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Thorsten W. Becker University of Southern California, Los Angeles CIG  Mantle Convection Workshop Boulder, June 21 2005 Seismic anisotropy: enough already?

Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

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Page 1: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Thorsten W. BeckerUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles

CIG  Mantle Convection WorkshopBoulder, June 21 2005

Seismic anisotropy:

enough already?

Page 2: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Nope.

CIG? ... gotta love itthanks to the people

who contribute software

and

geoframework.org

Page 3: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Goal of this talk

provide a brief review of seismic anisotropy as a constraint for mantle convection and lithospheric deformationdiscuss some of the previous modeling efforts on global and regional scalespresent work in progress on evaluating the remaining problems

Page 4: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Message

applied geodynamics useful for understanding plate tectonics  (AGUPT)need to widen the realm of quantitative model predictions to reduce ambiguities (QUMRA)seismic anisotropy can yield a useful measure of flow and tectonic deformation (SAMFT)improved grip on many modeling issues, but imperfect data remains a big limitation (IHMBID)

Page 5: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Collaborators

Donna Blackman (UCSD)

Jules Browaeys (USC)

Sebastien Chevrot (CNRS)

Boris Kaus (USC)

Jamie Kellogg (UCLA)

Rick O'Connell (Harvard U)

Vera Schulte­Pelkum (CU Boulder)

Page 6: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

USC HPCC

1716 nodes, 1.4TB7th fastest academic supercomputer as of 2004I haven't been able to properly edit files for six months nowHunters and farmers

Page 7: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Roadmap

dataanisotropy (azimuthal, 2φ) modelingmantle flow modelingcombining the two

previous workregional tectonicsglobal statisticsglobal specifics

Page 8: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Applied geodynamics

construct “realistic” (i.e. best­guess) models of mantle flow to make predictions for our Earthbuoyancy forces ∼ viscous flowstress = viscosity  strain­rateexamples of constraints:

velocities: plate motions, past and presentstrain­rates: GPS, earthquakes, upliftstress: WSM, geoidintegral of strain­rates: anisotropy, geochemistry

Page 9: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Data and models

Page 10: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Constraints on mantle structure from seismic waves

δt > 0

δt > 0 δt' > 0

δt' < 0

isotropic anomalies

anisotropic anomalies

temperature,composition strain­rates

 seismology

geodynamics

δv>0

Page 11: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Isotropic tomography: upper mantle

Page 12: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Azimuthal anisotropy: Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps

Ekstrom (2001) Trampert & Woodhouse (2002)100 s

150 s

Page 13: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Shear wave splitting

after Crampin (1981), from garnero.edu

Page 14: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

SKS splitting data coverage

data compilation from Matt Fouch's ASU database

Page 15: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Regional anisotropy: splitting at trenches

water?arc­parallel flow?

Page 16: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

At what depths do we detectseismic anisotropy?

Montagner (1998) McNamara et al. (2002)

dislocation creep (high σ, low T) needed for LPO (what about climb?)

Page 17: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Laboratory studies:LPO in the multi­anvil

subcrustal anisotropy likely caused by lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of intrinsically anisotropic olivine crystals in flowfor olivine, the seismically fast, slow, and intermediate axes are a [100], b [010], c [001], respectivelya and b align with the largest and smallest axes of the finite strain ellipsoid (FSE) for small strainsfor large strains, a rotates into the shear plane by dynamic recrystallization (subgrain rotation and grain boundary migration)

Page 18: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Pole figures

uniaxial compression experiment by Nicolas et al. (1974)

Page 19: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

High τ and high H20 regime

type A: normal anisotropy, a [100] in shear planetype B: High τ and high H20 regime, a [100] normal to shear plane (Jung & Karato, 2001)

Page 20: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Plate­tectonic anisotropyin a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion directionridges: ridge­parallel fast a

due to melt/crack alignment (Kendall et al., 1994)due to melt segregation (Holtzman et al., 2003)small scale, so far not observed

subduction zones: arc­parallel alignment of aarc­parallel flow (e.g. Hall et al., 2000; Mehl et al., 2003)presence of water (Mitsukami et al., 2004)

Page 21: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Quantitative links between LPO and flow: theories

kinematic constraint theory of Ribe (1991): grains rotate to minimize the mismatch between local and global strain rate

predicts alignment of a, b, c with FSEcritical ξ = log (e1/e2) ~ 0.5 overprints texture

VPSC theory of Wenk & Tome (1999)computationally intensivesix free parameters

kinematic theory of Kaminski & Ribe (2001, 2002); DREX (Kaminski et al., 2004) (freely available...)

