working from survey data is only an acceptableapproximation widely used though

UK government regulation So far we have seen that we are spending more CF than average and we have agreedupon CF reduction From EU regulation we have seen that regarding buildings heat inside the building is like water in atank if its used for a meaningful purpose it may be ok but if it leaks we are wasting it Current energy consumption of

fossil sources is increasing [Rs pg719] and it is imperative to keep spending to work and grow Currently UK consumes300GW per year roughly[McK pg214] And UK has to spend more and if possible sell energy to continental Europebecause the other option is to end up importing energy across Dover We want to keep the Sterling Pound so nochoice UK energy generation sector behaves like a gas either expanding (exporting energy) or contracting (importingenergy) but no stable point so lets export And fossil fuels either we spend it or some one else will do it insteadbetter us than others The UK Government has decided to increase national electrical power generation at the sametime than reducing dependency from fossil fuels and CO2 emissions [McK pg199] Therefore CONEL compliance to UKregulation SAP2009[18] The Governmentrsquos Standard Assessment Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellingsemail is a must to achieve a compliant certification otherwise it would be a waste of effort

I also searched to find a reference outside CONEL that mentions CONEL as public institution CONEL received furthereducation UK Government transfer from Enfield College UK Parliament high education reference[23] UK governmenttransferred budget from the Enfield College Source UK gov national archives ref [24]gtgt gov LSC reading room[25]gtgteuroarchive summary[26] UK Parliament enforced such competences and budget transfer on August 1 st 2009 SoCONEL is a public institution rendering public service I would have liked to check through Enfield Council ifCONEL building schematics are available to public but the size of the assignment would have increased out ofboundaries

[McK ] Times Higher Education Supplement (30th 032007) UK universities used 52middotkWhyear = 024

kWhdayperson in the UK Learning costs energy Intelligence costs energy among other currencies At theend of any initial energy efficiency assessment different building figures of merit are produced like[kWhdayperson] referred to staff and students together Approximations to CONEL yearly electrical gas waterbills have been taken into account as well as the roof area approximations shown in bird eye photo [r ef20] 1cm20mscale

24 CONEL ENERGY EFFICIENCY For all the above said CONEL is committing to comply with UK buildings energy efficiency regulations EU relatedregulations and Kyoto agreement To improve CONEL buildings energy efficiency and achieving EPC is quite the samething if not already achieved (Annex 5) The already mentioned search boundaries (limitations) do not prevent thepossibility to

plan initial steps of a generic building survey that could be used as 2 nd opinion in case of discrepancy withcurrent or already achieved EPC

analyse alternatives and plant alternative energy sources deployment for CONELSCENARIO CONEL BUILDINGS 2 sites

CONEL TTH TOTTENHAM buildings CONEL ENF ENFIELD buildingsname The College of Haringey Enfield and North East Londoncoordinates [ref 187] 51586670 -0072355 =

51N35rsquo12rsquorsquo 0012 04E20rsquo28rsquorsquo 068address High Road London N15 4RU [19] Map

name College of Haringey Enfield and North East Londoncoordinates

address 73 Hertford Road Enfield Middlesex EN3 5HA[20] Map

Tel 020 8802 3111 Fax 020 8442 3091 Minicom 020 8809 3160

click on the to see CONEL Google maps CONEL TTH[ref20]Bitmap Image

main building[ref19]Bitmap Image

MG swimming pool[ref181]Bitmap Image






sq1

[ref01 pg15] Some green energy sources are cleaner thanothers I have not reduced this graph on purpose The USstarted mixing conventional refined petrol with biofuelsyears ago But what is the point of adding a biofuel toconventional fuel cost Vehicle fuel made out of crops maynot cost that much so that the US starts mixing it up butfrom the energy efficiency point of view as the graphshows photovoltaic and wind production are far cleanerThe problem with solar and power is they do not provideenough thrust to propel 75Tn fully loaded lorries thousands

of them over millions of daily miles on the roads to carrygoodsNatural gas (fossil source) has the required energy densitybut may be expensive to extract and handle Orgovernments and banks have agreed along withmultinationals to gradually introduce hybrid vehicles while

probing markets gradually achieving product robustness and optimizing investments already reached on fossil fuelsHere are some reasons why fuel cells are not yet broadly used in domestic products like cars and homes1- H2 has higher octane[34] (= higher chemical potential[35] or energy density [Jkg]) fuel and is far cleaner than

