© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 17 Respiratory System

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 17

Respiratory System


Respiratory System Functions

• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

• Production of sound


Respiration

• External respiration

• Internal respiration

• Cellular respiration or oxidation


Respiratory Organs and Structures

• Nasal cavity

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi



• Bronchioles

• Alveoli

• Lungs

• Pleura

• Mediastinum




The Nasal Cavity

• Anterior nares or nostrils

• Nasal septum

• Turbinates or nasal conchae bones

• Cilia

• Olfactory nerve

• Sinuses


The Pharynx

• Also called the throat

• Common passageway for food and air

• Nasopharynx

• Oropharynx

• Laryngopharynx

• Epiglottis


The Larynx

• Also called voice box

• Nine fibrocartilaginous plates

• Mucous membrane

• Glottis


The Trachea

• Also called windpipe

• Hyaline cartilage

• Mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium

• Damage caused by smoking


The Bronchi and the Bronchioles

• Right and left bronchus– Ciliated epithelium

– Hyaline cartilage

• Bronchi subdivide into bronchioles

• Alveolar sacs (alveoli)


The Alveoli

• Sacs of single layer epithelial tissue

• Surrounded by bed of capillaries

• Surfactant

• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide


The Lungs

• Separated by the mediastinum and the heart

• Apex is top of each lung; broad lower part is base

• Base rests over the diaphragm

• Right lung has three lobes; left lung has two

lobes


The Pleura

• A thin, moist, slippery membrane of tough endothelial cells that covers lungs

• Each lung encased in double-walled sac

• Pleurisy

• Pleural fluid

• Thoracentesis

• Pneumothorax


The Mediastinum

• Also called the interpleural space

• Located between the lungs

• Contains the thoracic viscera


Mechanics of Breathing

• Pulmonary ventilation is called breathing

• Due to changes in pressure which occur within the chest cavity

• Variation in pressure caused by cellular respiration and mechanical breathing movements


The Breathing Process

• Inhalation/inspiration

• Exhalation/expiration

• Respiratory movements and frequency of respiration


Control of Breathing

• Neural factors

• Chemical factors


Lung Capacity and Volume

• Tidal volume

• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

• Vital lung capacity


Lung Capacity and Volume

• Residual volume

• Functional residual capacity

• Total lung capacity


Types of Respiration

• Apnea

• Dyspnea

• Eupnea

• Hyperpnea


Types of Respiration

• Orthopnea

• Tachypnea

• Hyperventilation


Animation – Respiration

Click Here to play Respiration animation


Effects of Aging

• Lung tissue loses elasticity

• Rib cage becomes less flexible

• Muscle strength decreases

• Functioning alveoli decrease


Disorders Infectious Causes

• Common cold

• Pharyngitis

• Laryngitis

• Sinusitis

• Bronchitis and chronic bronchitis



• Influenza (flu)

• Pneumonia

• Tuberculosis (TB)

• Diphtheria

• Pertussis (whooping cough)



• Anthrax

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)


Disorders Noninfectious Causes

• Rhinitis

• Asthma

• Athelectasis

• Asbestosis

• Silicosis

• Nasal polyps


Disorders Noninfectious Causes

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

• Cancer of the lungs

• Cancer of the larynx

• Pulmonary embolism

• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Documents

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 17 Respiratory System