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Mineralization type: predominantly stratiform accumulations of sulfide minerals precipitated from hydrothermal fluids at or below the sea floor
Age: from >3.5 Ga till modern geological settings Main commodities: Cu, Zn, ±Pb, Au, and Ag oresMain ore minerals: chalcopyrite, sphalerite, (galena)Gangue minerals: quartz, bariteBy-products: Co, Sn, Ba, S, Se, Mn, Cd, In, Bi, Te, Ga, and Ge
Conceptual diagram illustrating the fluid characteristics and circulation pattern inmid-ocean ridge environments that give rise to the formation of black smokers onthe sea floor (after Lydon 1988; Scott, 1997).
Section through a typical ophiolite-hosted VMS deposit.
vs.
Recent hydrothermal vents – a modern analogue for VMS deposit formation
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