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JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY(1800 – 1816)

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ELECTION OF 1800“Revolution of 1800”Adams v. Jefferson (again)Challenged by Aaron Burr (DR)

Major Issues:- Expansion of Military - Foreign Affairs- Alien & Sedition Acts

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ELECTION OF 1800Jefferson wins; becomes 3rd US PresidentDR's also win majority in House & SenateAllows for easy passage of DR laws

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JEFFERSON’S PHILOSOPHYProtect basic human rightsCitizen control via

annual electionsWill of the PeopleMajority RuleGovt. should only

perform necessary dutiesTherefore, govt. should be

as small as possible

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A “NATION OF FARMERS”Govt. should support an agrarian societyBased on a model in northern Scotland: - Communal Rights - Individual Rights

Farmers had most independence; Jefferson referred to this as agrarian democracy

Cities, factories, and land speculation will corrupt people

Upper class gains more power, which will inevitably limit the power of farming classes

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EXAMPLE POLICIESWestward expansionMore farming=more

democracyReduce size of Army/NavyCut taxes and govt. spendingInternational commerce to

support farming“Household Technology”Reduce govt. debt with

surplus tax $$Strict constructionism

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LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)French Revolution endsNapoleon becomes EmperorRestore French Empire

Spain, fearing Napoleon, cedes Louisiana Territory to France

Napoleon restricts Mississippiand New Orleans to US trade

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FRENCH EMPIRE

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LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)Napoleon needs $$ to finance European

campaigns (Napoleonic Wars)Loses last colony in West

(Haitian Slave Rebellion)Sell Louisiana &

New Orleans to USUS doubles in size; largest

land purchase in historyAmericans begin to push west

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LEWIS & CLARK (1803-1805)

- Created land route to Pacific Ocean- “Discovered” 300 new species- Richness of West documented; fuels expansion

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QUICK WRITE - JEFFERSONIAN??QUICK WRITE - JEFFERSONIAN??

• Jefferson, and the Republicans, believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution

• More importantly, they believed in strict constructionism of the Constitution, i.e. using only the enumerated powers of govt.

• In your opinion, was the Louisiana Purchase an example of his Republican beliefs?

• Or did Jefferson act more like a Federalist, using a loose interpretation in this acquisition?

• Please explain your answer.

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FEDERALIST STRONGHOLDS:MARSHALL COURT

John Marshall (Chief Justice) 1800-1835

Judges appointed by Washington/Adams

Serve as check to Jefferson & DRs

“Revolution of 1800” deal w/ Hamilton Strong natl. govt. Federal Supremacy Pro-Industry

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MARBURY V. MADISON (1803)

“Midnight Judges” William Marbury Marbury not granted

commission (contract) Denied by Madison Asks SC for

Writ of Mandamus

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MARBURY V. MADISON (1803)

Judiciary Act of 1789 Changed jurisdiction of Supreme Court Marshall finds law unconstitutional Established judicial review

Checks & Balances Declare acts of other branches

unconstitutional

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BARBARY PIRATES, ARRR!

- US expands trade to Mediterranean- Pirates capture ships; ransom- Demand “tribute”- US no longer protected

by France & GB- US has no Navy;

need warships?- Barbary Wars (1802)- “from the shores of Tripoli”

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MORE PROBLEMS W/ BRITAIN & FRANCE

• Napoleonic Wars (1802-1814)• Neither side respects American

neutrality• Blockades to prevent trade

w/ “enemy”• Hurts US trade• British continue impressment

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BLOCKADE

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EMBARGO ACT (1807)

• Jefferson wants neutrality• Stop abuses by Britain & France

• Passes Embargo Act:– Goal: Respect US neutrality– Restricts trade w/ European countries– Britain & France need US goods for war

• Jefferson underestimates GB/French rivalry;

Napoleonic Wars continue

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US REACTIONS TO EMBARGO ACT

• Hurts US more than Europe• Public Outrage!• Political seats up for grabs (Federalists?)• DRs re-gain Presidency w/

election of James Madison

• US Exports in 1806: $108 Million• US Exports in 1808: $22 Million• Recession

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POLITICAL CARTOON c. 1808

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OTHER ISOLATIONIST ACTS

Non-Importation Act (1806) Limit European imports

Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Limited ONLY French & British imports

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) Stop attacks; permit trade

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