Chapter 11: Chapter 11: Jeffersonian RepublicJeffersonian Republic

1800-18121800-1812

Attack Campaign in 1800 Election Attack Campaign in 1800 Election

The 1800 Election put the Federalist candidate Adams up against theDemocratic Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson. FederalistsAttacked Jefferson throughout the campaign.

The bible would be castInto the bonfire, our holyWorship changed into aDance of Jacobin phrensy,Our wives and daughters Dishonored, and our sonsConverted into disciples of Voltaire and the dragoons Of Marat. Reverend Dwight

Attack CampaignAttack Campaign

However, the Democratic-Republicans However, the Democratic-Republicans were no better. As evidenced by the were no better. As evidenced by the following:following:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_zTN4BXvYI&safety_mode=true&persv=Y_zTN4BXvYI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activeist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union)1800 Election Results

(16 states in the Union)

Thomas Thomas Jefferson Jefferson Virginia Virginia DemocraticDemocratic

-Republican -Republican 7373 52.9% 52.9%

Aaron Burr Aaron Burr New York New York DemocraticDemocratic-Republican -Republican 7373 52.9% 52.9%

John AdamsJohn Adams MassachusettsMassachusetts Federalist Federalist 6565 47.1% 47.1%

Charles Pinckney Charles Pinckney South CarolinaSouth Carolina Federalist Federalist 6464 46.4% 46.4%

John JayJohn Jay New YorkNew York Federalist Federalist 1 1 0.7% 0.7%

Total Number of ElectorsTotal Number of Electors 131388

Total Electoral Votes CastTotal Electoral Votes Cast 272766

Number of Votes for a Number of Votes for a MajorityMajority 7070

1800 Election Results1800 Election Results

AdamsAdams

JeffersonJefferson

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)

1 vote for each State

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)

1 vote for each State

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Virginia Virginia Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican 1010 62.5% 62.5%

Aaron Burr Aaron Burr New New York York

Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican 44 25.0% 25.0%

BlankBlank -------------- 22 12.5%12.5%

Election of 1800Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson and Aaron

Burr each received 73 electoral votes.

Though the Jeffersonians won control of Congress, for ten weeks the lame duck, Federalists still controlled the legislative branch.

Who will be the president? The Constitution requires that

in case of a tie, the House will vote, state-by state, with each state getting one vote each.

Because there were 16 states, candidates would

Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the Electoral vote. What happens?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHEDXzOfENI&feature=youtube_gdata_player&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Election of 1800Election of 1800 Lame- Duck federalists Lame- Duck federalists

preferred Burr.preferred Burr. After exhausting debated, After exhausting debated,

a few Federalists voters, a few Federalists voters, despairing of electing despairing of electing Burr and hoping for Burr and hoping for moderation from moderation from Jefferson, refrained from Jefferson, refrained from voting. This allowed voting. This allowed Jefferson to win, Jefferson to win,

As a result, John Adams As a result, John Adams is the last Federalist is the last Federalist president. president.

Jefferson claims that Jefferson claims that 1800 election was a 1800 election was a “revolution” on par with “revolution” on par with 1776. he thought it was a 1776. he thought it was a return to the original spirit return to the original spirit of the revolution (even of the revolution (even though some 250 votes though some 250 votes changed in New York changed in New York would have given the would have given the election to Adams)election to Adams)

Real RevolutionReal Revolution The REAL revolution: Peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist

party to the Democratic-Republicans. First major transfer of power in the young nation and it was proof that the republican experiment was working.

What The Federalists had Contributed: Strengthened the Federal Government Established a sound fiscal system diversified the economy reached an accommodation with Great Britain Refused to get caught up in the French

Jeffersonian RepublicJeffersonian Republic

Jefferson as President Jefferson promised his countrymen a “wise

and frugal government” Noted for his moderation—respected the view

of the political minority. He was committed to cooling partisan passions. In particular, many Federalists kept their jobs in the government

He repealed the tax on Whiskey He made cuts in the military budgets—the

proposed 40 warships was reduced to 8.