Page 22: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Kinematic recrystallizationKaminski & Ribe (2001, 2002) method includes stress dependent recrystallization

volume fraction of grains controlled by dislocation density, ρnon­recrystallized fraction of grain = exp ( − λ ρ2)large (small) strain energy grains shrink (grow) by grain boundary migrationtwo free parameters from lab:

strain­free subgrain nucleation λ grain boundary mobility M

Page 23: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

KR and the lab: a axes

Kaminski & Ribe (2001); Kaminski et al. (2004)

simple shear

uniaxialcompression

Zhang & Karato lab KR method

Page 24: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Saturation of LPO anisotropy under simple shear: olivine

C tensor norms anisotropydln v ~         ½ dln C

Page 25: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Saturation of LPO anisotropy: GBS, olivine and enstatite

C tensor norms anisotropydln v ~         ½ dln C

Page 26: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

LPO: an integral measure!

Kaminski & Ribe (2001)

red: fast ablue: velocitiesred  blue!need mantle flow as f(t)

Page 27: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

ξ = 2 texture for simple,sub­Pacific streamlines

regular slip 

system

water slip 

system

[010][100] [001]

Page 28: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Trench LPO

simple flow modelLPO not so simple

Page 29: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Advection rules for global models

here: assume steady­state flow (backward convection was used in Becker et al., 2003)follow tracers backward until ξ = log (e

1/e

2) ∼0.5 

(OK for FSE) or ξ ∼ 2 (OK for LPO)erase texture if tracers rise from below 410km, maximum advection time ~43 Macompute full elastic tensor (21 components) at each depth layer

Page 30: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

From LPO to wiggles,

 how?

Page 31: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Surface wave anisotropy: Rayleigh wave phase velocities

D2=BC ,S

AC ija z

H C , S

FC ij f z

GC ,S

LC ij l z

Page 32: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Body wave anisotropy: SKS splitting, for example

can compare largest FSE axes with best­fit transverse anisotropy (TI) axes for the hexagonal component of stiffness tensorany tilt will lead to back­azimuth dependence of fast splitting axes, so will non­hexagonal tensors

Schulte­Pelkum & Blackman (2003)

Page 33: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

From flow to SKS splittingcompute elastic tensors from LPO fabrics using the Kaminski et al. (2004) method for olivine/enstatite mix using DREX (with fixed enstatite handling)compute elastic tensors (using dP and dT derivatives, both P and T are here f(z) only) compute synthetic seismograms using reflectivity methodmeasure splits by cross­correlation

Page 34: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Back­azimuth variations

Page 35: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Global flow models

Page 36: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

What's going on?

solve conservation of mass, momentum, (& energy)infinite Prandtl number, incompressible fluidconstitutive relationships:1)

2)

3)                                                                               (only for upper 410 km, should use mixed rheol.)

=2̇

= f z

=A f zexp E T 0−T ' 1n ̇II

1n−1

= f zexp E T 0−T '

Page 37: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Numerical tools

finite elements:Citcom (Moresi, Tan, Conrad, Gurnis, ...)CitcomS (Zhong, Moresi, ...)all old versions from geoframework.org, slightly modified 

Hager & O'Connell (1981) semi­analytical, spectral method is used for comparison

Page 38: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Some details on code “development”

Citcom and CitcomS modifications:                 (thanks to Allen, Eh, and Jeroen) 

surface velocities and T  from GMT grd filesregional model side­velocities from recoded, modular spectral method (not quite done...)multi­grid and CG solver issuespower­law implemented with new, damped iteration scheme, clipped viscosities (104 range)VTK output conversiontested double/single precision

Page 39: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Resolution and accuracy

global CitcomS:12 CPU x 64 x 64 x 64 (~ 3,100,000) elements, ~50km resolutionthis is probably not enough, but fast

can easily improve resolution for instantaneous computations, long simulations problematicsome benchmarking done, more to dopower­law rheology work in progress

Page 40: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Choices and input models

present­day plate velocities prescribed on topseismic tomography for density structureneed viscosity profile, and R = dln T / dln vtypically: smean or ngrand, constant Ras in Becker & O'Connell (2001), Becker & Boschi (2002), and Becker et al. (2003)

Page 41: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Present­day surface velocities in no­net­rotation reference frame

Page 42: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Viscosity profiles

Page 43: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Input structure at 290 km(ngrand tomography)

Page 44: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Viscosity at 290 km for η = f(r, T)

Page 45: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Viscosity at 290 km for η = f(r, T, σ),power­law oceanic asthenosphere

Page 46: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Effect of rheology: Newtonian, η = f(r)

Page 47: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Effect of rheology: Newtonian, η = f(r, T)

Page 48: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Effect of rheology: power­law, η = f(r, T, σ)

Page 49: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Nested circulation models