refined fossil gases In every house a FC availability is not unreasonable2- But Multinationals bankers and governments want to optimize benefits obtained from petrol extraction3- Each respective technology is mature enough to be deployed in domestic markets H2 already in use [ Rs] microCHP

pilot run in UK4- But the banks do not want the average citizen to try something new in the middle of current financial crisis5- Current Sun energy panel technologies do not produce enough energy to propel vehicles with same thrust or

autonomy as conventional fuelsIts a fact that fossil gas is the temporary substitute of petrol page 211 graph 2gr In 2010 was UKs main source ofenergy following shift from petrol to gas But I would like to draw the attention upon a gas that has far higher energydensity Hydrogen Whichever the reason we need to bear in mind that fossil gas was already broadly used at thebeginning of XXth century as domestic fuel for instance until petrol consumption took off and fossil gas is in usethroughout the world houses cars fork lift trucks rockets industry electricity generation boilers

pictures [tmb1 to 5] from top left to right photovoltaic panels collect energy to splitwater molecules H2O into H2 (propellant) and O2 Safely (Linde)[36] stored and alreadyon the street ([37]filling stations FCorg[38]) to top up bus on-board H2 and O2 tanks70 passengers peak vehicle velocity 80kmh range 200 to 250km depending on payloadweigh Honda FCX Clarity[hon][39] Hummer H2H[40][hum] prototype BMWH7[41][bm] and BMW car production factory in Spartanburg[42] North Carolina [spart]using Linde H2 picker trucks including H2 storage and H2 production 3 minutes pickertrucks battery charge compared to previous 40min Above BP H2 buses refuel stations

Hand held fuel cell[43] March 2006 Following a basic H2 fuel cell[Bloom][44] Fuel cells were invented over a century ago andhave been used in practically every NASA mission since the1960s [Bloom] (NASA [46] STI[47] H2 news[45]) For spacerockets Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)[48] held and holds thegreatest potential of any fuel cell technology SOFCs operateat high temperature typically above 800ordmC (1472F) Types ofFC[49]NASA has been broadly using fuel cells since 60s To avoidcarrying liquid O2 tanks pumps and pipes O2 is trapped in asolid material there the term SOFC These are theadvantages that I see in clean electrolysis generated H2 asbroad substitute of fossil fuels1 No or little harmful emissions compared to fossil fuels or

even biofuels2 No noise because there are no explosions inside cylinders

graph next page [ jm3] picture right [fcmem]




3 No vibration caused by engines no blockgasket containing shaft and cylinders thecore of the engine does not suffer samelevel of mechanical fatigue compared toBrayton[50] Otto[51] or Stirling[52] cyclemotors

4 Higher reliability the fewer the partsinvolved in a system if all parts reliablethen the system is more reliable thananother system with equally reliable parts

but requiring a larger number of parts5 Increased onboard performance when

space constrains apply H2 is the fuel withhighest energy density available in natureThat means that for every burnt H2 massthrough fuel cell membrane layers thereis more energy released than by any other

technology There are different H2 fuel cells (FC) according to the reaction taking place on themembrane click on icon right From [UltraCell[53] white paper ABSL Solutions[54] there are 2main groups of FC low temperature fuel cells (PEM DMFC AFC) and high temperature systems(MCFC SOFC suffer intolerance of atmospheric CO2) Types of FC[49] right from [Ultr]

H2 storage Some people call it one of

H2 drawbacks I rather call it justanother problem to solveH2 storage has improved a lot from 60sbecause there is no need any more to droptemperature with cryogenic systems anymore tokeep P1middotV1T1 = P2middotV2T2 Compressing a largevolume of H2 at high pressure and keeping itliquid is achieved by mixing H2 inside the tankwith chemicals that behave in same way thatconventional vehicle coolant is used to prevent aliquid at high temperature to evaporate As wecan see on the right hand side Linde shows one

of their liquid H2 tanks stating ambienttemperature 20ordmC but they do not mention howis that there is no bulky cryogenic unit Actuallythis photo is taken from Lindes example forpublic transport buses

lh2

Cryogenic units require a separateHelium circuit extracting heat andbringing load (H2) temperature downThen I found H Bank from Taiwan HBank Technology Inc[55] e-mail[56]

see diagram on the rightI found another example of H2 used topower UAV[57][h2uav] and in thephoto (not included) it seems to haveendured several flight hours InMatweb[58] I looked for details aboutthis clay Hydride that mixed up withH2 removes bulky H2 cryogenicstorage systems from budget from HBank Technology Inc but not includedhere right detail from [hbnk ]

hyd




The following [McK ] energy density and storage graphs agreeing with [h2DOE] note these log scales while [ jm3] islinear