Jeffersonian RepublicJeffersonian Republic Reduced the national debt by 25% in eight years Repealed the Naturalization Act Allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire of their

own accord in 1801 and 1802. Jefferson held many informal dinner parties which

helped him to become friends with many important congressmen, which helped him build support for his programs.

However, easy to quote one Jefferson to refute the other. The rigors and demands of the presidency made it difficult for him to follow his intellectual and idealistic theories.

JeffersonJefferson

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNSpEpgiQGI&safety_mode=true&persv=qNSpEpgiQGI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activeist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

We will watch Adams and Jefferson.We will watch Adams and Jefferson. Gives information on presidents from Gives information on presidents from

Washington to Monroe Washington to Monroe

JeffersonJefferson

First moves in office:First moves in office: Allowed Sedition Acts to expire naturally and pardoned those Allowed Sedition Acts to expire naturally and pardoned those

punished under it.punished under it. Changed the Naturalization Law from 14 years to the more Changed the Naturalization Law from 14 years to the more

reasonable 5 yearsreasonable 5 years Quickly eliminated the excise tax, thought it bred bureaucrats Quickly eliminated the excise tax, thought it bred bureaucrats

and was unfair on farmersand was unfair on farmers• Left budget with a million dollars lessLeft budget with a million dollars less

However, most of Hamilton’s financial reforms kept in place (did However, most of Hamilton’s financial reforms kept in place (did not tamper with paying at par and assumption, no attack on the not tamper with paying at par and assumption, no attack on the bank, and kept the tariffs in placebank, and kept the tariffs in place

Albert Gallatin was Secretary of the Treasury, Swiss-born. Very Albert Gallatin was Secretary of the Treasury, Swiss-born. Very gifted and worked hard to eliminate state debt.gifted and worked hard to eliminate state debt.

JeffersonJefferson

Revolution of 1800-Revolution of 1800- Peaceful transfer of power, and by keeping Peaceful transfer of power, and by keeping

the bulk of the Federalists major programs, it the bulk of the Federalists major programs, it proved that a change in political power would proved that a change in political power would not be disastrous to the nation. Jefferson’s not be disastrous to the nation. Jefferson’s moderation in change proved this and sets an moderation in change proved this and sets an important precedence. important precedence.

Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801

Judiciary Act of 1801 was one of the last Judiciary Act of 1801 was one of the last laws passed by Federalists. laws passed by Federalists.

16 new federal judgeships16 new federal judgeships Adams signed 3 judges into office after 9 PM his last day of Adams signed 3 judges into office after 9 PM his last day of

office. office. New judges called “midnight judges.”New judges called “midnight judges.” Democratic-Republicans hated the Act because they saw it as a Democratic-Republicans hated the Act because they saw it as a

Federalist attempt to entrench Federalist judges and control the Federalist attempt to entrench Federalist judges and control the judicial branch.judicial branch.

So, they repealed it once they took office and eliminated the 16 So, they repealed it once they took office and eliminated the 16 judgeshipsjudgeships

John MarshallJohn Marshall Nominated Chief Justice of Nominated Chief Justice of

Supreme Court in 1801 and Supreme Court in 1801 and served to 1835served to 1835

22ndnd Cousin of Thomas Cousin of Thomas Jefferson, but they were rivalsJefferson, but they were rivals

Federalist who served at Federalist who served at Valley Forge. His experience Valley Forge. His experience in war shaped his belief of the in war shaped his belief of the need for a strong Central need for a strong Central GovernmentGovernment

Ghost of Hamilton because for Ghost of Hamilton because for 34 years, served under non-34 years, served under non-Federalist presidents, but he Federalist presidents, but he passed Federalist rulings. passed Federalist rulings.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TVkeRUvX_U

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

William Marbury, named William Marbury, named Justice of the Peace in Justice of the Peace in D.C.(Adams) Sued for D.C.(Adams) Sued for delivery of his delivery of his commission.commission.

