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Chapter 12

Blood

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Blood

• Average adult body has 8-10 pints of blood

• Function of the blood– Transport

– Regulatory

– Protection

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Blood Composition

• Plasma

• Erythrocytes or red blood cells

• Leukocytes or white blood cells

• Thrombocytes or platelets

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Blood Plasma

• Straw colored

• Comprises about 55% of the blood volume

• Water– 92% of the total volume of plasma

• Plasma proteins– Fibrinogen

– Albumin

– Globulin

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Blood Plasma

• Nutrients

• Electrolytes

• Hormones, vitamins, and enzymes

• Metabolic waste products

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Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

• Hematopoiesis is the formation of all blood cells

• Occurs in the red bone marrow

• Certain lymphatic tissue produces some white blood cells

• Develop from stem cells

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Erythropoiesis

• The manufacture of red blood cells (RBCs)

• RBCs live about 120 days

• Process of development and breakdown

• Normal ranges

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Hemoglobin

• Erythrocytes contain a red pigment called hemoglobin

• Made of protein molecule called globin and an iron compound called heme

• Function of RBCs

• Normal ranges

• Hemolysis

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White Blood Cells (WBCs)

• Called leukocytes

• Natural defense against injury and disease

• Types of leukocytes– Granulocytes

– Agranulocytes

• Diapedesis

• Normal ranges

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Types of WBCs – Granulocytes

• Made from cells called myeloblasts

• Neutrophils

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

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Types of WBCs – Agranulocytes

• Lymphocytes– B-lymphocytes

– T-lymphocytes

• Monocytes

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Animation – The Blood

Click Here to play Blood animation

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Inflammation

• Occurs when living tissue is damaged in any way

• Signs and symptoms– Redness

– Local heat

– Swelling

– Pain

• The inflammatory process

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Thrombocytes (Blood Platelets)

• Function in the initiation of the blood-clotting process

• Normal ranges

• Blood-clotting or coagulation process is complex

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Coagulation

• Injury leads to release of serotonin and thromboplastin

• Prothrombin converts to thrombin

• Fibrinogen converts to fibrin

• Clot

• Clotting time norms

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Blood Types

• Types– A

– B

– AB

– O

• Antigens and antibodies

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Blood Types

• Agglutination

• Recipient and donor matching

• Universal donors

• RH factors

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Blood Norms

• Bleeding time

• Coagulation time

• Hemoglobin count

• Platelet count

• Prothrombin time

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Blood Norms

• Sedimentation rate

• Red blood cell count

• White blood cell count

• Cholesterol level

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Disorders of the Blood

• Anemia

• Iron-deficiency anemia

• Pernicious anemia

• Aplastic anemia

• Sickle cell anemia

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Disorders of the Blood

• Cooley’s anemia

• Polycythemia

• Embolism

• Thrombosis

• Hematoma

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Disorders of the Blood

• Hemophilia

• Thombocytopenia

• Leukemia

• Septicemia

• Multiple myeloma

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Bone Marrow Transplants

• Autologous bone marrow transplant

• Allogenic bone marrow transplant– Identical twin

– Parent

– Unrelated

– Umbilical cord

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Bone Marrow Transplants

• Bone marrow transplant procedure

• Engraftment