Cycles refers to the amount of times that a battery may be recharged Cycle=1 means the energy carrier is destroyedalong with the energy consumption

Linde has a way to produce H2 from methane and water called methane reformation[60] CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2

basically Linde aims at using biomass (organic waste processed fossil gas biofuels) to produce H2 to avoid burningpetrol and coal to produce H2 Not as clean as producing electrolysis[61] with PV panels but not as dirty (CO2kWh) asburning petrol to generate electricity [mbnz] Mercedes Benz[62] is joining US DOE[63] validation[64] project supplyingdifferent H2 powered vehicles H2 Electrolysis reduction of water through accumulation of H2 on cathode conductingelectrical current [Coulombs or Amperes]

fc59

Up to this point I did notunderstand why not pumping H2only straight into FC so I didmore research on this pointSECANETL EERE and [h2DOE]The original fuel cell wasdeveloped back in 1959 [wt] to

trap CO out of fuelcombustion Cogeneration(burning fossil fuels to produce

electricity) is expensive and it burns fuel that couldotherwise be used to propel vehicles As we see the starterblock above these lines involves fuel processing and thatmay produce H2 required to FC FC were initially designedfor power plants submarines and for space vehiclespropulsion and it turned out to be the best solution to thrustrolling vehicles on the Moon and Mars Basically FC was andis used in power plants and submarines as the solution to

trap combustion CO highly poisonous along with otherchemicals The reduction of toxic chemicals poured into theatmosphere when using FC is overwhelming

fc69

tablefc

But TMB supply chain (5 pictures pg5)shows that if H2 from clean generationavailable then this is the best option fromCF point of view more power no CO2I did not understand the true scope of FCuntil I saw the table on the left hand sideThere are different chemical basicreactions for instance PAFC basicreaction is 05middotO2 + H2 H2O[Rs] bases his alternative energy sourceschapter on [h2DOE] And then I lookedfor already existing FC generators in the




same way that remote hospitals military andremote sites like petrol wells They bring alongportable energy sources and I found the250kW tubular SOFC installation within theshort hopper photo belowI looked for hoppers standard size Annex 62So [h2DOE] points out at Methanol is (was in2004) the best FC propellant WHEN intendingto use it with conventional fuels H2 FC iscleaner than fossil fuels but in the [CUTE]

update file pg12 and 36 gas reformation is notremoved from the supply chain to keepmaximum flexibility [Table 53] Annex 3

Are we short on gas pump in H2 from waterelectrolysis Do we still have petrol burn itbefore someone else does it And in theeventuality of rationing (shortage war) themore inlets the better Read Annex 3 [table 53]

Well2Wheel reforming processing matrix

fcblk

[h2DOE] argued back to 2004 that the reasons for FC not taking off as universal solution to burning fossil fuels were insufficient longevity and reliability unacceptably high cost lack of familiarity of markets with fuel cells When H2 used lack of fuel infrastructure limiting commercial availability

sw

But after careful consideration I dare say that SOFCreliability is no longer a problem (military trust it forUAVs) and cost has dropped to the point of beingaffordable to public transport throughout the world

Additionally all players in energy supply are somehowgradually stepping up investment on this reliablesolution Tell me what can be more reliable than thefollowing example on the left SiemensWestinghouse 250kW power plant powered by

tubular manifold SOFCs Other SOFC powergeneration manufacturers ADELAN ROLLS-ROYCE US

ACUMETRICS Ceramic Fuel Cells DelphiBattelle SOFCMcDermott Tokyo Gas TOTOKyushu ElectricpowerNipon Steel and more 2004 [h2DOE] As wehave seen above in page 5 the basic FC shows flatsurfaces [fcmem] In point 35 Analysis I have included

a diagram of how do manifold SOCFs look like Actually manifold SOCFs look like heat exchangers maximizing gas pathlength So to close H2 research In the previous lines I have chosen some companies that are pulling the effort tointroduce alternative energy sources to fossil fuels and they have chosen H2 used directly or through reformation offossil fuels There are many more companies thinking or already working on the same direction It is not possible in thisassignment to fully highlight the offer of the alternative energy generation industry or to even point out at current

technical specific limitations CONEL as College paying attention to evolving technologies has the power to shape futureengineers and to focus students on the right direction

