Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 13 Respiratory System and Pulmonology

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Unit 13

Respiratory System and Pulmonology


Respiratory System

• Primary functions:– Inspiration of oxygen

– Expiration of carbon dioxide


Respiratory System

• Movement of air:– Nasal and sinus passages

– Pharynx

– Trachea

– Bronchi

– Bronchioles

– Alveoli


Structures of the Respiratory System


Exchange of Gases

1. Oxygen diffuses through alveolar wall into surrounding capillaries

2. Hemoglobin transports oxygen to cells

3. Carbon dioxide moves from tissues into bloodstream

4. Carbon dioxide moves into alveoli and is exhaled


Respiratory Combining Forms

Combining form Meaningnas/o nose

rhin/o nose

pharyng/o pharynx (throat)

laryng/o larynx (voice box)

trache/o trachea (windpipe)

broncho/o bronchi or bronchus


Respiratory Combining Forms

Combining form Meaningbronchiol/o bronchioles

alveol/o alveoli or alveolus

phren/o or diaphragm/o diaphragm

pulmon/o lung

pneum/o air

pneumon/o lung


Lungs

• pneumon/o = combining form

• Examples:– pneumon/o/pathy = any lung disease

– pneumon/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of lungs

– pneumon/o/melan/osis = lung disease characterized by black lung tissue

• melan/o


Lung Conditions

• Examples:– pneumon/itis = inflammation of lungs

– pneumon/ia = acute inflammation of lungs• Caused by:

– Bacteria, fungi, and viruses

• Treatment:– Antibiotics

– atel/ectasis = collapsed lung• Dilated or expanded


Lung Procedures

• Examples:– pneumon/o/tomy = incision into lung

– pneumon/ectomy = excision of part or all of lung

– pneumon/o/centesis = surgical puncture of lung to remove fluid

– pneumon/o/pexy = surgical fixation or attachment of prolapsed lung


Lungs

• pulmon/o = another combining form for lungs– Used only in a few words

• Examples:– pulmon/ary and pulmon/ic = pertaining to lungs

– cardi/o/pulmon/ary = pertaining to heart and lungs

– pulmon/ary valve = heart valve through which blood travels to lungs

– pulmon/ary embolus = blood clot moving to lung


Air

• pneum/o = combining form– Can also mean lung

• Examples:– pneum/o/therapy = treatment with compressed air

– pneum/o/meter = instrument that measures air volume in respiration

• spir/o/meter = instrument that measures lung volume


Air

• Examples:– pneum/o/derm/a = collection of air under skin

– pneum/o/thorax = collection of air in chest cavity• Air forced into cavity

– pneum/o/py/o/thorax = collection of air and pus in chest cavity

– pneum/o/hem/o/thorax = collection of air and blood in chest cavity


Breathing

• pne/o = combining form

• -pnea = suffix form– Used most often

• Normal breathing rate for adults:– 12 to 16 breaths per minute


Breathing

• Inspire– To breathe in

• Expire– To breathe out


Animation

Click Here to Play Respiration Animation


Respiratory Symptoms

Term Symptoma/pnea absence of breathing

dys/pnea difficult breathing

hyper/pnea increased rate and depth of breathing

tachy/pnea rapid breathing

brady/pnea slow breathing

ortho/pnea able to breathe only when sitting up or standing


Respiratory Symptoms

Term Symptomhem/o/pty/sis expectorating blood

hyper/ventil/ation excessive movement of air in and out of lungs

hyp/oxia low oxygen levels in organs and tissues

cyan/osis bluish color due to hypoxia


Sputum

• Combination of mucus and other fluids and substances in respiratory tract

• ptyal/o = combining form for sputum and saliva

• Examples:– hemo/pty/sis = coughing up sputum containing blood

– ptyal/o/rrhea = drooling due to excess saliva


Nasal Cavity

• nas/o = combining form

• Examples:– nas/al = pertaining to nose

– nas/itis = inflammation of nasal cavity

– nas/o/scope = instrument used to examine nasal cavity


Nasal Cavity

• Examples:– nas/o/pharyng/itis = inflammation of nose and pharynx

– nas/o/front/al = pertaining to nasal and frontal bone

– nas/o/lacrimal = pertaining to nose and lacrimal (tear) duct

– epi/staxis = nosebleed


Throat

• pharynx = throat

• pharyng/o = combining form

• Examples:– pharyng/o/pathy = any pharynx disease

– pharyng/itis = inflammation of pharynx

– pharyng/o/cele = herniation of pharynx

– pharyng/o/lith = calculus in wall of pharynx


Throat

• Examples:– pharyng/o/tomy = incision of throat

– pharyng/o/plasty = surgical repair of throat

– pharyng/o/scope = instrument used to examine throat


Larynx

• Contains vocal cords

• laryng/o = combining form

• Examples:– laryng/o/pathy = any larynx disease

– laryng/itis = inflammation of larynx

– laryng/algia = pain in larynx

– laryng/o/spasm = spasm of larynx


Larynx

• Examples:– laryng/o/tomy = incision into larynx

– laryng/o/stomy = surgical opening into larynx

– laryng/o/scope = instrument used to examine larynx


Trachea

• trachea = windpipe

• trache/o = combining form

• Examples:– trache/al = pertaining to trachea

– endo/trache/al = within trachea

– trache/algia = pain in trachea

– trache/o/cele = herniation of trachea


Trachea

• Examples:– trache/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage from trachea

