Triumphs and Travails of

Jeffersonian Republic Chapter 11 1800-1812

Federalists vs. Republicans

Election of 1800: Jefferson vs. Adams“whispering campaign” Jefferson accused of having an affair w/ one of his

slavesSally Hemings

Election of 1800 Jefferson wins by majority

Aaron Burr serves as vice presidentTied w/ Jefferson in electoral collegeDecision goes to House of Representatives, choose

Jefferson

“Revolution of 1800”Overthrow of FederalistFirst party overturn

Jeffersonian Restraint Pardoned prisoners of Alien & Sedition Acts

Naturalization Law of 1802- reduced requirement of 14 years of residence to previous 5 years.

Did away w/ excise tax

Albert Gallatin- Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson; believed national debt wasn't a blessing reduced the national debt w/ strict economy

JudiciaryJudiciary Act of 1801

Midnight Judges

“Packing” to entrench their party in judiciary branch

John Marshall- Federalist judge who was not removed

James Madison- New secretary of state

Marbury v. MadisonMadison cut judge Marbury's salary; Marbury

sued James Madison for his pay.

Court ruled that Marbury had right to his pay but court did not have the authority to force Madison to give Marbury his pay.

Decision showed that the Supreme Court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution (JUDICIAL REVIEW)

Jefferson, A Reluctant Warrior

Made military smaller

Barbary States

leader of Tripoli informally declared war on the United States.

Jefferson sent navy to Tripoli & after 4 years of fighting, a deal was reached.

U.S. paid Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured Americans.

LouisianaNapoleon convinced king of Spain to give

Louisiana land area to France in 1800

Jefferson sends Monroe to join Livingston in France to buy as much lands as they could for 10 million

Napoleon gives up dream of world empire & agrees to sell for 2 reasons:1. Failed to re-conquer island of Santo-Domingo (LA to

serve as source of foodstuffs)

2. Britain controlled seas; didn’t want to give LA to Britain; would rather have US money

Louisiana Robert Livingston & James Monroe negotiated in

Paris for the Louisiana land area

Signed treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million.

Americans signed 3 treaties and got much land to the west of the Mississippi. 820,000 square miles at 3 cents/acre.

Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.

Louisiana PurchaseDoubled size of United States

Strict constructionist

Precedent: acquisition of foreign territory by purchase

Lewis & Clark: 2 ½ year expedition Scientific observation of Indians in the region “immense herds of buffalo, elk, deer, and antelope

feeding in one common and boundless pasture”

Aaron Burr Conspiracies Dropped from cabinet during Jefferson’s second

term

Plotted secession of New England & New York

Hamilton exposed the plot Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel Burr kills Hamilton w/ one shotLeads to demise of his political career

Burr Conspiracy General James Wilkinson- corrupt military

governor of Louisiana Territory

Planned (w/ Burr) to separate the western part of the United States from the East & invade Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida

 betrayed Burr when he learned that Jefferson knew of the plot

Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason by Marshall & he fled to Europe.                            

Neutral AmericaJefferson reelected in 1804 by a HUGE margin

(162-14; Charles Pinckney)

England: power of seas; France: power of Land; America: neutral

Orders in Council, 1806- closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping (includes Americans)

No way to trade w/ either nation without fighting

Impressment

EmbargoWeak navy & weak army

Embargo Act-Embargo Act- Forbade the export of all goods from the United StatesPeaceful coercion

What were the effects of the Embargo Act in the United States?

Non-Intercourse Act- formally reopened trade with all nations of the world except France & Britain Replaces Embargo Act Ineffective; leads to War of 1812

Why did the Embargo fail?Underestimated determination of the British

Overestimated the dependence of Britain and France on American trade

Miscalculated unpopularity & difficulty of enforcement

Madison James Madison became president on March 4,

1809

Macon’s Bill No. 2

British refuse to revoke Orders in Council (had control of seas)

Madison reestablished embargo against Britain alone

End of American neutrality War of 1812

Tecumseh & The ProphetWar Hawks

Tecumseh & The Prophet (Tenskatawa) unified Indian tribes in a last-ditch battle w/ settlers; allied w/ British

Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison

Mr. Madison’s War On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress to

declare war on the British & it agreed.

The Democratic-Republicans who supported the war ("war hawks") felt that the country had to assert American rights to the world. wanted to invade Canada, the Indians' stronghold,

bc the Indians were being armed by British to attack the settlers.

The Federalists were opposed because they supported Britain.