27 MORE ON SOLAR I started search for solar power with year 2008 Solar energy generation sector report in Germanyhttpwwwsolarserverde[65] Some big factories and facilities with their own large generationsystem already make money out of feeding the electrical supply network instead of spending onelectrical power supply example Walpolenz [ref1122] (N51ordm19 E12ordm39) 550000 PV panels

covering 220HA and generating 40middotkWhyear (456MW) [refs 11220 and 1122] In Germany by 2007

27629MWp (peak) total solar generation was already connected to national grid but domestic demand has fallen downbelow 1 over the last 10 years [table 25 from ref1121] Following examples of large roofs used to reduce electricalsupply bill Instead of paying for electricity these facilities make money out of electrical generation

wall example click on icon to see the photo facade example 1 click on icon to see the photo 730 active modules 45 to 60 Watt output each Sizeof 1296 by 0656 metres The total costs amountedto approx euro250000 640m2 at the Berlin FBH

Source Forschungsverbund Berlin eV This is thewall of a factory where PV panels are manufactured

we

the exception domestic faccedilade in Freiburgsource Solarfabrik AG quoted in [112]

fa1




roof example 1 click on icon to see the photo facade example 2 click on icon to see the photo solar roof complex of Sharp in the Japanese townof Kameyama 51 MW

re1

faccedilade in Tuumlbingen source SunTechnics Quotedin [112]

fa2

roof example 2 click on icon to see the photo roof example 3 IV panel Buumlrstadt 10000 m2 producing 11e6 kWhyear among thelargest roof systems in Germany Solar Fabrik AGroof

re2

5MW single roof BuumlrstadtHessen 30000 PV panelsTauber Solar [re3] andBP7471 panel IV graph [bv]

More examples of big buildings with high density of PV panels taking advantage of large roofs in Annex 2 The majority

of large roofs with PV panels mentioned in Annex 26 The majority of these buildings are factories or facilities withmaintenance teams that include mobile platforms and all tools necessary for quick panels replacement If the building isa PV panel factory all they have to do is to pull spare parts from the same production line This is not the case forCONEL but CONEL has cheap handwork willing to learn and this is an advantage that has to be taken intoconsideration China is wining anyone else on industrial production because of cheap labour money may or may notbring in good soldiers but good soldiers generate everything including money

[McK pg184] gives 15Wm2 as average energy production concentrating solar energy farms mainly based in desertsComparing this to the previous 1st approach to CONEL TTH figures look wrong how are 16Wm2 in England possible ifdesert sup power show [Wm2] below Its not a mistake Its because concentrating Solar power requires Sun trackingconfigurations leaving lots of gaps wasting incoming Sun energy

28 SOLAR THERMALTo heat water the energy is stored in hot water heated while running through long transparent tubes located oncylindrical parables Ausra [66] 35km2 of mirrors would deliver 12TWh(e) thatrsquos 38Wm2 compact linear fresnelreflector [67][mm] This technology is also used de desalinise sea waterSolar power comparative figures of merit fall within in the following ranges parabolictroughs[68] 14 ndash19Wm2 linear fresnel collector 19 ndash28Wm2 tower with heliostats[69](mirrorturning to follow sun and receive perpendicular rays maximizing effective area) 9 ndash14Wm2stirling dish[70] 9 ndash14Wm2 Fresnel lenses are used in for instance in lighthouses and satellitecommunications allowing large apertures short focus distance and saving glass

cn

29 WINDUK operational wind farms[71] [McK pg265] assuming average wind speed 6ms then the average UK wind farm

produces 2Wm2 wind farms[72] Micro-generation with small turbines may only be viable in really windy places UK isthe windiest country in Europe but [McK ] well points out that wind energy micro-generation may not be practical in

wnd

majority of buildings and I think that is the case for CONELdespite academic interest among students may increase if havingone small turbine operational How cheap can Chinese suppliersgo in wind generation tools and project management AskQingdao Wind wings Wind Turbine Co Ltd from ECVV[73] 2models a 600W 25m claiming 1500kWyear = 4Whday with4ms average wind speed provided that wind blows hard andlong enough The other model $10000 for a 10kW supplier QingDao[74] Unit definition [McK] ldquohomerdquo is defined by the BritishWind Energy Association[75] to be a power of 4700kWhyearThatrsquos 054 kW or 13 kWhday Other organizations use 4000kWhy per household