Marshall dismissed his Marshall dismissed his suit because he knew suit because he knew that the writ would never that the writ would never be delivered by be delivered by JeffersoniansJeffersonians

But he ruled that the But he ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1789 that Marbury based that Marbury based his appeal was his appeal was unconstitutional. unconstitutional. Stated that the Act Stated that the Act tried to give powers to tried to give powers to the Supreme Court the Supreme Court that the Constitution that the Constitution had not forseen. had not forseen.

Judicial ReviewJudicial Review Marshall’s ruling established Marshall’s ruling established

Judicial review. Judicial review. Idea that it is the Supreme Idea that it is the Supreme

Court’s right and role to Court’s right and role to determine questions of determine questions of constitutionality. The Supreme constitutionality. The Supreme Court can void acts of Court can void acts of Congress deemed Congress deemed unconstitutional unconstitutional

What did Jefferson do in What did Jefferson do in retaliation? Why is that retaliation? Why is that important?important?

Barbary WarsBarbary Wars

Jefferson wanted to Jefferson wanted to reduce the military reduce the military establishment, and have establishment, and have a force of only 2500 men. a force of only 2500 men.

Goal was to save, but Goal was to save, but also be an example to the also be an example to the world that war was futile world that war was futile and he wanted to win and he wanted to win friends through peaceful friends through peaceful coercioncoercion

Republicans also Republicans also distrusted large armies distrusted large armies because they might because they might attract dictatorships.attract dictatorships.

Navy ok, but he still Navy ok, but he still reduced the naval reduced the naval

expendituresexpenditures.. However, Barbary Wars However, Barbary Wars

forced his hand and he forced his hand and he sent in the Navy without sent in the Navy without congressional consent.congressional consent.

Barbary WarsBarbary Wars

Pasha of Tripoli Pasha of Tripoli declared war because declared war because he wanted more tribute he wanted more tribute moneymoney

Jefferson, the pacifist, Jefferson, the pacifist, noninterventionist, noninterventionist, critic of big ship navy critic of big ship navy sent in the navy. In sent in the navy. In 1805, peace treaty 1805, peace treaty signed that cost signed that cost $60,000$60,000

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Napoleon gets Napoleon gets Louisiana from the Louisiana from the King of Spain. King of Spain.

Bad news for United Bad news for United StatesStates

In 1802, Spain denies right In 1802, Spain denies right of deposit in New Orleans. of deposit in New Orleans.

Dilemma for Jefferson. Dilemma for Jefferson. Spain he could defeat, but Spain he could defeat, but France more difficult and France more difficult and would need allies.would need allies.

In 1803, sent James In 1803, sent James Monroe to meet Monroe to meet regular minister, regular minister, Livingston, in Paris. Livingston, in Paris. Buy New Orleans and Buy New Orleans and as much land as as much land as possible for 10 million possible for 10 million dollars. dollars.

If not, negotiate with If not, negotiate with British for a future allyBritish for a future ally

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Toussaint Toussaint L’Ouverture, leads a L’Ouverture, leads a slave revolt in Santo slave revolt in Santo Domingo. This Domingo. This discourages discourages Napoleon from his Napoleon from his dreams of North dreams of North American Empire. American Empire.

Napoleon feared also Napoleon feared also giving Louisiana to giving Louisiana to Britain in peace Britain in peace negotiations, so he negotiations, so he decided to sell it to decided to sell it to the Americans and the Americans and pocket money for his pocket money for his schemes in Europe. schemes in Europe.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

So, Livingston and So, Livingston and Monroe negotiated to Monroe negotiated to buy all the land for a buy all the land for a mere 15 million, or 3 mere 15 million, or 3 cents an acre.cents an acre.

However, Jefferson However, Jefferson stricken by the deal. stricken by the deal. Another example of Another example of the two Jeffersons. the two Jeffersons. Why? Why?

Louisiana Purchase

Valley of Democracy is how Jefferson envisioned the Louisiana Territory.

People who lived in Louisiana were not treated as Vassal States, but on basis of equal membership.

This is an important precedent and imperialism with a new and democratic face

For example, in Louisiana, French Civil code was allowed to remain and not Ehglish Common law.