Page 50: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Previous work on nested flow models: some examples

Tan, Gurnis, et al. on plumes: coupled Citcom and CitcomSMihalffy, Marquart, & Schmeling on plumes: side flow boundary conditions from Hager & O'Connell code PYREzed CitcomS

Page 51: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Nested models, η = f(r, T), only density driven

using large scale, S wave tomography

Page 52: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Nested models, η = f(r, T),  density and top plate flow

Page 53: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Nested models, η = f(r, T),  density and large scale flow

Page 54: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Puttin' it all together

Page 55: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

SKS splitting in trenches2.5D flow, FSE, and seismic synthetics: Hall et al. (2000)poster by Lassak et al. (here)work by Liverpool group

Hall et al. (2000)

Page 56: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

California splitting

Mantle flow and FSE:Becker (2002)

GPS and rigid plate flow:Silver & Holt (2002)

Page 57: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

African splitting

Behn et al. (2004)

mantle flow,instantaneous strain­rates

Page 58: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Pacific surface wave anisotropy

Gaboret et al. (2003)

mantle flow,instantaneous strain­rates

Page 59: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Phase velocity maps explored

Becker et al. (2003)T = 50 s Rayleigh waves, FSE, smean tomography model

Page 60: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Phase velocity maps explored

Becker et al. (2003)

FSE better than APMactive upwellings better than slabsNR degrades fitchanges in plate motions improve fitLPO ~same as FSE

Page 61: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Some loose ends

LPO means dislocation (power­law) creep, yet all models use diffusion (Newtonian) creepFSE is not the whole story, should use LPOlateral viscosity variations important (cratons, asthenosphere, η(T ),...)time­dependence of mantle flow 

Page 62: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Surface wave anisotropy revisited: radial η(z), low strain, FSE

ngrand tomography, plate motions, Ekstrom (2001) tomography

Rayleigh waveat 100 s (~150 km depth)

∆αocean

 = 37.7

(best models in

Becker et al., 2003, have ∆α

ocean ~ 24

Page 63: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Surface wave anisotropy revisited: power­law η(z, T, σ), low strain, FSE

ngrand tomography, plate motions, Ekstrom (2001) tomography

Rayleigh waveat 100 s (~150 km depth)

∆αocean

 = 41.9

Page 64: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Surface wave anisotropy revisited: radial η(z), low strain, KR LPO

ngrand tomography, plate motions, Ekstrom (2001) tomography

Rayleigh waveat 100 s (~150 km depth)

∆αocean

 = 38.7

Page 65: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Surface wave anisotropy revisited: radial η(z), high strain, KR LPO

ngrand tomography, plate motions, Ekstrom (2001) tomography

Rayleigh waveat 100 s (~150 km depth)

∆αocean

 = 37.8

Page 66: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Radial η(z), high strain, KR LPO,different anisotropic model

ngrand tomography, plate motions, Trampert & Woodhouse (2003)

Rayleigh waveat 100 s (~150 km depth)

∆αocean

 = 31.9

Page 67: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Surface wave findings

effect of LPO vs. FSE  moderate, but LPO allows for amplitude predictionslateral viscosity variations less important than radial structurestrong effect of input density (bad & good)surface wave models have global coverage, but patterns are of uneven robustness

Page 68: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Westcoast: different ξlow strain high strain

Page 69: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Westcoast: density modelsslabs only tomography

Page 70: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Regional anisotropy conclusions

can explain observed variety in splittingcan use variation in fast axes and delay time to constrain depth dependence of anisotropycan explain amplitudes of splitting (kindof)there's a hint of a crustal deformation signal (to be explored with better models)slab models (with induced return flow) lead to better model fits

Page 71: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Open questions for seismic anisotropy modeling

What are the length scales of heterogeneity, and how are they imaged?What is the best theoretical description of LPO formation?How important is the crust for shear wave splitting (S and SKS)?How do we constrain H20, so that we can comprehensively model alternative slip systems?

Page 72: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

General conclusions

need to evaluate the robustness of mantle flow estimates with respect to rheologyfurther exploration of convection, and tectonophysics, reconstructions is cruciala lot of progress will come from joint (seismology and geodynamics) modelsdata quality (coverage) is a problemand...

Page 73: Thorsten W. Becker - Geodynamics · Platetectonic anisotropy in a simple world, both ridges and trenches should show a in plate motion direction ridges: ridgeparallel fast a due to

Some suggestions for CIG(mostly harmless)

keep it simple (in the beginning)modularize and document existing codes, at a low level, without framework commitmentcreate a repository of cleaned­up subroutinesfacilitate utilization of CS developmentsassist in I/O handling and interpolation

long term goalscoupled lithospheric/mantle codesnested models