It doesnt seem that CONEL has enough area to set up big turbines which is the only way to generate enough windpower bear in mind that big turbines need to be spaced and have to be kept at a certain distance from urban centresfor obvious safety reasons

210 BIOFUELS

I started this fuel search visiting the UKs National Centre for Bio-renewable Energy Fuels and Materials NNFCC[76]I already knew that some biofuels may clog certain engines maritime warnings available online[77] It has becomeworld wide practice to mix biofuels like Ethanol (types E85[78] E10[79] E15-E20[80]) to conventional refined petrol API[81]

OPEC[82] US and Brazil[83] are the largest producers of Ethanol blended[84] with gasoline BP[85] is involved in Brazilproducing biofuels Following the analysis of my search I agree with RoyS[86] that biofuels are useful to reduce CO2

emissions but they may not be a long term solution to completely take over fossil fuels In 2050[87] Earth population 9middot and growing More details about biofuels in further reading Annex 211




211 WASTE BURNING

Next to this line graph showing current power generated by different UK waste burning plantscurrently working Burning waste works but it cannot replace fossil fuels electrical powergeneration plants Example waste burning plant Selchp It generates 35MW burning 420kTn

brn

bin bags waste yearly This plant needs 4MW back fed to power up own systems and only 15 th of energy releasedwhile burning is recovered Something would be really wrong if burning our own waste we could avoid burning fuels

212 NUCLEAR

Again we are considering CONEL so nuclear is really interesting regarding future national prospects UK Atomic Energy Authority[88] but not feasible to install a nuclear reactor in the middle of London However I found Culham[89] theyhelp secondary schools train future engineers on nuclear

213 UK TARGETING REDUCTION OF DEPENDANCY UPON CONVENTIONAL FUELS

So far it is clear that rich countries contaminate more than emerging and poor countries This is not a luxury but abasic need strong horses eat more and spend more energy than weak ones Is Kyoto showing emerging nationsoutplaying 1st world by getting them round the table to make concessions or is this show a global Orwellian Farmmeeting where the foxes are trying to take advantage while the lions are away doing the hard work From theengineering point of view we must make sure that supply is uninterrupted and that there is enough back-off margin to avoid unexpected blackouts I worked in TV broadcast and this is the way networks work being as

transparent as possible That is the difference between smooth railway daily services Kings Cross ndash Edinburgh to 3rd world undermanned railways suffering interruptions and not satisfying demand From the majority of poor andemerging countries it is an obvious winning move to fully back up CF reduction but that implies top players givingground to competitors and that is not affordableUK energy demand is well above UK energy offer despite gaps with slight overhead exports [31] So we are spendingmore energy and importing more energy gas 2009 to 2010 increase In the same source the price of electricity in theukie

ukdr

2gr

UK is driven by fossil plant an example gas-firedCombined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) a technologythat has lower maintenance costs compared to nuclearand wind energy I disagree upon the assertion in [31]that according to National Grid many critical development

depends on market incentives I disagree Such statements denotes an i-want-ti-be-a-banker-too attitude that markets

tend to punish In the US after 1

st

financial recession banking rescue packs with public money along came different carmanufacturers moaning for rescue packages but Ford refused to take public money and their sales increased Checkin Solar [table 25] Annex 3 table 25 The sector grows but the average domestic house cannot afford power shortagebecause PV panels requiring replacement and the majority of domestic household do not like or cannot afford stockingspare parts In other words the average roof of a domestic household doesnt have enough area to compensate forinstallation and maintenance costs but as Walpolentz and any other large buildings or dedicated energy farms as soonas threshold generation is satisfied covering costs and making benefit the market rewards such enterprises Thequestions is does CONEL have enough roof area to take off I am not finding it out it would take a dozen moreassignments but there are professionals out there that may readily quote reliable installation and maintenance budgetsfor free at least on first contact UK spends 55 equivalent fuel on transport [ 201] and services the current motor ofthe UK energy requires 18 of overall UK demand only (2009 201)[McK pg133] airplanes may be destroying theozone layer (O3) but they are more CO2 emissions efficient than ships (excluding nuclear powered ships) The keymove to reduce CO2 emissions would be to find a way to reduce transport dependency upon fossil fuels H2 based FCand hybrid electric ndashfossil powering achieve this lowering CO2 emissions keeping thrust and by all means being safeenough for public use That would be the direction maximizing research and development efforts Meanwhile UK turnsto fossilnatural gas[59] and liquefied natural gas (LNG)[90] The North Africa is rich in fossil gas