Louisiana Purchase

Washington’s idea of isolationism was also present in the purchase Avoided conflict with France and also stayed

out of any alliances with Britain Made Washington’s policy more realistic in

practice Last remnant of significant European power

(except Britain in Canada) removed from United States.

Lewis and Clark Meriwether Lewis and William Clark,

commissioned by Jefferson to explore the northern Louisiana territory (2.5 years expedition). Sacagawea, a Shoshoni woman accompanied them.

Ascended the Missouri, struggled through the Rockies, and descended the Columbia River to the Pacific

Adventure brought back scientific observations, maps, knowledge of Native Americans, and tons of adventure stories.

Also showed the viability of an overland route to the Pacific ocean.

Aaron Burr Jefferson dropped Burr from

his cabinet in his second term. So, Burr decides to join a

group of Federalist extremists and have New England and New York secede from the Union.

Hamilton foils the conspiracy. This enrages Burr, who

challenges Hamilton to a duel (standard 19th century procedure, when angry, duel)

http://vimeo.com/14785659

The Duel

Hamilton felt his honor was at stake, so he agreed to the duel.

At the duel, Hamilton decided to not fire or to miss deliberately.

Burr, not so kind, shot and killed Hamilton.

Burr, whose career is dead now, decides to plot with General James Wilkinson to separate the western part of the United States.

Plot foiled again and Wilkinson bailed at the last minute

Burr was tried for treason. But found not guilty, needed proof of overt acts of treason, not just treasonous intentions.

So Burr fled to Europe, where he tried to scheme to get Britain and France to attack the Untied States

Election of 1804

Jefferson wins reelection with 162 electoral votes to 14.

However, his second term will be much more difficult, mostly due to the war between France and Britain.

Napoleonic Wars

So, Britain controlled the seas and Napoleon and France controlled Europe and the land. So they had to make indirect blows towards each other.

British Closed all European

ports under French control to foreign shipping, unless the ship stopped in Britain first.

France Ordered the seizure of

all merchant ships entering British ports

So, what does this mean… So, the United States was

stuck. Trading with either country would mean facing their opponents guns.

Furthermore, British used impressments and forced sailors to serve in the majesty’s navy.

From 1808 to 1811, 6,000 U.S. citizens were forced to serve and many died or were killed.

Chesapeake Incident 10 miles of the coast of

Virginia, the British seized the U.S. frigate the Chesapeake.

British captain demanded 4 deserters. American captain refused.

British captain fired three broadsides at close range, killing three and wounding 18.

Embargo Act

War was out of the question.

Jefferson gambled that France and Britain relied heavily on American goods, so he instituted an embargo, and force both Britain and France to respect America’s neutrality.

Embargo Act of 1807 passed by Congress

Forbade the export of all goods from the United States.

Embodied idea of peaceful coercion championed by Jefferson

New England manufacturing devastated and agrarian south and west had piles of unexportable goods.

Embargo Act Many viewed Jefferson’s

Embargo Act as waging war on Americans and not the French and British.

In 1808, illegal trade mushroomed along the Canadian border

Jefferson convinced Congress to pass very tyrannical legislation enforcing the Embargo Act

Jefferson convinced Congress to pass very tyrannical legislation enforcing the Embargo Act

Federalist party was revived and there was talk of New England secession

Embargo act was repealed March 1, 1809

Replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act.

Trade open with the world except France and Britain

Embargo Act’s failure 1. Underestimated the

British 2. Overestimated Britain’s

and France’s reliance on American goods

Latin America traded with Britain and Napoleon controlled all of Europe

Jefferson miscalculated the difficulty of enforcing the Embargo Act and also how much it would be hated.

But, as usual, New Englanders were resourceful, and opened old factories and built new ones. Foundations of American industry laid during the Embargo.

James Madison Elected President in 1808

and took oath of office March 4, 1809.

Scholarly man, very small and weak voiced.

Presidency crippled by factions in his own party and cabinet

Had to deal with the waging war in Europe and difficult relations with British

How many more votes did the Federalists get in 1808?

Macon’s Bill

What was it and what was Madison’s gamble?