© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 7

Forests

Forests

• Complex association of ____________,

____________, and ____________

– Each one contributes to the life of the ____________

• Forests cover one-third of the United States

– A wide variety of ____________comes from trees

Forests

• Two major types of forests

– ____________: do not shed their leaves

• mostly ____________; produce lumber called softwood

– ____________: shed their needles or leaves every year

• produce lumber called hardwood

Forests of the United States

• Eight major forest regions in United States

• Depending on type of forest, forest

____________ differ from place to place

________________________ Forest

• Largest region in North America

– Most dominant type of tree is the ____________ or softwoods

– Some areas contain ____________ of softwoods and hardwoods

• Region characterized by swamps, marshes, rivers,

and lakes

• Climate is ____________

________________________ Forest

• Reaches from southeastern Canada through New

England to northern Appalachian Mountains

– Region extends westward beyond Great Lakes region

• Populated by several important ____________

species

– beech, ____________, hemlock, and ____________trees

Central ____________-____________ Forest

• Contains more ____________ and ____________of

____________than any other forest region

– Composed mostly of ____________ trees: oak, hickory, beech, maple,

poplar, gum, walnut, cherry, ash, cottonwood, and sycamore

– ____________ include Virginia pine, pitch pine, shortleaf pine, and red

cedar

____________ Forest• Located in ____________ part of the United States

– ____________ from Delaware to Florida

– ____________ to Texas and Oklahoma

• Region with most potential for meeting future U.S.

____________ and ____________ needs

• Most important trees are ____________

• Hardwoods include oak, poplar, maple, and walnut

____________ Hardwoods Forest

• Occur mostly along ____________ ____________

– Among most ____________ U.S. forests

– Productive because of area’s ____________ ____________

____________

• Contains mostly ____________ trees

– oak, gum, tupelo, and cypress

____________ ____________ Forest• Located in northern California, Oregon, and

Washington– Most ____________ of forest regions

– Provides more than _____ percent of ____________ U.S. ____________ ____________

• Composed mostly of ____________– redwoods, giant sequoias, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

hemlock, western red cedar, Sitka spruce, sugar pine, lodgepole pine, noble fir, and white fir

– Important hardwood species include oak, cottonwood, maple, and alder

____________ ____________-____________ Forest

• Located mostly east of ____________ River and

south of ____________ ____________ forest

• Production of ____________-____________ wood

– some used to ____________ high-quality ____________

– some used in ____________ and to make industrial ____________

____________ ____________ Forest

• ____________ into many small _________

• Extends from ____________ to ____________

• Composed primarily of ____________

– western white pine, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, spruce, fir,

larch, western red cedar, and hemlock

– ____________ only important ____________ hardwood

____________ Forest• Some located in southern ____________ and

southeastern ____________ – Major trees in region are mahogany, mangrove, and bay

– Although important ____________ , these species have ____________ ____________ value

• Some of U.S. tropical forests are in ____________ – Wet forest region produces a variety of trees used in the production

of ____________ and ____________

– The ____________ forest region of Hawaii produces many trees with ____________ ____________ ____________

Tree Types

• Trees may be described in terms of the

____________ they produce

• ____________ : needle-type ____________

– Douglas fir, balsam fir, hemlock, white pine, cedar,

southern pine, ponderosa pine, and Sitka spruce

Tree Types

• ____________ : ____________ trees

– birch, maple, poplar, sweetgum, oak, ash, beech, cherry,

hickory, sycamore, walnut, and willow

– deciduous trees lose their ____________ in fall or

winter

Douglas Fir

• Perhaps ____________ ____________ U.S. tree

– Makes up approximately _______ percent of timber harvested each

year

– Douglas fir forests produce 5 or 6 times more ____________ than

other species

• Popular as ____________ ____________ and for

manufacture of ____________

Cedars

• Eastern red, eastern white, and western red

• Cedars have ____________ ____________

– ____________ ____________

• makes them useful as ____________ ____________ ,

____________

– ____________ ____________ ____________

• used to line chests and closets

Maple• Maple lumber classified as both hard and soft

– Hard maple lumber is heavy, strong, and hard

• used for ____________ ____________ , ____________ tops, ____________ ,

____________ , and ____________

– Soft maple only approximately 60 percent as strong

• used for same applications

• Some species produce sweet ____________ that is made

into ____________ ____________

Oak• Two general types of oak in United States

– white oak

• hard, heavy, and strong

• pores plugged with membranes, making wood nearly ____________

• used for structural ____________ , ____________ , ____________ , ____________ , ____________