214 ON IMPROVING CURRENT POLICIES and ATTITUDES

Lets take at random one of many GOV suggestions to improve buildings energy efficiency insulate windows and makedoor frame as hermetic as possible to avoid unnecessary heat flow Ok you spend thousands of pounds on newmaterials new window frames and so on However there is little point at improving window insulation if then windowsare left open while central heating on or no one switches off PCs including monitors when leaving classroomsI have asked over 30 students and staff in the canteen regarding their intention to change current habit in order toimprove CONEL buildings energy efficiency Questionnaire (raw data) in annex 7 I also probed students by randomlyemailing 30 students and awaiting for a coherent answer to my energy efficiency related questions I am still waitingnow for any understandable answer Let me put it in Dr Houses terms people dont care We pretend we do but wedont unless there is clear benefit or potential penaltyI am detailing a pack of countermeasures in the conclusion point but good staff and good students may or may notfollow policies according to their own criteria which means that if some one doesnt care about switching off computers



and lights when leaving a room CONEL staff should enforce policies For instance changing IT management networkpolicies and turning off all computer automatically at given hour for instanceRight on the introduction I have asked 2 questions but with the available information it is not possible to give anaccurate answer to any of them However I am drafting a bit of planning to highlight how I would proceed if I were incharge of a hypothetic project starting with building energy efficiency surveys and if possible checking heat lossthrough IR footage and if approved self certification through a CONEL staff member holding valid accreditation andusing approved software




solve problems talking in places like UN G8 or world meetings like the one that took place in Kyoto Japan in 2003 tofind out and agree upon ways to bring carbon emissions back to at least where they were in year 1990 the EU tookpart in the Kyoto Protocol[1] (components[2]) and committed own future CO2 reduction by 8 meaning by 2010 to be52 below 1990 levels EU Directive 200291EC (EPBD 2003)[3] But human kind has managed to build a reasonablelevel of abstraction where jobs and money are won and lost instead of human life most of times It doesnt mean thatthe existing and future conflicts for resources have diminished I would like the reader to understand that that militaryopen fighting may have slowed down but economical competition has increased hand in hand with technologicaladvance and inevitable globalizationDeveloping countries and recently developed powers keep trying to hack the first world In year 2000 White housecandidate G W Bush opposed Kyoto because it excluded countries like China from compliance (Issues2000)[4] off-site

strategy and China countered recently by agreeing to comply with Kyoto agreement link [5] This point highlights thefact that politics and economy are war by other means [Clausewitz][6] I mention politics because of the importance oftechnology and engineering to keep the edge in any conflict solved or yet to come but politicians bankers and militaryare the ones in control to whether bet on nuclear power mainly or to fan out and invest on a wide range of alternativeenergy sources Burning Fossil fuels produces CO2[7][8][9] along with a long list of heavy metals and fossil fuelreserves are diminishing while world population is growing above Earth life support growing rate Increasing electricalpower demand is also requesting attention In other words increasing green alternative energy sources is an strategicnecessity

Accurate timely affordable speedy and reliable simulation is the intelligent way to design from basic goods throughcomplicated tools to even more complex systems before starting productionI found an online simulation calculator sponsored by the UK Government (IET[10]gtgtDECC[11]) that claims to forecast

world energy demand according to different assumptions like scattering a considerable percentage of current fossil fuelsdemand among different alternative energy sources I tried different configurations Annex 2

