Jeffersonian Republic 1800 – 1816 Part 1 Ms. Jennifer L. Blank

Jeffersonian Republic 1800 – 1816

Part 1

Ms. Jennifer L. Blank

Key Ideas … Big Picture• Election of 1800- Part 1– Judiciary Act of 1801 & the “Midnight Judges”– Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review– End of the Federalists (for the most part)

• Presidency of Thomas Jefferson – Part 2– Political philosophy– Louisiana Purchase– Westward Expansion begins– Embargo Act of 1807

• Presidency of James Madison – Part 3– Foreign policy problems– War of 1812– Burning of White House– Hartford Convention

ELECTION OF 1800

Presidential Election of 1800

1800 Election Results

John Marshall and the Supreme Court• Federalist appointed judge

• 34 years on Supreme Court

• Most decisions strengthened federal government

• Marbury v. Madison (1803) - judicial review

Marbury v. Madison• A few central questions the court considered:

– Does Marbury have a right to the appointment?– If he does, were his rights violated and can they be remedied?– If so, can the court provide the remedy?

• A few central questions the court considered:– Does Marbury have a right to the appointment?

• Yes

– If he does, were his rights violated and can they be remedied?• Yes and Yes

– If so, can the court provide the remedy?• Surprise!! No, because the Act that created his judgeship was deemed

unconstitutional!

Marbury v. Madison

• Established principle of judicial review

• Judicial Review - Rights of the Courts to review laws based on their Constitutionality

End of the Federalists:

• Alien & Sedition Acts were a major problem

• Federalist Era over for the most part after War of 1812

• Continued to pop up until the 1820’s

• The Whig Party came in as brief replacement

END PART 1 … SEE YOU SOON!


Part 2





Jeffersonian Philosophy … Big Ideas

• Decentralized the government

• Cut costs

• Reduce bureaucracy

• Eliminate taxes

Jeffersonian Presidency • 1801 = 1st president to live in DC • Adams appointed several “midnight judges”• Placed Federalists in control of Judiciary– John Marshall- Chief Justice

– Judiciary Act 1801- 16 new judgeships & 6 additional circuit courts

Jeffersonian PresidencyRepublican Policies • Reduced size of government bureaucracy and expenses

• Refused to reenact Alien/Sedition Acts and released those imprisoned

• Abolished internal taxes- excise whiskey tax

• Established United States Military Academy (West Point)

Jeffersonian PresidencyRepublican Policies • Reduced size of military

• Repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 and removed numerous of the Midnight Appointees

• Made Western land cheaper for small farmers

• Reduction of national debt

Birth of Political Parties … a few more details

Political Parties Born• French Revolution and European wars divided US

– Ideological

– Hamilton = pro British

– Jefferson = pro French

– Jefferson & Hamilton fought over Economic policies

– Party System stems from these differences • Hamilton = Federalists• Jefferson = Democratic-Republicans

Jeffersonian Philosophy

• Strict interpretation of Constitution

• Small gov’t and less taxes

• Agricultural society

• Sided with the French

• Presidency with no trappings

Louisiana Purchase1803

• France secretly acquired territory in 1800

• Napoleon willing to sell for war $

• Mission sent to buy N.O.

• Bought the whole territory for $15 million

• Purchasing land not mentioned in Constitution…

The Louisiana Purchase

• TJ struggled with constitutionality of the purchase

• Jefferson had to reverse strict interpretation of Constitution to purchase without Congress’ approval – Claimed it was part of treaty-making powers

• Saw territory as potential “Northwest Passage” to the Pacific

• Saw it as potential to be less tangled in European affairs

• Doubled Size of US



Map 8.6 Defining the National Boundaries, to 1800-1820 (p. 240)

Map 8.4 U.S. Population Density in 1803 and the Louisiana Purchase (p. 234)

Lewis and Clark lead the Corps of Discovery

Lewis and Clark

• Key task = Map Louisiana Territory–Meriwether Lewis–William Clark

• Kept detailed journals

Lewis and Clark

• Left St. Louis in 1804 with 31 men• Explored Louisiana Territory via the Missouri River• Contact with Indian Nations• Scientific knowledge greatly expanded• Strengthened US claims to Oregon• Maps and Geographic knowledge expanded

Sacagawea• Wife of a French-Canadian fur trader

• Hired by Lewis & Clark as guides and interpreters

• Showed explorers where to fish, to hunt, and to find wild vegetables

• Helped trade supplies with American Indians

Westward Movement … things to keep in mind

• Migrations are processes that take time

• Not political treaties/events

• Migrations = dynamic and complicated.

• Have numerous causes and effects

• Questions about a migration = use of reasoning skills over knowledge of facts

Westward Movement … motives

• Oppression of landowners– Freedom to choose where and what to plant

• Shortness of land

• Slavery

• Crowded New England cities

• Ensure land for children

• High demands for crops in Europe due to improvements in technology– Spinning Jenny/weaving mules

• Improvement of technology = need for manual labor– Crop rotation and better equipment

• Jefferson/Republicans cut price of land

Westward Movement … motives

Westward Movement … population

Westward Movement … questions & results

• Native American Question– Assimilation or Annihilation

• Westward expansion helped boost America’s farming economy

• Many saw great success through difficult labor

Jefferson re-elected in 1804 … Trouble looms

• Aaron Burr plot

• Opposition within Republican party

• Napoleonic Wars in Europe– British & French Naval Troubles– Impressment

• Embargo Act of 1807

Burr conspiracy(s) and Duel• Burr and New England radical

Federalists to secede in 1804 - failed

• Challenged A. Hamilton to duel - killed him in 1804

• Westward conspiracy - take Mexico to unite with Louisiana under his rule

• Burr conspiracy trial - acquitted of treason by a jury

The Duel … Aaron Burr vs.

Alexander Hamilton

Impressment & Embargo Act of 1807

• Jefferson cut size of military by more than 50%

• French & British threaten US ships

• British impress American citizens (Chesapeake-Leonard Affair)

• Jefferson abandoned all international trade via Embargo Act

The Embargo Act 1807

• Intended to punish the British and French

• No foreign trade at all

• Backfired and devastated the US economy

• Economic slump begins

• Repealed in 1809

• Embargo-runners emerge

• Liability for Rep. party

Embargo Act Cartoon

END PART 2 … SEE YOU SOON!


Part 3





James and Dolley Madison

President James Madison

• Jefferson’s Secretary of State

• Most intelligent of Founding Fathers

• “Father of the Constitution”

• Won 1808 and 1812 elections

• Big Event during Presidency = War of 1812

The War of 1812: Causes• US desired Spanish Florida (Spain and

England allied)• British impressment• Secure a foreign market for US crops• “War Hawks”–Clay-Speaker of the House–Calhoun-leading Rep.

The Burning of Washington

August 24th, 1814

Hartford Convention

• Opposition as war enters 1815

• New England Federalists met, considered secession & listed grievances

• Right of nullification stated

• Post Battle of New Orleans –convention looks ridiculous & the

Federalists go bye-bye

Criticism of Hartford Convention

Treaty of Ghent 1814

• Signed BEFORE the Battle of New Orleans

• Did NOT address impressment

• No real changes from 1812 … just stopped fighting

Battle of New Orleans

• Last battle of the war– Fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed

• Made a hero of Andrew Jackson

• Over 2,000 casualties for British, about 20 for US

• Biggest highlight of the war

END PART 3 … SEE YOU NEXT TIME!

Documents

Jeffersonian Republic 1800 – 1816 Part 1 Ms. Jennifer L. Blank