– red oak

• highly ____________ and ____________ especially ____________ to ____________

• must be treated with wood ____________ when used ____________

• used for ____________ , ____________ , and ____________

Cherry• Found from southern Canada through eastern United

States

• Cherry wood ____________ and ____________ after

____________

– desirable and popular in production of ____________ - ____________

____________

– ____________ and in ____________ ____________

Tree Growth and Physiology

• A tree begins life as a ____________

– Seed ____________ , ____________ grows up, and

____________ grow down and out

• Trees grow in ____________ and ____________

– Growth layer called the ____________

– Produces ____________ ____________

Tree Growth and Physiology

• Trees contain ____________ ____________

____________

– ____________ : carries ____________ and ____________ from

roots ____________ to rest of plant

– ____________ : carries ____________ made in ____________ to

rest of plant

Forest ____________

• Art and science of tree production is ____________

– Assumes that forest ____________ can be ____________ to be

____________ to ____________ of ____________

• ____________ is practiced with varied intensities

– ____________ forest lands are ____________ managed

– ____________ forests are managed with ____________

____________

Managing a ____________ of Trees

• A ____________ of trees is ____________ to ____________ the ____________ trees in the ____________ ____________ – It may be necessary to ____________ the environment to favor a

____________ ____________

• Management decisions are made to favor the ____________ of the ____________ ____________ – A variety of practices are used

• plantings, selective harvesting, clear-cutting, etc.

Regenerating a Stand• Two types of forest ____________ : natural and

artificial– ____________ regeneration

• Young trees begin to grow without being ____________ • ____________ area ____________ itself

– ____________ regeneration• ____________ or ____________ are planted at harvest site• Often called ____________ ____________ • Often results in ____________ ____________ of trees• Gives managers ____________ over species

Timber Management

• Forest management is an ____________ process

– ____________ trees need to be “____________ ”

– ____________ of ____________ need to be ____________

– Side ____________ need ____________

• When stand is ready, it is ____________

– A ____________ ____________ is always followed

• ____________ ____________ from stand

Types of Harvest

• Several timber-harvesting methods; each has ____________ and ____________

____________ - ____________ • ____________ method of harvest

– loss of ____________ ____________

– ____________

– ____________

– ____________ ____________ to ____________ ____________

• Produces ____________ - ____________ stands– Trees are all of the ____________ age

• Leave ____________ ____________ ____________ of trees near ____________ to protect ____________ ____________ and provide ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ Method• ____________ trees of desired species are ____________

from cutting in ____________ locations ____________ ____________ – Purpose of these trees is to provide ____________ for ____________ and

____________ ____________

• Site ____________ is necessary– ____________ and ____________ are ____________ to minimize

____________ with ____________

• ____________ method is similar– When seedlings are established, ____________ ____________ are also

____________

____________ Method• Silviculture system where trees are ____________ and forest

____________ from ____________ ____________

– Care must be taken to protect against ____________ ____________

• Tree species generated by coppice method are ____________ -

____________

– Oaks and aspens often managed this way

• Trees usually used for ____________ or pulpwood

• Method also has great promise in production of __________

____________ ____________

• Timber harvest method used to ____________ and

____________ trees near end of their ____________

____________

• Important to harvest these trees while still ____________

– Need to ____________ ____________ of the trees before they become

____________ of ____________ or ____________

____________ ____________ • Harvesting of ____________ trees or ____________ trees

– Often used after ____________ ____________

– Trees dying from ____________ ____________ and ____________ can still be used for

____________ ____________

• Examples of natural disasters include ____________ ____________

, high ____________ , ____________ ____________

– Once ____________ has occurred to trees, they need ____________ as soon as possible

– After two or three years, trees often produce ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ • ____________ requires filing of an ____________

____________ ____________ – Science-based study details the ____________ ____________ of

____________ ____________ on the ____________ – Must be completed ____________ timber harvests on ____________

____________

• Study ____________ ____________ of ____________ – ____________ building, ____________ ____________ ,

____________ on plants and animals, presence of ____________ or ____________ species

Forests as Valuable ____________

• ____________ value

• ____________ value

• ____________ value

• value from ____________

____________

• ____________ value

• value for ____________

• value for ____________

• value of ____________

____________ of Forests

• To ____________ this ____________ , forests

must be ____________ from several

____________

– ____________

– ____________

– ____________

– ____________ / ____________

____________ and ____________ • ____________ ____________ is number one source of

____________ ____________ in North America• Forest lands are ____________ to ____________ after

____________ and ____________ that ____________ ____________

• Soil ____________ efforts can ____________ ____________ – Place straw ____________ , ____________ sheeting, and other types of

____________ ____________ to ____________ ____________ ____________