[McK ] chooses the same approach as DECC calculating different future scenarios according tochoices of alternative energy sources Click on MacKays forecast icon on the right to see theirrespective configurations So how energy efficient is Europe [12] Carbon Footprint (CF) ofa person a city or a country is the equivalent amount of fertile ground (HA or hectares)necessary to satisfy respective demand I am not getting into how such equivalent area is

mc1

calculated According to table1 (following) the most developed countries are the ones that spend more CF Between1960 and 2010 human kind has more than doubled CF global demand on Earth and to Worldmaper[13] 2000-2005 thecountries that spend more CF are the ones that have

more money per capita Have a look to the following world maps pondered to wealth distributionand internet users so we understand that power and energy are the same thing So historicallyspeaking we have reached a singular point something that had hardly ever happened beforeWWII like having all major military powers around a table and agreeing upon ICBM ware headsreduction

Now 1st world polluting countries a majority of the wealthiest countries are agreeing at least on paper to self-restrainenergy consumption Not to cut consumption but to make smooth transition to green sources But if we do not burncoal petrol or natural gas (fossil fuels) can we burn something else instead of having to erect wind turbines and fill outroofs with solar panels I find very useful AFDC[14] classification of alternative fuels before searching for otheralternative energy sources Enough of the broad line and lets focus on energy efficiency regulations

23 REGULATIONS ACCREDITATION and CERTIFICATION

Since 2008 the UK government ( Communities[15] [ref034] domestic [refs03123] non-domestic archive 2008 e-mail]) wants non-domestic buildings to display an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) [ref035] When I found itsuch regulation alone was enough for me to recommend CONEL acquiring such certification despite I did not findpenalties or time deadlines in order to comply with [ref031-4] However in Annex 5 copy of Landmark [16] contactdatabase for energy efficiency checked addresses and they answered that both Tottenham and Enfield CONELbuildings have been registered which means that an energy efficiency assessment has been or is being carried out Icannot get more detail without CONEL authorization and that would extend this assignment beyond above mentionedsearch boundaries

There are building maintenance companies that offer service packs including Non-Domestic Energy Performance

Certificate (NDEPC) along with regular air conditioning routine checks which is the kind of Energy PerformanceCertificate (EPC) that I think CONEL needs to meet the above mentioned regulation To know more about EPC expertsand how to contact them read Annex 9




















Tel 020 8802 3111 Fax 020 8442 3091 Minicom 020 8809 3160









sq1






















lh2



hyd








fc59





fc69

tablefc









fcblk


sw












we


fa1





re1


fa2


re2






cn



wnd



210 BIOFUELS







211 WASTE BURNING


brn


212 NUCLEAR





ukdr

2gr




st


























Tel 020 8802 3111 Fax 020 8442 3091 Minicom 020 8809 3160









sq1






















lh2



hyd








fc59





fc69

tablefc









fcblk


sw












we


fa1





re1


fa2


re2






cn



wnd



210 BIOFUELS







211 WASTE BURNING


brn


212 NUCLEAR





ukdr

2gr




st












sq1






















lh2



hyd








fc59





fc69

tablefc









fcblk


sw












we


fa1





re1


fa2


re2






cn



wnd



210 BIOFUELS







211 WASTE BURNING


brn


212 NUCLEAR





ukdr

2gr




st










sq1






















lh2



hyd








fc59





fc69

tablefc









fcblk


sw












we


fa1





re1


fa2


re2






cn



wnd



210 BIOFUELS







211 WASTE BURNING


brn


212 NUCLEAR





ukdr

2gr




st


















lh2



hyd








fc59





fc69

tablefc









fcblk


sw












we


fa1





re1


fa2


re2






cn



wnd



210 BIOFUELS







211 WASTE BURNING


brn


212 NUCLEAR





ukdr

2gr




st














fc59





fc69

tablefc









fcblk


sw












we


fa1





re1


fa2


re2






cn



wnd



210 BIOFUELS







211 WASTE BURNING


brn


212 NUCLEAR





ukdr

2gr




st














fcblk


sw












we


fa1





re1


fa2


re2






cn



wnd



210 BIOFUELS







211 WASTE BURNING


brn


212 NUCLEAR





ukdr

2gr




st











re1


fa2


re2






cn



wnd



210 BIOFUELS







211 WASTE BURNING


brn


212 NUCLEAR





ukdr

2gr




st










211 WASTE BURNING


brn


212 NUCLEAR





ukdr

2gr




st










Documents

2 Conel Buildings Energy Efficiency Improvements INTRO and SEARCH