© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs, and Behavior Today Chapter 1

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Drugs, and Behavior Today

Chapter 1Chapter 1


At the Completion of This Class, At the Completion of This Class, You Should Be Familiar With the You Should Be Familiar With the

Following:Following:

Basic terminology concerning drugs Basic terminology concerning drugs and drug-taking behavior.and drug-taking behavior.

The origins and history of drugs and The origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behavior.drug-taking behavior.


Objective Cont’d.Objective Cont’d.

Possible reasons why people take or Possible reasons why people take or do not take drugs.do not take drugs.

Current trends in drug-taking Current trends in drug-taking behavior.behavior.


History tells us that as long as humans have been around some have used, misused and abused some plants or

substances.


DefinitionsDefinitions

Drug: Drug: substance once entered, substance once entered, changes function/structure of changes function/structure of the human organismthe human organism


Definitions (Cont’d)Definitions (Cont’d)

Drug dependence: intense craving and a need Drug dependence: intense craving and a need to increase quantities for the same effect.to increase quantities for the same effect.

Drug misuse: Drug misuse: impairment of mental, physical, impairment of mental, physical, emotional, or social well-being due to emotional, or social well-being due to inappropriate use.inappropriate use.


Definitions (Cont’d)Definitions (Cont’d)

Drug Abuse: Drug Abuse: continued continued deliberate use leading into deliberate use leading into impairmentimpairment


Looking at Drugs and Looking at Drugs and BehaviorBehavior

Psychoactive drugs: A Psychoactive drugs: A drug drug causing mind-altering effects.causing mind-altering effects.

Licit drugs: alcohol, nicotine and Licit drugs: alcohol, nicotine and caffeine.caffeine.

Illicit drugs: heroin, cocaine, Illicit drugs: heroin, cocaine, marijuana, and LSD.marijuana, and LSD.


Use of DrugsUse of Drugs

Instrumental:Instrumental: drug usage for a specific drug usage for a specific purpose.purpose.

Recreational:Recreational: drug usage for the effect of the drug usage for the effect of the drug itself.drug itself.


““Drug Use On The Drug Use On The Rise”Rise”

Who?

What?

When and where?

How much?

Why do any of these matter?


Who Is Taking The Drug?

AgeAge Proximity to usProximity to us What they do for a livingWhat they do for a living

What Drug Are They Taking?

Obvious question but often over lookedObvious question but often over looked Alcohol vs. heroinAlcohol vs. heroin Inhalants vs. alcoholInhalants vs. alcohol


When And Where Are Drugs Being Used?

The situation in which the drug is taken The situation in which the drug is taken makes a big difference.makes a big difference. A 1A 1stst grade teacher drinking on Saturday night grade teacher drinking on Saturday night

at home vs. a 1at home vs. a 1stst grade teacher drinking during grade teacher drinking during class.class.

Even if a subculture accepts the use of an illegal Even if a subculture accepts the use of an illegal drug, it will distinguish between acceptable and drug, it will distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable situations.unacceptable situations. A group might accept marijuana smoking at a party but not A group might accept marijuana smoking at a party but not

when you are taking the kids to the soccer game or right when you are taking the kids to the soccer game or right before a multi-million dollar deal meeting.before a multi-million dollar deal meeting.


Why A Person Takes Drugs? Vicodin the doctor prescribed for pain Vicodin the doctor prescribed for pain

vs. Vicodin for the way it makes you vs. Vicodin for the way it makes you feel for pleasurefeel for pleasure

Drinking alcohol because you are out Drinking alcohol because you are out with friends vs. drinking alcohol alone in with friends vs. drinking alcohol alone in the morning to help get you out of bedthe morning to help get you out of bed


How A Drug Is Taken? An amount of cocaine that comes from chewing An amount of cocaine that comes from chewing

the coca leaves vs. that much cocaine snorted the coca leaves vs. that much cocaine snorted will lead to very different responseswill lead to very different responses

How the drug is taken can also depend on how How the drug is taken can also depend on how fast the user becomes addicted, how fast the fast the user becomes addicted, how fast the response comes and how long it lastsresponse comes and how long it lasts

How Much Of A Drug Is Taken? This is often the difference between normal use This is often the difference between normal use

and abuse; the difference between life and deathand abuse; the difference between life and death


Four Principles Of Psychoactive DrugsFour Principles Of Psychoactive Drugs

““Drugs” are not good or badDrugs” are not good or bad Every drug has multiple effectsEvery drug has multiple effects Both size and quality of the drug affect the Both size and quality of the drug affect the

effect of the drugeffect of the drug The effects of a drug depends on the The effects of a drug depends on the

personperson


Four Pharmacological RevolutionFour Pharmacological Revolution

1.1. Major communicable diseases under Major communicable diseases under control – vaccinescontrol – vaccines

2.2. Pharmacological revolution – antibiotics Pharmacological revolution – antibiotics to treat illness of the bodyto treat illness of the body

3.3. Development of psychopharmacology Development of psychopharmacology drugs – treatment of mental illnessesdrugs – treatment of mental illnesses

4.4. Development of oral contraception –Development of oral contraception –drugs gave control over the bodydrugs gave control over the body


Drugs in Earlier TimesDrugs in Earlier Times

Curiosity kill the.Curiosity kill the.

