Chapter 22 The Chest and Abdomen. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you

Chapter 22 The Chest and Abdomen

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning2© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should

be able to: Describe the anatomy of the thoracic cavity Describe the structures and functions of the

organs of respiration Explain the breathing and respiratory process


Objectives (cont’d.) Upon completion of this chapter, you should

be able to (cont’d.): Discuss the significance of chest and

abdominal injuries List and describe the various injuries associated

with the thoracic cavity List and describe the various injuries associated

with the abdominal cavity


Ribs & Sternum Sternum

(“breastbone”)—3 parts Manubrium Body Xiphoid process

Ribs—12 pairs 7 true 3 false ribs—do not

connect to sternum directly

2 floating—no connection to sternum at all


The Respiratory System Obtains oxygen for use by body cells Eliminates carbon dioxide produced in cellular

respiration


The Respiratory System (cont’d.) Air moves into the lungs through passageways:

Nasal cavity Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (wind pipe) Bronchi (branches of trachea) Bronchioles Alveoli


Respiration Process by which body supplies cells and tissues with

oxygen for metabolism and relieves them of carbon dioxide External respiration

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and outside environment—breathing

Internal respiration Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between cells and

lymph, plus oxidative process of energy in cells (cellular respiration)


Frequency of Respiration Adults

14-20 per minute Children

24-26 per minute


Control of Breathing Rate of breathing is controlled by neural

(nervous) and chemical factors Same goal but function independently Chemical control of respiration depends on

carbon dioxide level in the blood Chemoreceptors in carotid arteries and aorta

are sensitive to blood oxygen levels


Lung Capacity and Volume Factors:

Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve

volume Expiratory reserve

volume Vital lung capacity Residual volume Functional residual

capacity Total lung capacity

Use a spirometer—measures volume & flow of air


Disorders of the Respiratory System Asthma

Muscles around airways tighten and airway lining swells and gets clogged with thick mucus Symptoms: coughing, wheezing, dyspnea (difficulty

in breathing), and chest tightness Treatment: varies

Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA) Increased physical activity causes narrowing of

airway


Chest (Thorax) Injuries Rib contusions

Caused by a forceful blow to the ribcage that bruises intercostal muscle

S/S: point tender, pain when breathing Treatment: removal from activity, ice

Rib fractures Break in bony structure of thorax Most often the result of a direct blow to the

ribcage


Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.) Chest contusions

Bruising over central area of chest Results from a compressive, forceful blow to the

body Myocardial contusion and aortic rupture

Occurs if force applied to sternum is great enough to compress the heart against the spine

Emergency!


Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.) Sudden death syndrome

Usually caused by some form of heart disease Pneumothorax

Occurs when air enters thoracic cavity between the chest wall and lung Sucking chest wound Spontaneous pneumothorax Tension pneumothorax


Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.) Hemopneumothorax

Can occur with both open and closed chest injuries Often accompanies a pneumothorax

Blood accumulates in pleural space between chest wall and lung

Pulmonary contusion Bruise on lung caused by a direct blow


Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.) Blows to the solar plexus

“Having the wind knocked out” Hyperventilation

Breathing at a rate faster than required for proper exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Side stitches Occur during vigorous exercises

Usually with novice exercisers


Injury Prevention for the Chest Begins with proper equipment and education

Good, well-maintained, equipment that fits properly will reduce chance of injury

At risk athletes should wear additional protection

Education and use of proper techniques can also minimize risk of trauma


The Abdominopelvic Cavity One large cavity, with no separation between the

abdomen and pelvis Abdominal cavity contains: stomach, liver, gallbladder,

pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestines Kidneys are close to but behind abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity contains: urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of large intestine, and appendix


Protection of the Abdominal Organs Abdominal area is vulnerable to injury

Muscular abdominal wall is most commonly involved

Injury to contents of abdominal cavity are infrequent Musculature of abdominal wall provides adequate

protection from most injuries Serious injuries to the intra-abdominal contents

occur and can be life threatening


The 4 Quadrants of the Abdomen


Organs of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Stomach Small intestine Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Urinary bladder

Large intestine Colon Cecum Appendix

Kidneys


Abdominal Injuries Kidney contusion

Uncommon in athletics Occurs with a violent blow to upper posterior

abdominal wall Liver contusion

Uncommon but probable life-threatening injury Occurs with a hard blow to right side of ribcage


Abdominal Injuries (cont’d.) Spleen injuries

Treat as medical emergency

Results from a blow to the left upper quadrant, lower left ribcage, or left side of the back

Kehr’s sign: pain radiates to left shoulder and down left arm

Hernias Protrusion of abdominal

tissue through a portion of the abdominal wall


Conclusion The chest and abdomen contain the body’s

vital organs Organs in the chest are protected by the

ribcage Chest contains the heart and lungs Abdomen contains kidneys, liver, spleen,

stomach, urinary bladder, intestines, among others


Conclusion (cont’d.) Chest and abdominal injuries are uncommon

in athletics, but do occur Most internal organs are very vascular and can

bleed profusely if injured Proper recognition and treatment of these

injuries are vital to the health and well-being of the athlete

Documents

Chapter 22 The Chest and Abdomen. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2 © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you