– trache/o/py/osis = condition of trachea with pus formation

– trache/o/scopy = examination of trachea

– trache/o/tomy = incision into trachea

– trache/ostomy = surgical creation of new opening in trachea

– trache/o/laryng/o/tomy = incision of trachea and larynx


Bronchi

• bronch/o = combining form

• bronchus = singular form

• Examples:– bronch/itis = inflammation of bronchi

– bronch/o/lith = calculus in bronchus

– bronch/o/rrhagia = bronchial hemorrhage

– bronch/o/spasm = spasm of bronchus


Bronchi

• Examples:– bronch/o/scope = instrument used to examine bronchi

– bronch/o/scopy = examination of bronchi with instrument

– bronch/o/fiber/o/scopy = use of specialized, flexible scope to examine bronchi

– bronch/o/stomy = formation of new opening in bronchus

– bronch/o/rrhaphy = suturing of bronchus


Pleura

• Membrane around lungs

• pleur = combining form

• pleurae = plural form

• Examples:– pleur/al = pertaining to pleura

– pleur/itis and pleur/isy = inflammation of pleura

– pleur/algia and pleur/o/dynia = pain in pleura


Pleura

• Examples:– pleur/o/lith = calculus in pleura

– viscer/o/pleur/al = pertaining to membrane attached to lung

– pleur/o/centesis = surgical puncturing of pleura

– pleur/ectomy = excision of part of pleura


Diaphragm

• Muscle that controls breathing

• phren/o and diaphragm/o = combining forms

• phren/ic and diaphragm/atic = adjectival forms


Diaphragm

• Examples:– diaphragm/atic breathing = automatic breathing

controlled by brain signaling diaphragm

– phren/o/plegia = paralysis of diaphragm

– phren/ectomy and phren/ic/ectomy = removal of portion of phrenic nerve


Respiratory Diseases

• Croup– Characterized by resonant, barking cough

– Occurs mostly in children

– Caused by:• Viral infection

• Allergic reaction

• Inhalation of foreign object



• Asthma– Results in:

• Spasms in bronchi

• Wheezing cough

• Inability to take complete breath



• Asthma– Brought on by:

• Overexertion

• Inhalation of irritants

• Infection

• Emotional distress


Animation

Click Here to Play Asthma Animation



• Emphysema– Terminal bronchioles and alveoli lose elasticity and ability

to receive and expel air

– Results in:• Shortness of breath

• Chronic cough

• Cyanosis

• Wheezing



• Emphysema– Caused by:

• Smoking cigarettes

• Breathing dirty, polluted air



• Pertussis– Also known as whooping cough

– Characterized by shrill, whooping inspiration and cough

– Prevention:• Vaccination with DTaP for children

• Vaccination with Tdap for adults


Directional Term: Left

• sinistr/o = combining form

• Origin– Latin

– sinister = left

• Superstition that left side is bad or evil



• Examples:– sinistr/ad = toward left

– sinistr/al = pertaining to left

– sinistr/o/man/ual = left-handed

– sinistr/o/ped/al = left-footed

– sinistr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to left

– sinistr/o/cerebr/al = pertaining to left half of cerebrum



• oculus sinister (OS) = left eye

• auris sinister (AS) = left ear


Directional Term: Right

• dextr/o = combining form for right

• Origin– Latin

– dexter = right

• Superstition that right side is good



• Examples:– dextr/ad = toward right

– dextr/al = pertaining to right

– dextr/o/man/ual = right-handed

– dextr/o/ped/al = right-footed

– dextr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to right

– dextr/o/gastr/ia = displacement of stomach to right



• oculus dexter (OD) = right eye

• auris dexter (AD) = right ear


Feet

• pod/o and ped/i = combining forms

• Examples:– pod/iatric = pertaining to feet

– pod/iatry = medical specialty concerned with feet

– pod/iatrist = doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions of feet

– ped/i/algia and pod/algia = foot pain


Hands

• chir/o = combining form

• Origin– Greek

– cheir = hand


Hands

• Examples:– chir/o/spasm = spasm of hand

– chir/o/plasty = surgical repair of hand

– chir/o/practors = specialists who use hands to manipulate body for therapy

• E.g., spinal manipulation


Pediatrics

• pedi/a = combining form for children

• Origin– Greek

– pedias = child


Pediatrics

• Examples:– pedi/a/trician = physician specialist who treats children

– pedi/a/trics = medical specialty for treatment of children


Gerontology

• ger/i = old age

• Examples:– ger/ont/o/logy = study of treatment of aging and elderly

– ger/iatrics = medical specialty of treating diseases related to old age


Psychiatry

• psych/iatry = study and treatment of mental illness

• psych/iatrist = medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders

• psych/iatric = pertaining to psychiatry

Documents

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 13 Respiratory System and Pulmonology