Shamanism: systemic drug use, trances and Shamanism: systemic drug use, trances and plant-based medicines.plant-based medicines.

Placebo effect: improvement based on belief, Placebo effect: improvement based on belief, not the effectiveness of the drug.not the effectiveness of the drug.


Cultural ChangeCultural Change After WWII substance abuse was not a major concernAfter WWII substance abuse was not a major concern Then concerns about alcohol came to the forefrontThen concerns about alcohol came to the forefront Then in the mid 1960s LSD became a household wordThen in the mid 1960s LSD became a household word Then Nixon declared a “War on Drugs”, however there was Then Nixon declared a “War on Drugs”, however there was

still tolerance for drug usestill tolerance for drug use Then in the 1980s less tolerance of differences including Then in the 1980s less tolerance of differences including

drugsdrugs The 1990s were a continuation of the 80sThe 1990s were a continuation of the 80s Then in 2000s medicinal marijuana and “rave” cultureThen in 2000s medicinal marijuana and “rave” culture


Drugs in the Nineteenth Drugs in the Nineteenth CenturyCentury

Problems: widespread use and Problems: widespread use and uncontrolled access to psychoactive drugs; uncontrolled access to psychoactive drugs; Opium and cocaine through patent Opium and cocaine through patent medicines. medicines.

Morphine (GOM): popular prescription for Morphine (GOM): popular prescription for pain. Heroin was advertised as a pain. Heroin was advertised as a completely safe remedy for common completely safe remedy for common ailments. ailments.


Drugs in the Nineteenth Drugs in the Nineteenth CenturyCentury

Prohibition era (1920-1933) resulted Prohibition era (1920-1933) resulted in an increase in illicit drug abuse.in an increase in illicit drug abuse.


Drugs & Behavior From Drugs & Behavior From 1945 to 19601945 to 1960

1940’s-medical revolution: antibiotic 1940’s-medical revolution: antibiotic drugs, and birth of chemotherapy.drugs, and birth of chemotherapy.

1954-11954-1stst generation of Thorazine. generation of Thorazine.


Drugs & Behavior From Drugs & Behavior From 1945 to 19601945 to 1960

Recreational-smoking was sexy & Recreational-smoking was sexy & romantic, two martini lunch, social romantic, two martini lunch, social drinking was at it PEAK!drinking was at it PEAK!

Unawareness: nicotine & alcohol Unawareness: nicotine & alcohol consumption was – drug-taking consumption was – drug-taking behavior. behavior.


Drugs and Behavior Since Drugs and Behavior Since 19601960

Freedom: birth control pills.Freedom: birth control pills. Marijuana, uppers, and downers Marijuana, uppers, and downers

@ peak.@ peak.


Drugs and Behavior Since Drugs and Behavior Since 19601960

Hippies to yuppies; Heroine Hippies to yuppies; Heroine overshadow by cocaine overshadow by cocaine (expensive aura of glamour).(expensive aura of glamour).

Crack-cheaper, smokable form of Crack-cheaper, smokable form of cocaine. cocaine.


Drug in Our Society Drug in Our Society TodayToday

51% consume alcohol51% consume alcohol

29% smoke cigarettes29% smoke cigarettes

6% use illegal drugs on a regular basis6% use illegal drugs on a regular basis

Increase of illegal usage by youths (12-Increase of illegal usage by youths (12-17 yrs)17 yrs)


Old Drugs, New DrugsOld Drugs, New Drugs

Since 1991, cocaine declined in the Since 1991, cocaine declined in the USA, heroin is on an upswing. USA, heroin is on an upswing.

Old habits-new danger (infection-Old habits-new danger (infection-HIV).HIV).


Old Drugs, New DrugsOld Drugs, New Drugs

Club drugs-LSD,Ecstasy,... & Alcohol. Club drugs-LSD,Ecstasy,... & Alcohol. Dietary supplements-enhance mood, Dietary supplements-enhance mood,

energize the mind, relieve feeling of energize the mind, relieve feeling of anxiety.anxiety.

Ephedrine – expand bronchial tubes, Ephedrine – expand bronchial tubes, increase blood pressure and heart increase blood pressure and heart rate. rate.


6 Classifications of 6 Classifications of Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive Drugs

NarcoticsNarcotics DepressantsDepressants StimulantsStimulants Psychedelics/hallucinogensPsychedelics/hallucinogens MarijuanaMarijuana InhalantsInhalants


Drug Problems: Drug Problems: Health-related ConsequencesHealth-related Consequences

Delay in medical treatmentDelay in medical treatment Reduction in personal problem-Reduction in personal problem-

solving effectivenesssolving effectiveness Additional health problems (i.E., Additional health problems (i.E.,

Toxic reaction, panic, flashback, Toxic reaction, panic, flashback, mental disorders)mental disorders)

SuicideSuicide HIV/aidsHIV/aids

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© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs, and Behavior Today Chapter 1